Unit 2 - Population and Migration

Agricultural density

# of farmers/arable (farmable) land - Few farmers in the US, excess amount of food though - Big equipment that can do the job of many people - If high says that more people farming, less developed because less technology - The smaller the density, the more developed - In Africa, more people want to feed their family than feed population (growing for themselves) (Food worries)

Arithmetic density

# of people/ total land area - Typical type of density - answers the " where" question

Physiological density

# of people/arable (farmable) land - the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land - comparing physiological and arithmetic dancing helps geographers understand the capacity of land to yield enough food for the needs of the people - Can tell us whether there is enough land to support people and if there is enough nutrition - Some have more technology, can harvest more in an acre than others (tells us DTM) (Food worries)

India's population policies

- 1970s - forced sterilization of any man with 3+ children - 22.5 million people sterilized - 2004 - Gun license if agreed to be sterilized - Men agrees to vasectomy or women agrees to tubes tied - Offering cars

Interregional Migration in Canada

- Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan are the destinations for most inter-regional migration within Canada - net out-migration is being recorded in provinces from Manitoba Eastward

Sex ratio

- Always shown as Males to Females --- such as 91:100 - Usually expressed as the number of males for every 100 females. - The sex ratio at birth in most countries is about 105 males per 100 females. - Usually more women in a population because women live about 7 years longer on average. - After birth, sex ratios change and vary due to different patterns of mortality & migration. - most Asian countries have more men than women because male babies greatly outnumber female babies

Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb

- Best-seller published in 1968 - Warned of the mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation - Criticized as alarmist - Modern version of Malthus's essay - Seen as an alarmist test, has not come true - Neo-malthusian

Cornucopians

- Critics of Malthus - Emerged in 1980s - Said that population growth is a stimulus, not a deterrent, to development and that human minds and skills are the world's ultimate resource base - Thought that attempts to curb population will cheat us out of geniuses who could solve resource shortages We will have enough If you limit population, you will cheat the world of great ideas

Epidemiological Transition Model

- Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition - formulated by epidemiologist Abdel Omran

Thomas Malthus

- English economist & demographer - Published An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798 known as the "dismal essay" - Said Food production increases linearly & Population increases exponentially - Believed we would see mass starvation (from looking at an acre of land) - Malthusians are people that think the world will run out of resources - Neo-Malthusian is the surge of his ideas again

Cholera

- Happens where people lack clean drinking water - Still happens today in developing countries - dr. John Snow with a British physician that created a handmade GIS that had 3 overlaid maps: London Soho neighborhood, addresses of cholera victims, the location of water pumps - show that victims were not distributed uniformly through Soho and where clustered around one pump on Broad Street and led them to realize that that pump was contaminated from sewage

Factors Contributing to a Higher IMR

- Lower education levels - Smoking during pregnancy - Access to health care

Impacts of Sex Ratio Imbalances

- May not be enough men or women for everyone to find a partner/spouse - people may travel outside of the country - May influence marriage rates, childbearing practices, crime rates & comparative status and power of women - Sexual assault, Human trafficking, and increased crime rates can also be a side effect - May reflect societal preference for one gender and the use of abortion to select gender.

Japanese Year of Fire Horse

- Sharp declines in births because there is a belief it is bad luck for girls born that year. - Occurs every 60 years - next is in 2026 (last was 1966). - Women born in such a year, superstition holds, have troubled marriages, mistreat men, and cause early deaths for their husbands and fathers.

Population Pyramids can show

- The Demographic Transition Model stage of a country. - The distribution of males to females (sex ratio) is shown as the number of males for every 100 females. - Consider problems associated with an imbalance between the genders in a country. - Economically Productive: People 15-64 years old - The age dependency ratio: Dependent: Children 0-14 years old Elderly 65 and over

Reliability of Population Data

- The U.S. census is conducted every 10 years. - Federal government funding depends on population data - Political Districts are drawn based on the data (makes sure that people are equally represented in the house of representatives from political districts) Disadvantaged populations can make inaccurate (which makes underrepresented): - Homeless - can't get mail - Ethnic minorities - language barrier, not knowing importance of census - Undocumented foreigners - don't have access to census

Sex ratio & Immigration in United Arab Emirates

- The UAE brought in thousands of foreigners to work in the country's oil fields & construction sites. - Most labor migrants are men unaccompanied by their families. - Women in the UAE & many other Muslim countries are less likely to work outside the home = very few jobs for migrant women. - The host government didn't want the immigrants to settle permanently = did not encourage migrants with families to move there.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

- The average # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (lifetime) - Statistics reflect much larger cultural things in countries, changes in healthcare - TFR focuses more on an individual women vs. looking the total percentage of increase in children - Map: Where large families and where small families attempts to predict future behavior of individual women in a world of Rapid cultural change

Population Pyramid

- Used to chart age and sex over time. - Can project population growth and decline. - Used to predict the market for goods and services, as well as to predict future societal needs. A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Megalopolis (megaregion)

- a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan regions - Bos-Wash corridor is biggest megalopolis in US - Megacities have over 10 million people

Marx & Engels

- a differing view - Poverty & starvation are the results of the evil capitalist society, results of misdistribution of the world's wealth rather than of overpopulation idealistic view, capitalism let some people have a lot and some people have little, wanted equal distribution

The Worlds Population

- about 20% (1/5) of the world's population is in China - Humans aren't equally dispersed over the earth's surface

Russian interregional migration

- clustered in Western, or european part of the country, the rest of the country is barely inhabited - forced people to migrate too far north to construct and operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, another Enterprises to inhabit more land (Far North had lots of fossil fiels, minerals and forest)... didn't work even with benefits and people went back to population clusters - Komsomol - message the Soviet government used to send a free brigade of young volunteers during school vacations to help construct projects like railroads - after the Soviet Union collapse the Russian government officials no longer dictate optimal locations for factories

U.S. Immigration Patterns: Asian and Latin American Immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries

- during Great Depression and World War II - Asia- the leading sources of u.s. immigrants from Asia or China, the Philippines, and yeah, and Vietnam - Latin America- nearly one-half million immigrated to the United States annually from Latin America, more than twice as many during the entire 19th century - Mexico past Germany as the country that is sent to the United States the most immigrants although some are illegal... immigration reform and Control Act issued visas to several hundred thousand people who identified the United States in previous years without legal documents Reasons - rapid population growth limits prospects for economic advancement at home - leaving stage 2 - learned by Economic Opportunity and social advancement in the United States

How have the areas of permanent human settlement changed over time? Describe the current ecumene.

- ecumene has increased - 3/4 of the world's population lives on 5% of the Earth's surface - people don't live in too dry, too wet or too cold or to mountainous areas and people living in these kinds of ecumene places have increased

Neo-Malthusians

- emerged in 1950s - supporting birth control & family planning - continue to be concerned about food shortages and resource depletion Reception of Neo-Malthusianism China & India Adopted family planning programs & policies Africa & the Middle East - Less responsive due to ingrained cultural convictions - Islamic fundamentalism is opposed to birth restrictions Long standing traditions go unchanged - lack of use of birth control can be against religious beliefs, this is seen in Africa

What do you think is the main reason for the incredible growth in the world's population starting in about 1800?

- industrial revolution, medical revolution, better healthcare - Bit of lag because people still have a lot of babies, but they start to live longer

Interregional Migration in Brazil

- most lives in a string of large cities along the Atlantic coast, San Paulo and Rio de Janeiro - interior is sparsely inhabited - to attract two interior, government moved capital from Rio to Brasilia - coastal areas now have net out-migration, whereas interior areas have net in-migration - brasilia's design resembles an airplane with government building at the center of the city and housing along the wings - people migrated where they think they'll have jobs some people in Brazil cannot afford housing so they live in Shacks on the outskirts of the city

Interregional Migration in China

- people headed for a large urban areas along East Coast where jobs are plentiful especially in factories - government wants severely let ability of Chinese people to make inter-regional moves, but restrictions have been lifted in recent years

Natural Birth Rate Declines with Age (Quality)

Why does this graph help explain why developed countries have a lower total fertility rate? - Some people in Africa get married in their teens, which makes them more likely to have more children - Women are more likely to get married in their late 20s, and her fertility rate will drop quickly after marriage, so she won't have the opportunity

What regions have a high NIR? What regions have a low NIR?

Women with More education and occupational have less children Married in teen years, likely to have more children - Regional differences in nirs mean that most of the world's additional people live in these countries that are least able to maintain them - to explain these variation in growth rates geographers point to Regional differences in fertility and mortality rates

industrial revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Largest population cluster in Africa

along the Atlantic coast facing south... Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, most Africans work in agriculture

Types of density

arithmetic, physiological, agricultural (sense of how many people there are compared to the amount of land around them)

Black/Bubonic Plague

black plague or bubonic plague was history's most violent stage 1 epidemic - originated in Kygyzstan and present-day Ukraine when the Tatar Army attacked in Italian Trading Post on the Black Sea - Italians reading the Trading Post carried the infected Rats on ships West two major coastal cities of Southeastern Europe - plague diffuse from coast to Inland towns and then to rural areas - at least half of Europe between 1347 and 1350

Stage 5 of DTM

decline after several decades of low birth rates, a Stage 5 country which has relatively few young women aging into childbearing years... As the smaller pool of women each chooses to have fewer children, birth rates would continue to fall even more than in stage 4 Stage 5 was originally not predicted and is still hypothetical pending more data.

Stage 3 of Epidemiological Transition Model

degenerative diseases (moderately declining CDR) - characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging - mostly cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and Cancers - cancer less common Africa because people don't live as long

Stage 4 of Epidemiological Transition Model

delayed degenerative diseases (Low by increasing CDR) - Omron's epidemiologic transition was extended by S. Jay Olshansky and Brian Ault - major degenerative causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and Cancers) linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances - Consumption of non nutritious food and sedentary Behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity and stage 4 countries

U.S. Immigration Patterns: Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

immigration to United States came from two principal regions - Europe: about 2 million Europeans... Jamestown, Virginia, Plymouth, Massachusetts... 90% of Europeans immigrating were from Great Britain - sub-Saharan Africa: most were forced because they were slaves

Stage 1 of Epidemiological Transition Model

pestilence and famine (High CDR) - infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacked by animals and other humans - Malthus called these kinds of deaths " natural checks" on the growth of human population - Black plague or bubonic plague was history's most violent stage 1 epidemic, originated in Kygyzstan

Rapid Growth Pyramid

pyramid with a large % of young people more Eiffel tower pyramidy

Slow Growth pyramid

pyramid with a smaller proportion of the population in the younger ages more even, united states

Zero growth or declining growth pyramid

pyramid with about equal numbers of people in all age ranges, tapering off gradually at the older ages narrowing at the base

Stage 2 of Epidemiological Transition Model

receding pandemics - improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during the Industrial Revolution reduced the spread of infectious diseases - Cholera

Epidemiology

the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality the study of the distribution of diseases

Ecumene

the portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Throughout world history, what has been the deadliest disease?

◻Malaria ◻Today alone, 3000 people will die from malaria, the great majority in Africa & most of them children. Organizations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are working hard at eradicating Malaria around the world.

Stages of the Epidemiological Transition

◻Movement between stages occurs as a population develops & the major causes of death shift from infectious to chronic & degenerative diseases ◻Transitions happen as countries modernize

List of Impactful Epidemics/Pandemics

Cholera Bubonic Plague SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome HIV/AIDS Whooping Cough Spanish Flu Ebola Syphilis Small Pox Polio Measles Swine Flu Yellow Fever Covid 19

U.S. Immigration Patterns

Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Asian and Latin American Immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries

anti-natalist

Countries actively discouraging from having children - China, Italy, Russia, Denmark (aging population), and India.

Limitations of Malthus (why what he predicted didn't happen)

Countries are not closed systems. Malthus did not foresee globalization. - Through global interactions, new agricultural methods developed, & commodities & livestock diffused across oceans. - no understanding of international trade network, every country closed off Didn't imagine the Green Revolution - Mechanization of agriculture, improved strains of seeds, bioengineering, GMOs, herbicides & pesticides... exponential growth in food production - Global population has doubled 3 times since Malthus wrote his essay & food supplies have doubled 5 times - impacted Mexico - had to import food, now has to export bc too much food - india - benefited bc prevent mass starvation Failed to recognize the importance of technology in raising the carrying capacity of the earth

Components of Population Growth

Crude birth rate (CBR) = live births/1,000 people Crude death rate (CDR) = deaths/1,000 people *Natural increase rate = CBR - CDR (% a country grows a year *excludes migration)

Natural increase rate

Crude birthrate - Crude deathrate - If you are having more births than deaths, population growth

Sparsely Populated Regions

Dry lands (desserts) - 20% of Earth's land surface - Lack water for crops but people can survive by raising animals such as camels - natural resources: oil Reserve Wet lands (especially near the equator) (rainforests) - rain rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil Cold lands - land near the North and South Pole perpetually covered with ice and permafrost - can't grow crops a few animals can survive there High Altitude Lands (mountains) - mostly steep, snow-covered, and sparsely settled - plateaus can be densely populated, especially at low latitudes near the equator where agriculture is possible at high elevation

What Changes from Stage to Stage in DTM?

As countries move from Stage 1 to Stage 5, there is an increase in: - Urbanization - Industrialization - Education - Health Care - Technology - Life Expectancy At the same time, there is a drop in: - Infant mortality - Total Fertility Rates

How does this cartoon reflect the Dependency Ratio?

As people living longer, there is a little crunch, millennials are still paying off student loans so they can't buy homes

4 Biggest Population Clusters:

East Asia - 1/4 of the world's people live in East Asia - the People's Republic of China is the world's most populous country and the fourth largest country in land area - three fourths of all Japanese and Koreans are clustered in urban areas and work at industrial or service jobs - farmers South Asia - 1/4 of the world's population live in South Asia - largest concentration of people in South Asia is in the corridor from Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal. - mostly on The Plains of the Indus and Ganges River - farmers Europe - 3/4 of Europe's population live in cities, and fewer than 10% are farmers - the highest concentration of people are near the major rivers and coalfields of Germany and Belgium, as well as the historic Capital Cities such as London and Paris Southeast Asia - mostly on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific Oceans - Indonesia which consists of 13677 Island, is the world's fourth most populous country. The largest population concentration is the island of java, inhabited by more than 100 million people - high percentage of people working as farmers in rural areas

Importance of Population Pyramids

Every population has a different age and sex (basic characteristics of a population) composition—the number and proportion of males and females in each age group—and this structure can have considerable impact on the population's social and economic situation, both present and future.

True or false: Countries always go in order from stage 1-4 and 5 of DTM.

False Countries don't always go in order from 1-4 or 5. - Can jump from 2-4 - Some countries won't make it out of stages, at least in our lifetime

Spread of Disease

Hierarchical Diffusion - Only certain social classes are exposed - Poor have always been more exposed to unsanitary conditions - rats, fleas, & overcrowding Contagious Diffusion - Viral pathogens borne by air or water - Flu, Covid 19, & cholera Relocation Diffusion - Soldiers, pilgrims, traders, and travelers spread disease to new areas

U.S. Immigration Patterns: Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Peaked at several points during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries - 1840s and 1850s: Ireland and Germany desperate economic push factors compelled the Irish and Germans to cross the Atlantic. Germans also emigrated to escape political unrest - 1870s: Ireland and Germany resumed after following a temporary declined during the U.S Civil War - 1880s: Scandinavia the industrial revolution had diffuse to Scandinavia, triggering a rapid population increase - 1905 - 1914: Southern and Eastern Europe diffusion of the Industrial Revolution to Southern and Eastern Europe, along with rapid population growth frequent boundary changes in Europe made precise national accounts in possible

3 General Profiles of Population Pyramids

Populations pyramids tend to fall into 3 general profiles of age-sex composition. (PAY ATTENTION TO BASE OF PYRAMID) 1. Rapid growth: pyramid with a large % of young people 2. Slow growth: pyramid with a smaller proportion of the population in the younger ages 3. Zero growth or decreasing populations: pyramid with about equal numbers of people in all age ranges, tapering off gradually at the older ages

What will slow population growth - or act as a "check" on population growth?

Private - Moral restraint: decision to have 1 or 2 children - Celibacy or chastity Destructive (malthusian checks) - War - Poverty - Disease - Famine Malthusian checks force lots of people to die. He wasn't hoping for them, but he said they were possible

American IMR

Slightly outdated numbers, but the graph still holds true regarding the U.S. ranking on IMR in comparison to other developed countries.

Developing countries (LDCs) are in what stage of DTM?

Stage 2 or 3

Developed countries (LDCs) are in what stage of DTM?

Stage 4 or 5

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Theory proposed by American demographer Warren Thompson Shows transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system - No countries in stage 1 right now, indigenous population maybe but no COUNTRIES - Diseases of longevity: heart disease and cancer... the longer you live the more likely to get that disease

Lowest Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

US #142 1.84

(Age) Dependency ratio

What ratio of society depends on other people, elderly and very young How many people aren't economically productive Dependent Ages: Children 0-14 years old & Elderly 65 and up Economically Productive: People 15-64 years old "Age Dependency Ratio" tells us the economic burden on the Economically Productive portion of a population Countries with very high birth rates usually have the highest age-dependency ratios because a large percentage of the population is children.

The Spread of Diseases

Pandemic Spreads over the globe Epidemic Spreads over a large region Endemic Spreads over a small area A disease is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. Therefore, cancer is not a pandemic.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Factors Influencing TFR - 5 Factors

Birth control and abortion - Rate of contraception use varies from 76% (N. America) to 27% (Africa) - Religions can restrict the use of contraceptives Marriage - The later a woman marries, the fewer children she has. - US marries usually in mid, late 20s, later years of fertility Breastfeeding - Partially blocks activity of the ovaries, spacing births - Median duration of breastfeeding varies from 4 months in N. America to 22 months in Asia - Rule of thumb, if breastfeeding, won't get pregnant, but not 100% Education - More educated, the fewer she will have (If medical school, doesn't have time but fertility is also at peak) - American women 35-44 - With a graduate or professional degree = TFR of 1.4 - Just a high school degree = TFR of 1.9 - Without a high school degree = TFR of 2.5 Urbanization - Rural women have more children than urban women

Possible Stage 5 Epidemiological Transition

In the future and would be characterized by higher death rates than birth rates and an irreversible population decline. It will be caused by: Poverty -unsanitary conditions that lead to spread of disease -lack of health care -Tuberculosis spread through coughing and sneezing and costs money for treatment Super bugs -Evolved and resistant microbes (possibly related to overuse of antibiotics) -malaria was nearly eradicated by spreading DDT in infected areas but cases returned because of DDT resistant mosquitoes Increasing interconnectedness of the world - new pandemic like H1N1 (swine) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have emerged and spread through relocation diffusion - Motor Vehicles and airplanes make it easier to carry diseases and expose others - the most lethal pandemic in recent years has been AIDS

Mortality Rates

Infant mortality rate (IMR): a baby's death during its 1st year alive Child mortality rate (CMR): death btwn ages 1 & 5 May be the best single index of living standards Causes of High IMR: Diarrhea (water-borne disease) & malnutrition -#1 killers of children worldwide Physical health of mother Poor sanitation 20% of world's population lacks ready access to clean drinking water or hygienic waste-disposal facilities

Types of Diseases

Infectious Diseases Results from invasion of parasites Ex: malaria and Ebola Chronic or degenerative diseases Maladies of longevity & old age Ex: heart disease Genetic or inherited diseases Can be traced to our ancestry Ex: sickle-cell anemia & hemophilia

Less Developed Countries (LDCs) have relatively _____ populations... why?

Less Developed Countries (LDCs) have relatively young populations. Because they are typically stage 2 countries that experience high birthrate and fall in deathrate

What regions have a high CDR? What regions have a low CDR?

Maybe high infant mortality rate Not a lot of health resources

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

IMR around the world

Monaco: 1.82 deaths/1000 live births - LOWEST Afghanistan: 115 deaths/1000 live births - HIGHEST (but Monaco is really small) United States (2015): - Non-Hispanic whites: 4.8 - Countrywide average: 5.9 - African Americans: 11.4

More Developed Countries (MDCs) have ______ populations... why?

More Developed Countries (MDCs) have old or "aging" populations. Because they are stage 3, 4 and 5? countries with low or declining birthrates and more people living until lower age

AIDS Pandemic

Mostly in developing countries in Africa

Bos-Wash corridor

The U.S. East Coast megalopolis including D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, NYC, and Boston.

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. life expectancy is more favorable in wealthy countries and is least favorable in the four countries of sub-Saharan Africa

What regions have a high CBR? What regions have a low CBR?

The more urban the less children born