Unit 2!!!

________ is triggered by growth factor ligands that usually bind to cell-surface receptors.

Cell division

________ are one type of small hydrophobic ligands used in cellular signaling.

Steroid hormones

Choose the best definition of signal transduction.

The process used by a cell to convert a ligand bound to a receptor into some sort of change in the cell.

Phosphorylation of serine is often used to ________.

activate enzymes

In ________ signaling, a cell targets itself.

autocrine

cell targets itself

autocrine

Autoinducers in bacteria are functionally similar to ________ in eukaryotic cells.

autocrine signals

_______ is used to activate an enzyme that in turn regulates many metabolic pathways.

cAMP

________ is used to activate an enzyme that in turn regulates many metabolic pathways.

cAMP

The neurotransmitters are transported across the very small distances between nerve cells, which are called ________.

chemical synapses

a cell targets a distant cell through the blood stream

endocrine

Many ________ are able to disrupt G-protein-linked receptors.

infectious bacteria

An ______ is a molecule that binds to a protein and prevents it from functioning or reduces its function.

inhibitor

________ receptors respond to hydrophobic molecules that easily cross the plasma membrane.

internal

A ________ catalyzes addition of phosphate groups during signal transduction.

kinase

Example-transfer of signals across synapses between nerve cells

pacrine

a cell targets a nearby cell

paracrine

The variation in responses from different cells to the same ligand is due to differences in ________.

protein expression

Bacterial signaling is termed ________ because it appears based on cell density in the environment.

quorum sensing

Calcium ions are a widely used ________ in signal transduction.

second messenger

a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

signaling across gap junctions

A signaling cascade between a cell and the extracellular matrix prevents cells from ________.

traveling through the body and growing uncontrollably

Yeast cells appear to have no ________.

tyrosine kinases

Peptides are one type of ________ used in cellular signaling.

water-soluble ligands

________ secrete mating factors in preparation for sharing genetic material with another of their species.

yeasts