Unit 2 PCQ

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye"

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

Activity

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering graduating from college

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion

highlighting

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.

remote

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

Aware/unaware

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

Engagement

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

Highlighting

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following

Location

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

__________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Semantic b. Implicit c. Episodic d. Procedural

a. Semantic

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? a. Consciousness b. Location c. Form d. Process

c. Form

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is a. concrete. b. visual. c. phonological. d. semantic.

d. semantic.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

emotional

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

Elaborative rehearsal

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

Encoded

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

Episodic memory

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories

Organizational Context

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression.

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts. a. Implicit; episodic b. Episodic; semantic c. Procedural; episodic d. Semantic; implicit

b. Episodic; semantic

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. Release from proactive inhibition b. The propaganda effect c. The self-reference effect d. Encoding specificity

b. The propaganda effect

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably a. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. c. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. d. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism

b. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them. b. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. c. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. d. present the list more slowly

b. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. b. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

b. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. a. recall b. recognition c. word-completion d. personal semantic memory

b. recognition

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. autobiographical b. semantic c. procedural d. working

c. procedural

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it. a. knowing b. semanticizing c. reliving d. coding

c. reliving

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the response task remained the same. b. the stimulus category changed. c. the stimulus category remained the same. d. the response task changed.

c. the stimulus category remained the same.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had a. just read about the singer in a magazine. b. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. c. just seen the singer on TV. d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. implicit b. procedural c. semantic d. episodic

d. episodic

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Encoding Specificity

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

Facts

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.

Systems

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. a. primacy; recency b. self; others c. aware; unaware d. episodic; semantic

c. aware; unaware

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they...

May differ from one task to another

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal? a. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall b. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall c. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace d. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

a. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as a. anterograde amnesia. b. retrograde amnesia. c. the primacy effect. d. the serial effect.

a. anterograde amnesia.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. autobiographical b. reflective c. personal d. subjective

a. autobiographical

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. implicit and procedural b. semantic and episodic c. personal semantic and remote d. declarative and non-declarative

a. implicit and procedural

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. knowing; remembering b. images; sounds c. implicit; explicit d. fragile; permanent

a. knowing; remembering

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________. a. task b. neurons c. source d. stimulus

a. task

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. a partial-report procedure. b. a build-up and release of proactive interference. c. the phonological similarity effect. d. the cocktail party phenomenon.

b. a build-up and release of proactive interference.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. has no effect on the curve. b. decreases the recency effect. c. increases both the primacy and the recency effects. d. increases the primacy effect.

b. decreases the recency effect.

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories. a. static b. skill c. explicit d. task

b. skill

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. synaptic consolidation b. the hippocampus c. vitamin B1 d. deep processing

b. the hippocampus

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . a. six b. two c. four d. one

b. two

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. Memento b. The Bourne Identity c. 50 First Dates d. The Long Kiss Goodnight

c. 50 First Dates

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content. b. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content. c. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. d. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age

c. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me. b. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt.

c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Explicit b. Declarative c. Implicit d. All of these are correct

c. Implicit

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. b. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories. c. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus. d. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms.

c. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. implicit b. sensory c. long-term d. short-term

c. long-term

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

central executive

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Long Kiss Goodnight b. Memento c. The Bourne Identity d. 50 First Dates

d. 50 First Dates

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred. b. Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory. c. Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort. d. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

d. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Following a story in a book b. Solving problems that take more than a few moments to figure out c. Recognizing people he has recently met d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how it feels to be scared b. Knowing how an automobile engine works c. Recalling a childhood memory d. Reading a sentence in a book

d. Reading a sentence in a book

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list. a. first five words b. middle five words c. last five words d. first five and the last five words

d. first five and the last five words

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. knowledge b. emotions c. neural networks d. future

d. future

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. it always leads to episodic memory for events. d. people are not conscious they are using it

d. people are not conscious they are using it

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. b. different in meaning from the priming stimulus. c. different from the priming stimulus. d. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

d. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

The concept of reconsolidating is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.

fragility

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory.

organization

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

workers and manager

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information