Unit 2 Exam

Based on the graph above, which of the following years post disturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass? a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 200

a. 50

Which interaction harms both species involved? a. Competition b. Predation c. Parasitism d. Mutualism e. Commensalism

a. Competition

Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck? a. Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool b. Ecosystem B, because its high species diversity could have resulted from increased competition among its members c. Ecosystem C, because its low habitat diversity indicated an increase in available niches d. Ecosystem D, because its low species diversity indicates that it also has low species evenness

a. Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool

Which of the following best explains why each of the finch species on the Galapagos islands evolved to be specialists? a. Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items b. Climate on islands tends to be less variable than on the mainland, minimizing seasonal absences of food c. Reduced competition from other bird species allows finch species to focus on specific food resources d. Food resources on islands are more plentiful and nutrient rich than on the mainland, leading to specialist behaviors in feeding

a. Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items

Which does NOT have a significant effect on the number of offspring produced by a population? a. Population distribution b. Sex ratio c. Age structure d. Population size e. Carrying capacity

a. Population distribution

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? a. There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers b. Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do c. There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents d. Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do

a. There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers

Population distribution is a. often clumped in response to predation b. used by wildlife managers when regulating hunting and fishing c. measured relative to other species d. uniform in most tree species e. important when estimating the number of offspring expected

a. often clumped in response to predation

Inbreeding depression a. rarely occurs in highly connected metapopulations b. results from the creation of corridors between populations c. results in increased rates of reproduction d. occurs in species that are experiencing overshoot e. rarely occurs in K-selected species

a. rarely occurs in highly connected metapopulations

Which combination of factors would result in the highest biodiversity? a. A small island, close to a continent b. A larger island, close to a continent c. A medium island, distant from a continent d. A small island, distant from a continent e. A large island, distant from a continent

b. A larger island, close to a continent

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it? a. An island 30 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland b. An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland c. An island 10 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland d. An island 10 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

b. An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

Based on the graph above, which of the following years post-disturbance had the greatest species richness? a. 25 b. 100 c. 175 d. 250

c. 175

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than a generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island? a. As predation increases, the population size of the invasive generalist species will decrease b. As resources are partitioned, the population sizes of both the generalist species and the specialist species will increase c. As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease d. As niches overlap, the invasive generalist species will be outcompeted by the island's specialist species

c. As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease

Which is the correct order of ecological levels from basic to complex? a. Individual, population, ecosystem, biosphere, community b. Individual, community, ecosystem, population, biosphere c. Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere d. Ecosystem, biosphere, community, population, individual e. Individual, population, community, biosphere, ecosystem

c. Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Which is true about a population's carrying capacity? a. It is denoted as C b. It is usually used when studying ecosystems c. It depends on a limiting resource d. It is controlled by density-independent factors e. The population of a species cannot exceed it

c. It depends on a limiting resource

Which of the following ecosystems services are categorized as regulating? a. Wood fuel, medicine, and potable water b. Recreation, education, and aesthetics c. Pollination, decomposition, and water purification d. Photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and creation of soils

c. Pollination, decomposition, and water purification

Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession? a. Red maple b. Sweetgum c. Tulip poplar d. White oak

c. Tulip poplar

Which is NOT an example of a density-independent factor? a. Drought b. Competition c. Forest fire d. Hurricane e. Flood

b. Competition

Based on the data in the table, which ecosystem is in the earliest stages of succession? a. Ecosystem A b. Ecosystem B c. Ecosystem C d. Ecosystem D

b. Ecosystem B

Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption? a. Ecosystem A b. Ecosystem B c. Ecosystem C d. Ecosystem D

b. Ecosystem B

Which is true of a population overshoot? a. It occurs when reproduction quickly responds to changes in food supply b. It is followed by a die-off c. It is most likely to be experienced by K-selected species d. It rarely occurs in species with type III survivorship curves e. It occurs when a species stops growing after reaching the carrying capacity

b. It is followed by a die-off

Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C? a. Its low species diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species with very low population sizes b. Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories c. Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species that evolve quickly d. Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C is most likely the result of the founder effect and a subpopulation originating from Ecosystem A

b. Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories

Resource partitioning a. occurs in mutualisms b. can occur through morphological differences between competing species c. can cause the extinction of a competing species d. is not the result of behavioral changes e. does not occur among competing predators

b. can occur through morphological differences between competing species

Which statement about ecological succession is correct? a. Secondary succession begins in a community lacking soil b. Primary succession occurs over a shorter time span than secondary succession c. Succession is influenced by competition for limiting resources such as available soil, moisture, and nutrients d. In forest succession, less shade-tolerant trees replace more shade-tolerant trees e. Forest fires and hurricanes lead to primary succession because a soil base still exists

c. Succession is influenced by competition for limiting resources such as available soil, moisture, and nutrients

Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct? a. Genetic biodiversity is a measure of the total number of genes in a community b. A narrow distribution of habitats leads to an increase in species diversity c. Global hotspots are areas where species diversity is thriving due to habitat restoration d. A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors

d. A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors

Which sequence of secondary succession would be likely to occur in abandoned farmland in the eastern United States? a. Bare soil, lichens, mosses, grasses, deciduous trees b. Bare rock, lichens, mosses, grasses, shrubs, mixed shade-and sunlight-tolerant trees c. Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, shade-tolerant trees d. Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees e. Bare rock, grasses and wildflowers, lichens mosses, shrubs, coniferous trees

d. Bare soil, grasses and wildflowers, shrubs, sunlight-tolerant trees, shade-tolerant trees

The theory of island biogeography suggests that species richness is affected by which of the following factors? I. Island distance from mainland II. How the island is formed III. Island size a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III e. II and III

d. I and III

Which is true of primary succession? a. It starts with bare soil b. As it progresses the number of species initially decreases c. It occurs after forest fires d. It begins with colonization by algae, lichens, and mosses e. It results in an ecosystem of grasses and small plants

d. It begins with colonization by algae, lichens, and mosses

For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? a. Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species b. Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species c. Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance d. Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources

d. Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization? a. The percentage of dark colored moths decreased in the population after 1850 and the percentage light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period b. The percentage of dark-colored moths decreased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths increased in the population c. The percentage of both the dark-colored moths and the light-colored moths remained constant throughout the time period d. The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population

d. The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population

Which is NOT a factor in the theory of island biogeography? a. Dispersing species are more likely to find a large habitat b. Islands can also be isolated areas within a continent c. Larger populations are less likely to go extinct d. Larger habitats contain a larger range of environ-mental conditions e. Islands farther from the continent have more species due to increased speciation

e. Islands farther from the continent have more species due to increased speciation