UNIT 2 HW & Quizzes

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ? (a) stomach (b) small intestine (c) large intestine (d) pancreas

small intestine

The muscularis usually contains two layers of _____ muscle. (a) smooth (b) skeletal (c) striated

smooth

Which of the following tears and cuts food? (a) salivary glands (b) tarsal glands (c) the tongue (d) teeth

teeth

As bile is produced and secreted, what structures or cells does it encounter? Put them in order, beginning with bile production.

(1) Hepatocyte (2) Bile Canaliculus (3) Common hepatic duct (4) cystic duct (5) gallbladder

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.

(1) In the gastric gland, the Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. (2) Also in the gastric gland, the parietal cells will secrete HCl. (3) HCL will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and turn it into PEPSIN. (4) Pepsin enzymes can then digest dietary PROTEINS in the lumen of the stomach.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order.

(1) The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with MECHANICAL digestion. (2) Once in the stomach, PEPSIN hydrolyzes peptide bonds. (3) Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and CARBOXYPEPTIDASE will continue the breakdown of proteins. (4) The BRUSH border in the intestines will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.

Place the following proteolytic enzymes in order of their processing of proteins in digestion.

(1) Trypsinogen, chymotypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase released from pancreas (2) Enteropeptidase released from lumenal epithelium of small intestine (3) Trypsin is formed (4) Chymotrypsin is formed

Enteroendocrine cells of the lower part of the small intestine produce the hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and (a) gastrin (b) somatostatin (c) chyme (d) glucose-insulin tropic peptide (GIP)

(d) glucose-insulin tropic peptide (GIP)

Which of the following are considered small intestine brush border enzymes participating in carbohydrate digestion? - Dextrinase - Lactase - Pancreatic amylase - Sucrase

- Dextrinase - Lactase - sucrase

In what ways is the large intestine histologically different from the small intestine? Check all that apply. - Has numerous intestinal glands - Has a smooth mucosa - Lacks intestinal villi - Has a simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

- Has a smooth mucosa - Lacks intestinal villi

Which organs and accessory structures are considered part of the upper GI tract? Check all that apply. - Pharynx - duodenum - stomach - esophagus

- Pharynx - duodenum - stomach - esophagus

Check all that are characteristics of the esophagus. - The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. - It is composed entirely of smooth muscle. - The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal. - It is located almost entirely in the abdomen.

- The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. - The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal.

What are the names of anatomic structures in the oral cavity? Check all that apply. - Uvula - Hard Palate - fauces - Fundus

- Uvula - Hard Palate - fauces

What are the serous membranes of the GI tract called? Check all that apply. - Visceral pleura - Visceral peritoneum - Parietal peritoneum - Parietal pleura

- Visceral peritoneum - Parietal peritoneum

Which of the following general receptors are found within the GI tract? Check all that apply. - touch receptors - chemoreceptors - proprioreceptors - mechanoreceptors

- chemoreceptors - mechanoreceptors

Which organs or parts of organs are considered to be retroperitoneal? Check all that apply. - duodenum - pancreas - stomach - ascending and descending colon

- duodenum - pancreas - ascending and descending colon

What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion? Check all that apply. - gastrin - insulin - cholecystokinin (CCK) - secretin

- gastrin - cholecystokinin (CCK) - secretin

Name the gland cells of the epithelium in the small intestine. Check all that apply. - chief cells - goblet cells - unicellular gland cells - enteroendocrine cells

- goblet cells - unicellular gland cells - enteroendocrine cells

Which organs are components of the lower gastrointestinal tract? Check all that apply. - Large intestine - liver - stomach - small intestine

- large intestine - small intestine

Check all that are a function of the esophagus. - nutrient absorption - movement of a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach - prevents materials from returning from the stomach

- movement of a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach - prevents materials from returning from the stomach

Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract? Check all that apply. - pancreas - small intestine - esophagus - gallbladder

- pancreas - gallbladder

Select all that are major functions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract. - peristalsis - secretion - mixing - absorption

- peristalsis - mixing

Which of these are classified as carbohydrates? Check all that apply. - Polysaccharides - amylases - monosaccharides - fatty acids

- polysaccharides - monosaccharides

Which of the following structures are anatomically part of each tooth? Check all that apply. - root - gingivae - pulp - enamel

- root - pulp - enamel

Check all that line the mucosa of the large intestine. - simple columnar epithelium - goblet cells - intestinal vili - intestinal glands

- simple columnar epithelium - goblet cells - intestinal glands

In which gastrointestinal tunic are general receptors located? Check all that apply. - serosa - submuscoa - muscularis - mucosa

- submucosa - mucosa

Match each macromolecule below with the monomer(s) to which it is broken down by chemical digestion. 1. Proteins 2. Fats 3. Nucleic acids 4. Carbohydrates

1. Amino acids 2. Monoglycerides and Fatty acids 3. Nucleotides 4. Monosaccharides

Match the segment of the colon with its description. 1. Originates at the ileocecal valve; is retroperitoneal 2. Originates at the left colic flexure; is retroperitoneal 3. Terminates at the rectum; is intraperitoneal 4. Originates at the right colic flexure; is intraperitoneal

1. Ascending colon 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. transverse colon

Match the type of movement that occurs in the large intestine with its description. 1. Churning and distal movement of material 2. Powerful contractions; propels material toward rectum 3. Weak ripplelike muscle contractions

1. Haustral churning 2. Mass movements 3. Peristalsis

As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?

1. cecum 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. left colic flexure 5. descending colon 6. sigmoid colon 7. Rectum 8. anal canal

Answer the following True/False questions regarding the structure and location of the esophagus. 1. The esophagus extends from the nasopharynx to the stomach. 2. The esophagus is about 25 meters long. 3. The esophagus lies anterior to the trachea. 4. The muscularis of the esophagus is different from other parts of the digestive tract because the superior part of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle. 5. The esophagus contains both an upper and a lower esophageal sphincter that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the esophagus. 6. The esophagus contains numerous mucous glands that produce a thick, lubricating mucus that coats the inner surface of the esophagus.

1. false 2. false 3. false 4. true 5. true 6. true

Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. 1. Performs most chemical digestion and absorption 2. Receives bile and pancreatic juice 3. Controls entry of material into large intestine

1. jejunum 2. duodenum 3. ileum

Trace the path of bile through the biliary apparatus, beginning at the liver, moving to the gallbladder, and ending at the small intestine.

1. left and right hepatic ducts 2. common hepatic duct 3. gallbladder 4. common bile duct 5. hepatopancreatic ampulla 6. Major duodenal papilla

Match the swallowing phase with its description. (1) Bolus passes from pharynx to esophagus. (2) Bolus passes from esophagus to stomach. (3) Chewing forms a bolus.

1. pharyngeal phase 2. esophageal phase 3. voluntary phase

Match the phase of swallowing with the correct events: 1. Initiated by stimulation of tactile receptors in the oropharynx 2. Peristalsis moves food bolus onward 3. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes 4. Begins with elevation of the soft palate 5. Food bolus forced into the oropharynx 6. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes 7. Food bolus pushed by tongue against the hard palate

1. pharyngeal phase 2. esophageal phase 3. esophageal phase 4. pharyngeal phase 5. voluntary phase 6. pharyngeal phase 7. voluntary phase

Two sets of teeth develop and erupt; the first set are 20 teeth called deciduous (milk) teeth and the final set are ____ teeth called permanent teeth. (a) 26 (b) 28 (c) 30 (d) 32

32

What is the function of bile? (a) Assist in the digestion of starches (b) Denature proteins to assist in their absorption (c) Break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion (d) Prevent the digested material from becoming too acidic

Break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion

Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.

Carbohydrate: - Salivary amylase - Pancreatic amylase Protein: - Pepsin - HCl -Trypsin -Chymotrypsin Lipid: - Lingual lipase - pancreatic lipase - gastric lipase - bile salts

_________ is a hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen. (a) Glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (b) secretin (c) Cholecystokinin (CCK) (d) gastrin

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

TRUE OR FALSE: Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Completion of all carbohydrate digestion occurs only in the small intestine with enzymes secreted from the pancreas.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Mastication is the process of chemically reducing food bulk into smaller particles to facilitate swallowing.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Protein digestion begins in the small intestine.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Sensory input from both mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors is relayed to the CNS in response to stimulation. Autonomic motor output is then relayed through cranial nerves to organs of the GI tract. These are referred to as the short reflexes.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: When substances are moved through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract wall and are carried into the blood or lymph, this process is called secretion.

False

Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce (a) HCl (hydrochloric acid) (b) pepsinogen (c) gastrin (d) chyme

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

Match the structure of the small intestine with its function.

Intestinal glands -- Contain enteroendocrine cells Circular folds -- Slow passage of material Enteroendocrine cells -- Secrete digestive hormones Submucosal glands -- Secrete alkaline mucus

Which of the following occurs with enzymes as you increase the temperature from 80 degrees F to 90 degrees F? (a) It will make less product. (b) It will bind substrate less frequently. (c) It will move more slowly in the solution. (d) It will bind substrate more frequently.

It will bind substrate more frequently.

Normal indigenous bacteria in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and (a) K (b) C (c) D (d) E

K

Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the large or small intestine.

Large intestine: - taenia coli - haustrum - sigmoid colon - rectal valves - cecum Small intestine: - microvilli - intestinal crypts - lacteals - circular folds - jejunum - ileum

TRUE OR FALSE: All enzymes that digest protein are released as inactive enzymes and must be activated because the enzymes would destroy the proteins within the cells that produce them.

True

When testing the temperature of catalase, what would happen if you changed the temperature using the same tube with the same catalase and hydrogen peroxide mixture? (a) The substrate and enzyme would bind and react before all temperatures could be tested. (b) The substrate would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested. (c) The enzyme would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested.

The substrate and enzyme would bind and react before all temperatures could be tested. (b) The substrate would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested.

How does the concentration of the substrate in an enzyme-controlled chemical reaction change over time? (a) The substrate concentration will decrease. (b) The substrate concentration will increase. (c) The substrate concentration will increase at first, then it will decrease. (d) The substrate concentration will not change. (e) The substrate concentration will decrease at first, then it will increase.

The substrate concentration will decrease.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.

Three main vessels make up the HEPATIC TRIAD including the HEPATIC PORTAL vein, hepatic artery, and BILE ductules. The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient rich, oxygen POOR blood to the liver cells The HEPATIC ARTERY is responsible for delivering oxygen RICH blood to the hepatocytes and thus providing for the large metabolic demand for this tissue. The HEPATIC DUCTULES collect bile produced in the hepatic lobules and deliver it to the hepatic ducts on their way to the GALLBLADDER for storage.

TRUE OR FALSE: Secretin is released from the small intestine primarily in response to the acidic chyme coming from the stomach and secretin causes the release of an alkaline solution containing bicarbonate from both the liver and pancreas.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The duodenum is considered part of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

True

Motility and secretion in the stomach is generated by the __________ reflex initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food. (a) intestinal (b) gastric (c) hepatic (d) cephalic

cephalic

The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called (a) secretion (b) filtration (c) absorption (d) mixing

absorption

Salivary __________ breaks the chemical bond between two glucose molecules; it breaks down the long polysaccharide starch molecule into smaller and smaller pieces until only glucose results. (a) lipase (b) lactase (c) amylase (d) sucrose

amylase

An adventitia is composed of _______ connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers. (a) areolar (b) dense regular (c) dense irregular (d) reticular

areolar

Which of the following is produced by the liver to aid in digestion? (a) bile (b) amylase (c) peptidase (d) lipase

bile

A disaccharide is a type of (a) carbohydrate (b) protein (c) lipid (d) nucleic acid

carbohydrate

The intestinal phase of digestion involves both the intestinal reflex and the release of two primary hormones: _______ and secretin. (a) gastrin (b) cholecystokinin (CCK) (c) somatostatin (d) glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Once inside epithelial cells, fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides reforming triglycerides; triglycerides are then wrapped with other proteins by the Golgi to form ____________ that enter the lymphatic system. (a) lacteals (b) bile salts (c) chylomicrons (d) micelles

chylomicrons

G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility. (a) somatostatin (b) gastrin (c) intrinsic factor (d) pepsinogen

gastrin

Proteolytic enzymes are activated in the small intestine using the enzyme (a) trypsinogen (b) chymotrypsinogen (c) procarboxypeptidase (d) enteropeptidase

enteropeptidase

The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of (a) trypsin (b) dipeptidase (c) hydrochloric acid (HCl). (d) enteropeptidase.

hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Within the abdomen, organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ________ organs. (a) intraperitoneal (b) retroperitoneal

intraperitoneal

Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ? (a) liver (b) stomach (c) esophagus (d) large intestine

liver

Chewing requires the coordinated activities of teeth, skeletal muscles in lips, tongue, cheeks, and jaws that are controlled by nuclei within the medulla oblongata and pons, collectively called the ____________ center. (a) lingual (b) salivary (c) mastication (d) secretory

mastication

Digested triglycerides are contained within the _____________ prior to being transported across the simple columnar epithelial lining of the small intestine into the epithelial cells. (a) chylomicron (b) lacteal (c) blood (d) micelles

micelles

Which of the following layers of the alimentary canal contains the cells that form the lining with the inner space (lumen) of the digestive canal? (a) mucosa (b) muscularis externa (c) serosa submucosa

mucosa

The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with ___________ squamous epithelium. (a) nonkeratinized stratified (b) nonkeratinized simple (c) keratinized stratified (d) keratinized simple

nonkeratinized stratified

The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with ___________ squamous epithelium. (a) nonkeratinzied stratified (b) nonkeratinized simple (c) keratinized stratified (d) keratinized simple

nonkeratinzied stratified

DNA and RNA (nucleic acids) are polymers of nucleotides that are broken down, first, by pancreatic enzymes and then completed by intestinal brush border enzymes which include phosphatase and _____________. (a) ribonuclease (b) nucleosidase (c) thymine (d) ribose

nucleosidase

The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes. (a) liver (b) pancreas (c) stomach (d) duodenum

pancreas

The accessory organs of the lower GI tract include the liver, gallbladder, and (a) pancreas (b) stomach (c) cecum (d) duodenum

pancreas

The majority of triglyceride digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme (a) pancreatic lipase. (b) lingual lipase. (c) gastric lipase. (d) bile salts.

pancreatic lipase.

Smooth muscle activity in the small intestine wall facilitates chemical digestion and absorption employing the processes of segmentation and (a) vomiting (b) retropulsion (c) peristalsis (d) felxion

peristalsis

Between the partietal and visceral peritoneum is the thin (a) peritoneal cavity. (b) greater omentum. (c) falciform ligament. (d) lesser omentum.

peritoneal cavity.

Altering the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme might (a) change the type of substrate that binds the enzyme's active site. (b) change the amount of energy needed for a reaction. (c) allow the reaction to occur at a faster rate. (d) prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme's active site. (e) change the type of product produced in the reaction.

prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme's active site.

Which of the following regions of the large intestine is a muscular tube that expands to store accumulated material prior to defecation, and terminates at the anal canal? (a) transverse colon (b) rectum (c) cecum (d) ileum

rectum

Digestive reflexes that do not involve the central nervous system but instead are local and occur only within the enteric nervous system are called ________ reflexes. (a) short (b) long (c) hormonal (d) oral

short

Most GI tract organs are lined with a ________ epithelium. (a) simple columnar (b) simple cuboidal (c) transitional (d) simple squamous

simple columnar

The stomach is lined by a (a) simple columnar epithelium. (b) simple squamous epithelium. (c) stratified columnar epithelium. (d) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

simple columnar epithelium.

As the concentration of an enzyme increases for a given substrate, (a) the rate of the reaction decreases to a point. (b) the reaction stops. (c) there is no change in the reaction. (d) the turnover number decreases at the same rate that the enzyme concentration increases. (e) the reaction rate increases similarly.

the reaction rate increases similarly.