unit 2 chapter 3 notes
1763 Treaty of Paris
brought and end to New France and left England in control of the East coast of North America, east of the Mississippi
what are the proprietary colonies
carolinas and Pennsylvania
The development of the Atlantic economy led to...
the expansion of slavery allowed colonists to participate more extensively in the exchange of goods across the atlantic
as the slave populatio increased.. so did the ____ ____ of slave uprisings
white fears
Commence and Conversion in New France
After Jacques Cartier's voyages of discovery in the 1530s, France showed little interest in creatingpermanent colonies in North America until the early 1600s, when Samuel de Champlain establishedQuebec as a French fur-trading outpost
Thousands of English migrants arrived in the Chesapeake Bay colonies of Virginia andMaryland to work in the tobacco fields.
Another stream, this one of pious Puritan families, sought to live as they believed scripture demanded and established the Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, Connecticut, and Rhode Island colonies of New England
Roanoke Colony (1587)
failed settlement attempt by england
What did the colonies provide England
-allowed a way for the monarchy to repay its debts while reaping benefits from colonies -add to english population in North America -supplied goods not produced in england (Rice and indigo)
spain = a target
. In 1586, Spanish settlers in St. Augustine discovered their vulnerability to attack when the English pirate Sir Francis Drake destroyed the town with a fleet of twenty ships and one hundred men. Over the next several decades, the Spanish built more wooden forts, all of which were burntby raiding European rivals. Between 1672 and 1695, the Spanish constructed a stone fort, Castillo de SanMarcos (Figure 3.4), to better defend St. Augustine against challengers.
In 1622, a native american (powhatan) uprising killed at least...
1/4 of the english population in Virginia
George Percy
Jamestown's colony leader
Indian world changed drastically:
The Spanish imposed theencomiendasystem in the areas they controlled. Under this system, authorities assigned Indian workers to mine and plantation owners with the understanding thatthe recipients would defend the colony and teach the workers the tenets of Christianity In reality, theencomiendasystem exploited native workers. It was eventually replaced by another colonial labor system,therepartimiento, which required Indian towns to supply a pool of labor for Spanish overlords
The Dutch West India Company
The company had involved itself heavily in the slave trade and in 1637 captured Elmina, the slave-trading post on the west coast of Africa, from the Portuguese.
Native weapons changed dramatically as well, creating an arms race among the peoples living in European colonization zones. Indians refashioned European brassware into arrow points and turned axesused for chopping wood into weapons. The most prized piece of European weaponry to obtain was a musket, or light, long-barreled European gun. In order to trade with Europeans for these, native peoples intensified their harvesting of beaver, commercializing their traditional practice.
The influx of European materials made warfare more lethal and changed traditional patterns of authorityamong tribes. Formerly weaker groups, if they had access to European metal and weapons, suddenly gained the upper hand against once-dominant groups. Eventually, native peoples alsoused their new weapons against the European colonizers who had provided them.
The Dutch West India Company found the business of colonization in New Netherland to be expensive.
To share some of the costs, it granted Dutch merchants who invested heavily in it patroonships, or large tracts of land and the right to govern the tenants there. In return, the shareholder who gained the patroonshippromised to pay for the passage of at least thirty Dutch farmers to populate the colony.
along with changes in colonial purchasing habits came significant change in...
colonial religious and intellectual life
Pueblo rebellion
in 1680 The Pueblo Revolt killed over four hundred Spaniards and drove the rest of the settlers, perhaps as many as two thousand, south towardMexico. droughts and attacks by rival tribes continued, the spanish sensed an opportunity to regain their foothold. in 1692 spanish returned and wanted control of area again ---explained the Pueblo success in 1680 as the work of the Devil. Satan, they believed, had stirred up thePueblo to take arms against God's chosen people—the Spanish—but the Spanish, and their God, had prevailed in the end.
Native American practices, such as the use of tobacco, profoundly altered European habits and tastes,
During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in the Americas that later became the United States The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silverand imagined converting thousands of eager Indians to Catholicism
New england migrants
A very different group of English men and women flocked to the cold climate and rocky soil of NewEngland, spurred by religious motives. Many of the Puritans crossing the Atlantic were people who brought families and children. Often they were following their ministers in a migration "beyond the seas," envisioning a new English Israel where reformed Protestantism would grow and thrive, providing a model for the rest of the Christian world and a counter to what they saw as the Catholic menace. While theEnglish in Virginia and Maryland worked on expanding their profitable tobacco fields, the English in NewEngland built towns focused on the church, where each congregation decided what was best for itself. The Congregational Church is the result of the Puritan enterprise in America.
in what year did the virginia company send nine ships to colony on james river?
July 1609
the presence of the Spanish, French, and Dutch in North America intensified....
the importance of the region to imperial politics and rivalries.
english settlements in America
At the start of the seventeenth century, the English had not established a permanent settlement in theAmericas. he English encouraged emigrationfar more than the Spanish, French, or Dutch. They established nearly a dozen colonies, sending swarms of immigrants to populate the land. England had experienced a dramatic rise in population in the sixteenth century, and the colonies appeared a welcoming place for those who faced overcrowding and grinding poverty at home.
following the english civil war and restoration of charles II...
England began to increase its colonial presence significantly. england acquired: new york, new jersey, carolinas, pennsylvania -allowed a way for the monarchy to repay its debts while reaping benefits from colonies
Diverging Cultures of the New England and Chesapeake Colonies
InChesapeake Bay, English migrants established Virginia and Maryland with a decidedly commercial orientation. Though the early Virginians at Jamestown hoped to find gold, they and the settlers in Maryland quickly discovered that growing tobacco was the only sure means of making money. Thousands of unmarried, unemployed, and impatient young Englishmen, along with a few Englishwomen, pinned their hopes for a better life on the tobacco fields of these two colonies.
Peter Stuyvesant
One of the Dutch directors-general of the North American settlement In 1655, Stuyvesanttook over the small outpost of New Sweden along the banks of the Delaware River in present-day NewJersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. He also defended New Amsterdam from Indian attacks by orderingAfrican slaves to build a protective wall on the city's northeastern border, giving present-day Wall Street its name
the spanish in north american lost control of their outpost in santa fe as a result of the: -Spanish dreams of wealth and dominance in North America did not come to fruition as they had imagined
Pueblo Revolt
largest ship sent to Jamestown
Sea Venture -shipwrecked in a hurricane on the coast of Bermuda and the remainder of the fleet was scattered
fort caroline
With the authorization of King Philip II, Spanish nobleman Pedro Menéndez led an attack on Fort Caroline, killing most of the colonists and destroying the fort. Eliminating Fort Caroline served dual purposes for the Spanish—it helped reduce the danger from Frenchprivateers and eradicated the French threat to Spain's claim to the area. The contest over Florida illustrateshow European rivalries spilled over into the Americas, especially religious conflict between Catholics andProtestants.
fort amsterdam
defended the growing city of new amsterdam
Pedro Mendendez
destoryed fort caroline founded st augustine
England's struggles against France, Spain, and the Netherlands spilled...
into the colonies
mayflower compact
which presented a religious (rather than an economic) rationale for colonization. The compactexpressed a community ideal of working together. When a larger exodus of Puritans established theMassachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s, the Pilgrims at Plymouth welcomed them and the two colonies cooperated with each other.
disease
European colonization's single greatest impact on the North American environment was the introduction of disease Microbes to which native inhabitants had no immunity led to death everywhereEuropeans settled. Along the New England coast between 1616 and 1618, epidemics claimed the lives of75 percent of the native people. In the 1630s, half the Huron and Iroquois around the Great Lakes died of smallpox. the very young and the very old were the most vulnerable and had the highest mortality rates. ---The loss of the older generation meant the loss of knowledge andtradition, while the death of children only compounded the trauma, creating devastating implications forfuture generations
Enslaved Africans, who had a tradition of the use of medicinal plants in their native land,adapted to their new surroundings by learning the use of New World plants through experimentationor from the native inhabitants
Native peoples and Africans employed their knowledge effectively withintheir own communities. One notable example was the use of the peacock flower to induce abortions:Indian and enslaved African women living in oppressive colonial regimes are said to have used this herbto prevent the birth of children into slavery. Europeans distrusted medical knowledge that came fromAfrican or native sources, however, and thus lost the benefit of this source of information.
environmental changes
The popularity of beaver-trimmed hatsin Europe, coupled with Indians' desire for European weapons, led to the overhunting of beaver in theNortheast. Soon, beavers were extinct in New England, New York, and other areas. With their loss came the loss of beaver ponds, which had served as habitats for fish as well as water sources for deer, moose, andother animals. Europeans introduced pigs, which they allowed to forage in forests and otherwildlands. Pigs consumed the foods on which deer and other indigenous species depended, resulting in scarcity of the game native peoples had traditionally hunted. owning land as private property clashed with natives' understanding of land use. Native peoples did not believe in private ownership of land; Colonizers established fields, fences, and other means of demarcating private property. Native peoples who moved seasonally to take advantage of natural resources now found areas off limits, claimedby colonizers because of their insistence on private-property rights
changes to indian life
conflict increased as colonization spread and Europeans placed greater demands upon the native populations, including expecting them to convert to Christianity Throughout the seventeenth century, the still-powerful native peoples and confederacies that retained control of the land waged war against the invading Europeans, achieving a degree of successin their effort to drive the newcomers from the continent European goods had begun to change Indian life radically. in the 1500s, some of theearliest objects Europeans introduced to Indians were glass beads, copper kettles, and metal utensils.Native people often adapted these items for their own use.
Consumer revolution
due to the fact that colonists had more access to a wider variety of goods The colonial gentry, through their buying habits, sought to associate more closely with their English counterparts, creating stronger ties between England and its colonies.
a city upon a hill
etsablishing the Massachusetts BayColony, the New Haven Colony, the Connecticut Colony, and Rhode Island] left england in 1630s , these migrants were families with young children and their university-trained ministers. Their aim, according to John Winthrop (Figure 3.12), the first governor of MassachusettsBay, was to create a model of reformed Protestantism—a "city upon a hill," a new English Israel. The idea of a "city upon a hill" made clear the religious orientation of the New England settlement, and the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony stated as a goal that the colony's people "may be soe religiously,peaceablie, and civilly governed, as their good Life and orderlie Conversacon, maie wynn and incite theNatives of Country, to the Knowledg and Obedience of the onlie true God and Saulor of Mankinde, andthe Christian Fayth." To illustrate this, the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Company (Figure 3.12) shows ahalf-naked Indian who entreats more of the English to "come over and help us.
what was the function of the french and dutch stations in north america
fur-trading posts did not attract many people from their home nations
The abundance of European goods gave rise to new artistic objects.
iron awls made the creation of shell beads among the native people of the Eastern Woodlands much easier, and the result was an astonishing increase in the production of wampum, shell beads used in ceremonies and as jewelry and currency. Native peoples had always placed goods in the graves of their departed, and this practiceescalated with the arrival of European goods. Archaeologists have found enormous caches of European trade goods in the graves of Indians on the East Coast.
CULTIVATION OF PLANTS
tobacco, which became a valuable export as the habit of smoking, previously unknown inEurope sugar columbus brought sugarcane to caribbean on his second voyage herbs, flowers, seeds, roots gave birth to science of botany ---sir hans sloane travel to jamaica in 1687 -- records hundreds of new plants --helped popularize the drinking of chocolate, made from cacao bean, in england
Patriarchy (the rule of men over family, society, and government)shaped the Spanish colonial world. Women occupied a lower status. In all matters, the Spanish heldthemselves to be atop the social pyramid, with native peoples and Africans beneath them.
Both Africansand native peoples, however, contested Spanish claims to dominance. Everywhere the Spanish settled,they brought devastating diseases, such as smallpox, that led to a horrific loss of life among native peoples.European diseases killed far more native inhabitants than did Spanish swords.
The rise of colonial societies in the Americas brought Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans togetherfor the first time, highlighting the radical social, cultural, and religious differences that hampered theirability to understand each other.
European settlement affected every aspect of the land and its people,bringing goods, ideas, and diseases that transformed the Americas
One native convert to Catholicism, a Mohawk woman named Katherine Tekakwitha, so impressed thepriests with her piety that a Jesuit named Claude Chauchetière attempted to make her a saint in theChurch.
However, the effort to canonize Tekakwitha faltered when leaders of the Church balked atelevating a "savage" to such a high status; she was eventually canonized in 2012. French colonizerspressured the native inhabitants of New France to convert, but they virtually never saw native peoples astheir equals.
Seventeenth-century French and Dutch colonies in North America were modest in comparison to Spain'scolossal global empire
New France and New Netherland remained small commercial operations focusedon the fur trade and did not attract an influx of migrants. The Dutch in New Netherland confined their operations to Manhattan Island, Long Island, the Hudson River Valley, and what later became New Jersey. Dutch trade goods circulated widely among the native peoples in these areas and also traveled well into the interior of the continent along preexisting native trade routes. --French habitants, or farmer-settlers, eked out an existence along the St. Lawrence River. French fur traders and missionaries, however, ranged far into the interior of North America, exploring the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi River. These pioneers gave France somewhat inflated imperial claims to lands that nonetheless remained firmly under the dominion of native peoples
Puritan New England differed in many ways from both England and the rest of Europe.
Protestantsemphasized literacy so that everyone could read the Bible. This attitude was in stark contrast to thatof Catholics, who refused to tolerate private ownership of Bibles in the vernacular. The Puritans, fortheir part, placed a special emphasis on reading scripture, and their commitment to literacy led to theestablishment of the first printing press in English America in 1636. Four years later, in 1640, theypublished the first book in North America, the Bay Psalm Book. As Calvinists, Puritans adhered to thedoctrine of predestination, whereby a few "elect" would be saved and all others damned. No one could besure whether they were predestined for salvation, but through introspection, guided by scripture, Puritans hoped to find a glimmer of redemptive grace. Church membership was restricted to those Puritans who were willing to provide a conversion narrative telling how they came to understand their spiritual estateby hearing sermons and studying the Bible
A handful of French Jesuit priests also made their way to Canada, intent on converting the native inhabitants to Catholicism. The Jesuits were members of the Society of Jesus, an elite religious order founded in the 1540s to spread Catholicism and combat the spread of Protestantism.
The first Jesuitsarrived in Quebec in the 1620s, and for the next century, their numbers did not exceed forty priests. Like the Spanish Franciscan missionaries, the Jesuits in the colony called New France labored to convert the native peoples to Catholicism They wrote detailed annual reports about their progress in bringing thefaith to the Algonquian and, beginning in the 1660s, to the Iroquois. These documents are known as theJesuit Relations(Figure 3.7), and they provide a rich source for understanding both the Jesuit view of theIndians and the Indian response to the colonizers
indentured servants
To meet these labor demands, early Virginians relied on indentured servants. An indentureis a labor contract that young, impoverished, and often illiterate Englishmen and occasionally Englishwomen signedin England, pledging to work for a number of years (usually between five and seven) growing tobaccoin the Chesapeake colonies. In return, indentured servants received paid passage to America and food,clothing, and lodging. At the end of their indenture servants received "freedom dues," usually food andother provisions, including, in some cases, land provided by the colony. The promise of a new life inAmerica was a strong attraction for members of England's underclass, who had few if any options at home.In the 1600s, some 100,000 indentured servants traveled to the Chesapeake Bay. Most were poor youngmen in their early twenties.
Success at ___ colony and ____ colony led to further colonial efforts
jamestown and plymouth
Tensions between the English and the native peoples in the Chesapeake colonies led to open conflict.In 1675, war broke out when Susquehannock warriors attacked settlements on Virginia's frontier, killingEnglish planters and destroying English plantations, including one owned by Bacon.
n 1676, Bacon andother Virginians attacked the Susquehannock without the governor's approval. When Berkeley orderedBacon's arrest, Bacon led his followers to Jamestown, forced the governor to flee to the safety of Virginia'seastern shore, and then burned the city. The civil war known as Bacon's Rebellion, a vicious struggle between supporters of the governor and those who supported Bacon, ensued. Reports of the rebelliontraveled back to England, leading Charles II to dispatch both royal troops and English commissionersto restore order in the tobacco colonies. By the end of 1676, Virginians loyal to the governor gainedthe upper hand, executing several leaders of the rebellion. Bacon escaped the hangman's noose, insteaddying of dysentery. The rebellion fizzled in 1676, but Virginians remained divided as supporters of Bacon continued to harbor grievances over access to Indian land.
Chief Powhatan
native american chief who had grown weary of english presence and ordered his men to kill any person or animal that left the colonists' fort.
what did many early colonies barely survive?
native american resistance poor planning disease starvation
anglo dutch wars acquired what colonies
new york and new jersey
Huguenots
1562 French Protestants established a small settlement they called Fort Caroline
what year did jamestown settle?
1607
what year did the first african slaves come to virignia
1619 Many Africans worked as servants and, like their whitecounterparts, could acquire land of their own. Some Africans who converted to Christianity became freelandowners with white servants. T
King Philip's War
1675-1676 nearly forced new england settlers to abandon the colonies completely
The change in the status of Africans in the Chesapeake to that of slavesoccurred in the last decades of the seventeenth century.
Bacon's Rebellion, an uprising of both whites and blacks who believed that the Virginia government wasimpeding their access to land and wealth and seemed to do little to clear the land of Indians, hastenedthe transition to African slavery in the Chesapeake colonies. The rebellion takes its name from NathanielBacon, a wealthy young Englishman who arrived in Virginia in 1674. Despite an early friendship withVirginia's royal governor, William Berkeley, Bacon found himself excluded from the governor's circleof influential friends and councilors. He wanted land on the Virginia frontier, but the governor, fearingwar with neighboring Indian tribes, forbade further expansion. Bacon marshaled others, especially former indentured servants who believed the governor was limiting their economic opportunities and denying them the right to own tobacco farms. Bacon's followers believed Berkeley's frontier policy didn't protectEnglish settlers enough. Worse still in their eyes, Governor Berkeley tried to keep peace in Virginia bysigning treaties with various local native peoples. Bacon and his followers, who saw all Indians as anobstacle to their access to land, pursued a policy of extermination.
new mexico pueblo people
Franciscan missionaries labored to bring about a spiritual conquest by converting the Pueblo to Catholicism At first, the Pueblo adopted the parts of Catholicism thatdovetailed with their own long-standing view of the world. However, Spanish priests insisted that natives discard their old ways entirely and angered the Pueblo by focusing on the young, drawing them awayfrom their parents This deep insult, combined with an extended period of drought and increased attacksby local Apache and Navajo in the 1670s—troubles that the Pueblo came to believe were linked to theSpanish presence—moved the Pueblo to push the Spanish and their religion from the area. Pueblo leaderPopé demanded a return to native ways so the hardships his people faced would end. To him andto thousands of others, it seemed obvious that "when Jesus came, the Corn Mothers went away." Theexpulsion of the Spanish would bring a return to prosperity and a pure, native way of life
Smokingtobacco was a long-standing practice among native peoples, and English and other European consumerssoon adopted it. In 1614, the Virginia colony began exporting tobacco back to England, which earned it a sizable profit and saved the colony from ruin. A second tobacco colony, Maryland, was formed in 1634,when King Charles I granted its charter to the Calvert family for their loyal service to England. CeciliusCalvert, the second Lord Baltimore, conceived of Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics.
Growing tobacco proved very labor-intensive (Figure 3.9), and the Chesapeake colonists needed a steadyworkforce to do the hard work of clearing the land and caring for the tender young plants. The mature leafof the plant then had to be cured (dried), which necessitated the construction of drying barns. Once cured,the tobacco had to be packaged in hogsheads (large wooden barrels) and loaded aboard ship, which alsorequired considerable labor
puritan relationships with native people
Like their Spanish and French Catholic rivals, English Puritans in America took steps to convert native peoples to their version of Christianity John Eliot, the leading Puritan missionary in New England, urged natives in Massachusetts to live in "praying towns" established by English authorities for convertedIndians, and to adopt the Puritan emphasis on the centrality of the Bible. In keeping with the Protestantemphasis on reading scripture, he translated the Bible into the local Algonquian language and publishedhis work in 1663. Eliot hoped that as a result of his efforts, some of New England's native inhabitants would become preachers Tensions had existed from the beginning between the Puritans and the native people who controlledsouthern New England (Figure 3.13). Relationships deteriorated as the Puritans continued to expand theirsettlements aggressively and as European ways increasingly disrupted native life. These strains led to KingPhilip's War (1675-1676), a massive regional conflict that was nearly successful in pushing the English outof New England
Indentured servants could not marry, and they were subject to the will of the tobacco planters who bought their labor contracts. If they committed a crime or disobeyedtheir masters, they found their terms of service lengthened, often by several years. Female indenturedservants faced special dangers in what was essentially a bachelor colony. Many were exploited by unscrupulous tobacco planters who seduced them with promises of marriage. These planters would thensell their pregnant servants to other tobacco planters to avoid the costs of raising a child
Nonetheless, those indentured servants who completed their term of service often began new livesas tobacco planters. To entice even more migrants to the New World, the Virginia Company alsoimplemented theheadright system, in which those who paid their own passage to Virginia received fiftyacres plus an additional fifty for each servant or family member they brought with them. The headrightsystem and the promise of a new life for servants acted as powerful incentives for English migrants tohazard the journey to the New World
The growing slave trade with Europeans had a profound impact on the people of West Africa, giving prominence to local chieftains and merchants who traded slaves for European textiles, alcohol, guns,tobacco, and food. Africans also charged Europeans for the right to trade in slaves and imposed taxes on slave purchases different africa groups and kingdoms even staged large scape raids on each other to meet the demand of slaves
Once sold to traders, all slaves sent to America endured the hellishMiddle Passage, the transatlanticcrossing, which took one to two months. By 1625, more than 325,800 Africans had been shipped to theNew World, though many thousands perished during the voyage. An astonishing number, some four million, were transported to the Caribbean between 1501 and 1830. When they reached their destinationin America, Africans found themselves trapped in shockingly brutal slave societies. In the Chesapeake colonies, they faced a lifetime of harvesting and processing tobacco.
stuggles and development of tobacco economy
Poor health, lack of food, and fighting with native peoples took the lives of many of the original Jamestownsettlers. The winter of 1609-1610, which became known as "the starving time," came close to annihilatingthe colony. By June 1610, the few remaining settlers had decided to abandon the area; only the last-minute arrival of a supply ship from England prevented another failed colonization effort. The supply ship brought new settlers, but only twelve hundred of the seventy-five hundred who came to Virginia between1607 and 1624 survived By the 1620s, Virginia had weathered the worst and gained a degree of permanence. Political stability came slowly, but by 1619, the fledgling colony was operating under the leadership of a governor, a council,and a House of Burgesses . Economic stability came from the lucrative cultivation of tobacco
st augustine florida: oldest European settlement in americas
Spain gained a foothold in present-day Florida, viewing that area and the lands to the north as a logical extension of their Caribbean empire. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León: named it Pascua Florida (feast of flowers or easter) after the nearest feast day ---he was unable to establish permanent settlement there ---1565, spain was in need of an outpost to confront the French and English privateers using Florida as a base from which to attack treasure-laden Spanish ships heading from Cuba to Spain.
va and maryland
The Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland served a vital purpose in the developing seventeenth-century English empire by providing tobacco, a cash crop the early history of Jamestown didnot suggest the English outpost would survive. From the outset, its settlers struggled both with each other and with the native inhabitants, the powerful Powhatan, who controlled the area. John Smith, whose famous mapbegins this chapter, took control and exercised near-dictatorial powers, which furthered aggravated thesquabbling. The settlers' inability to grow their own food compounded this unstable situation. They were essentially employees of the Virginia Company of London, an English joint-stock company, in which investors provided the capital and assumed the risk in order to reap the profit, and they had to make a profit for their shareholders as well as for themselves. Most initially devoted themselves to finding gold and silver instead of finding ways to grow their own food
fur trading in new netherland
The Dutch Republic emerged as a major commercial center in the 1600s In North America, Dutch traders established themselves first on Manhattan Island One of the Dutch directors-general of the North American settlement, Peter Stuyvesant, served from 1647to 1664 and expanded the fledgling outpost of New Netherland east to present-day Long Island and for many miles north along the Hudson River. The resulting elongated colony served primarily as a fur-trading post, with the powerful Dutch West India Company controlling all commerce.
Many who provided leadership in early New England were learned ministers who had studied atCambridge or Oxford but who, because they had questioned the practices of the Church of England, hadbeen deprived of careers by the king and his officials in an effort to silence all dissenting voices. OtherPuritan leaders, such as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, came from theprivileged class of English gentry. These well-to-do Puritans and many thousands more left their Englishhomes not to establish a land of religious freedom, but to practice their own religion without persecution.Puritan New England offered them the opportunity to live as they believed the Bible demanded. In their"New" England, they set out to create a model of reformed Protestantism, a new English Israel.
The conflict generated by Puritanism had divided English society, because the Puritans demanded reformsthat undermined the traditional festive culture. For example, they denounced popular pastimes like bear-baiting—letting dogs attack a chained bear—which were often conducted on Sundays when people hada few leisure hours. In the culture where William Shakespeare had produced his masterpieces, Puritanscalled for an end to the theater, censuring playhouses as places of decadence. Indeed, the Bible itselfbecame part of the struggle between Puritans and James I, who headed the Church of England. Soon after ascending the throne, James commissioned a new version of the Bible in an effort to stifle Puritan reliance on the Geneva Bible, which followed the teachings of John Calvin and placed God's authority above the monarch's. The King James Version, published in 1611, instead emphasized the majesty of kings.
Plymouth: The First Puritan Colony
The first group of Puritans to make their way across the Atlantic was a small contingent known as thePilgrims. unlike others: They insisted on a complete separation from the Church of England and had first migrated to the Dutch Republic seeking religious freedom Although they found they could worship without hindrance there, they grew concerned that they were losing their Englishness as they sawtheir children begin to learn the Dutch language and adopt Dutch ways In addition, the English Pilgrims(and others in Europe) feared another attack on the Dutch Republic by Catholic Spain. Therefore, in 1620,they moved on to found the Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusetts. The governor of Plymouth,William Bradford, was a Separatist, a proponent of complete separation from the English state church. Bradford and the other Pilgrim Separatists represented a major challenge to the prevailing vision of aunified English national church and empire. On board theMayflower, which was bound for Virginia butlanded on the tip of Cape Cod, Bradford and forty other adult men signed the Mayflower Compact
During the summer trading season, Indians gathered at trading posts such as the Dutch site at Beverwijck(present-day Albany), where they exchanged furs for guns, blankets, and alcohol.
The furs, especially beaver pelts destined for the lucrative European millinery market, would be sent down the Hudson Riverto New Amsterdam. There, slaves or workers would load them aboard ships bound for Amsterdam.
puritan new england
The second major area to be colonized by the English in the first half of the seventeenth century, NewEngland, differed markedly in its founding principles from the commercially oriented Chesapeake tobaccocolonies. Settled largely by waves of Puritan families in the 1630s, New England had a religious orientationfrom the start. In England, reform-minded men and women had been calling for greater changes to theEnglish national church since the 1580s. These reformers, who followed the teachings of John Calvin andother Protestant reformers, were called Puritans because of their insistence on "purifying" the Churchof England of what they believed to be un-scriptural, especially Catholic elements that lingered in its institutions and practices.
SHORTAGE OF LABOR: New Netherland failed to attract many Dutch colonists; by 1664, only nine thousand people were living there. Conflict with native peoples, as well as dissatisfaction with the Dutch West India Company'strading practices, made the Dutch outpost an undesirable place for many migrants.
The small size ofthe population meant a severe labor shortage, and to complete the arduous tasks of early settlement, theDutch West India Company imported some 450 African slaves between 1626 and 1664. The shortage of labor also meant that New Netherlandwelcomed non-Dutch immigrants, including Protestants from Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and England,and embraced a degree of religious tolerance, allowing Jewish immigrants to become residents beginningin the 1650s Thus, a wide variety of people lived in New Netherland from the start.
Many historians believe the fault lines separating what later became the North and South in the United States originated in the profound differences between the Chesapeake and New England colonies.
The source of those differences lay in England's domestic problems. Increasingly in the early 1600s,the English state church—the Church of England, established in the 1530s—demanded conformity, orcompliance with its practices, but Puritans pushed for greater reforms. By the 1620s, the Church of Englandbegan to see leading Puritan ministers and their followers as outlaws, a national security threat because oftheir opposition to its power. As the noose of conformity tightened around them, many Puritans decidedto remove to New England. By 1640, New England had a population of twenty-five thousand. Meanwhile,many loyal members of the Church of England, who ridiculed and mocked Puritans both at home and inNew England, flocked to Virginia for economic opportunity.
Although the fur trade was lucrative, the French saw Canadaas an inhospitable frozen wasteland, and by 1640, fewer than four hundred settlers had made theirhome there.
The sparse French presence meant that colonists depended on the local native Algonquian people; without them, the French would have perished. French fishermen, explorers, and fur traders made extensive contact with the Algonquian. The Algonquian, in turn, tolerated the French because the colonists supplied them with firearms for their ongoing war with the Iroquois. Thus, the French found themselves escalating native wars and supporting the Algonquian against the Iroquois, who received weapons from their Dutch trading partners. These seventeenth-century conflicts centered on the lucrative trade in beaverpelts, earning them the name of the Beaver Wars. In these wars, fighting between rival native peoplesspread throughout the Great Lakes region
the rise of slavery in the chsapeake bay colonies
The transition from indentured servitude to slavery as the main labor source for some English colonieshappened first in the West Indies. On the small island of Barbados, colonized in the 1620s, English plantersfirst grew tobacco as their main export crop, but in the 1640s, they converted to sugarcane and beganincreasingly to rely on African slaves. In 1655, England wrestled control of Jamaica from the Spanishand quickly turned it into a lucrative sugar island, run on slave labor, for its expanding empire. Whileslavery was slower to take hold in the Chesapeake colonies, by the end of the seventeenth century, bothVirginia and Maryland had also adopted chattel slavery—which legally defined Africans as property andnot people—as the dominant form of labor to grow tobacco. Chesapeake colonists also enslaved nativepeople
One of the largest patroonships was granted to Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one of the directors of the Dutch West IndiaCompany; it covered most of present-day Albany and Rensselaer Counties.
This pattern of settlementcreated a yawning gap in wealth and status between the tenants, who paid rent, and the wealthy patroons
Bacon's Rebellion helped to catalyze the creation of a system of racial slavery in the Chesapeake colonies.At the time of the rebellion, indentured servants made up the majority of laborers in the region. Wealthywhites worried over the presence of this large class of laborers and the relative freedom they enjoyed,as well as the alliance that black and white servants had forged in the course of the rebellion. Replacingindentured servitude with black slavery diminished these risks, alleviating the reliance on whiteindentured servants, who were often dissatisfied and troublesome, and creating a caste of racially definedlaborers whose movements were strictly controlled. It also lessened the possibility of further alliancesbetween black and white workers. Racial slavery even served to heal some of the divisions betweenwealthy and poor whites, who could now unite as members of a "superior" racial group
While colonial laws in the tobacco colonies had made slavery a legal institution before Bacon's Rebellion,new laws passed in the wake of the rebellion severely curtailed black freedom and laid the foundation forracial slavery. Virginia passed a law in 1680 prohibiting free blacks and slaves from bearing arms, banningblacks from congregating in large numbers, and establishing harsh punishments for slaves who assaultedChristians or attempted escape. Two years later, another Virginia law stipulated that all Africans broughtto the colony would be slaves for life. Thus, the increasing reliance on slaves in the tobacco colonies—andthe draconian laws instituted to control them—not only helped planters meet labor demands, but alsoserved to assuage English fears of further uprisings and alleviate class tensions between rich and poorwhites.
the Puritans believed in the supernatural. Every event appeared to be asign of God's mercy or judgment, and people believed that witches allied themselves with the Devil tocarry out evil deeds and deliberate harm such as the sickness or death of children, the loss of cattle, andother catastrophes.
Women, seen as more susceptible to the Devil because of their supposedly weaker constitutions, made upthe vast majority of suspects and those who were executed.
French-Indian war (1754-1763)
the great war of empire between england and france--- fight for control of north america witnessed imperial revelries exploding across the globe after the war: the balance of power shifted heavily into england's favor
slavery
a crushing demand for labor existed to grow New World cash crops, especially sugar and tobacco This need led Europeans to rely increasingly on Africans, and after1600, the movement of Africans across the Atlantic accelerated The English crown chartered the RoyalAfrican Company in 1672, giving the company a monopoly over the transport of African slaves to theEnglish colonies. Over the next four decades, the company transported around 350,000 Africans from theirhomelands. By 1700, the tiny English sugar island of Barbados had a population of fifty thousand slaves,and the English had encoded the institution of chattel slavery into colonial law. This new system of African slavery came slowly to the English colonists, who did not have slavery athome and preferred to use servant labor. Nevertheless, by the end of the seventeenth century, the Englisheverywhere in America—and particularly in the Chesapeake Bay colonies—had come to rely on Africanslaves
powhatan empire
a powerful Algonquian confederacy of thirty native groups with perhaps as many as twenty-two thousand people. chesapeake river banks The territory of the equally impressiveSusquehannock people also bordered English settlements at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay
The Great Awakening
focused on an emotional, rather than contemplative, faith preached that religion should be impassioned and active, not something reflected upon with somber meekness spread to all corners of england;s empire
The Glorious Revolution
marked a turning point of englands imperial development -led to restoration of protestant monarchy -provided the english with a bill of rights
in northeasters parts of north america the ____ and ____ established their own stations
french and dutch
Tensions ran high between the English and the Powhatan, and near-constant war prevailed. The FirstAnglo-Powhatan War (1609-1614) resulted not only from the English colonists' intrusion onto Powhatanland, but also from their refusal to follow native protocol by giving gifts. English actions infuriated andinsulted the Powhatan. In 1613, the settlers captured Pocahontas (also called Matoaka), the daughter of aPowhatan headman named Wahunsonacook, and gave her in marriage to Englishman John Rolfe. Theirunion, and her choice to remain with the English, helped quell the war in 1614. Pocahontas converted toChristianity, changing her name to Rebecca, and sailed with her husband and several other Powhatan toEngland where she was introduced to King James I (Figure 3.10). Promoters of colonization publicizedPocahontas as an example of the good work of converting the Powhatan to Christianity
he Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1620s) broke out because ofthe expansion of the English settlement nearly one hundred miles into the interior, and because of thecontinued insults and friction caused by English activities. The Powhatan attacked in 1622 and succeededin killing almost 350 English, about a third of the settlers. The English responded by annihilating everyPowhatan village around Jamestown and from then on became even more intolerant. The Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) began with a surprise attack in which the Powhatan killed around fivehundred English colonists. However, their ultimate defeat in this conflict forced the Powhatan toacknowledge King Charles I as their sovereign. The Anglo-Powhatan Wars, spanning nearly forty years,illustrate the degree of native resistance that resulted from English intrusion into the Powhatanconfederacy.
what did charles II want to bring the colonies?
he wanted to bring them more closely under English control -this enforcement proved to be a major problem
santa fe, new mexico
land of thePueblo Indians Under orders from King Philip II, Juan de Oñate explored the American southwest forSpain in the late 1590s. The Spanish hoped that what we know as New Mexico would yield gold and silver,but the land produced little of value to them. In 1610, Spanish settlers established themselves at SantaFe—originally named La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís, or "Royal City of the HolyFaith of St. Francis of Assisi"—where many Pueblo villages were located. Santa Fe became the capital of the Kingdom of New Mexico, an outpost of the larger Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain, which had itsheadquarters in Mexico City
Stono Rebellion
led to over-reaction among slave owners and brought more laws restriction the activities of slaves
1689 Bill of Rights
limited the authority of the monarchy --english people and colonists saw this as clear evidence of their liberties
Jamestown Winter of 1609-1610
little food "crewell hunger" some people went into woods and ate snakes and roots many were killed by powhatan's men died to dysentery and typhoid ate horses, dogs, cats, mice, shoe leather, and other humans dug up dead bodies to eat and blood
The troubles in England escalated in the 1640s when civil war broke out, pitting Royalist supportersof King Charles I and the Church of England against Parliamentarians, the Puritan reformers and theirsupporters in Parliament.
n 1649, the Parliamentarians gained the upper hand and, in an unprecedentedmove, executed Charles I. In the 1650s, therefore, England became a republic, a state without a king. English colonists in America closely followed these events. Indeed, many Puritans left New England and returned home to take part in the struggle against the king and the national church. Other English men and women in the Chesapeake colonies and elsewhere in the English Atlantic World looked on in horror at the mayhem the Parliamentarians, led by the Puritan insurgents, appeared to unleash in England. The turmoil in England made the administration and imperial oversight of the Chesapeake and New England colonies difficult, and the two regions developed divergent cultures
The Enlightenment
offered a common tie among British subjects advocated the power of reason and scientific observation the secrets of the universe could be uncovered through science and logic guided the 1732 founding of the colony of Georgia
Early attempts by the colonists to stand against the english dominance
outbreak of resistance in boston and Leisler's Rebellion
John Locke
philosopher used Glorious Revolution and bill of rights as inspiration to reflect up new concepts of government.
anna hutchinson
ran afoul of Puritan authorities for her criticism of the evolving religious practicesin the Massachusetts Bay Colony In particular, she held that Puritan ministers in New England taughta shallow version of Protestantism emphasizing hierarchy and actions—a "covenant of works" rather than a "covenant of grace." her major offense was her claim of direct religious revelation, a type ofspiritual experience that negated the role of ministers. Because of Hutchinson's beliefs and her defianceof authority in the colony, especially that of Governor Winthrop, Puritan authorities tried and convicted her of holding false beliefs. In 1638, she was excommunicated and banished from the colony. She went toRhode Island and later, in 1642, sought safety among the Dutch in New Netherland. The following year,Algonquian warriors killed Hutchinson and her family. In Massachusetts, Governor Winthrop noted herdeath as the righteous judgment of God against a heretic
Timucua Indians
spanish displaced them from their anciet town of seloy which had stood for thousands of years. they suffered greatly from diseases introduced by the spanish, shrinking from a population of 200,000 to 50,000 by 1700- only 1000 timucua remained