unit 2 psyc

as toddlers (age 1-3) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. what is the primary development task of this stage?

autonomy vs shame/doubt

psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ___ that contributes to certain behaviors

biology

the ____ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

circadian

the ____ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

collective unconscious

during the ____ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations

concrete operational

ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. he is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. ali is in a state of ___

consciousness

alcohol is considered a ____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity

depressant

specific normative events are also called ____

developmental milestones

sigmund freud believed that personality develops _____

during early childhood

sleep apnea is defined by ______

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

who developed the psychosocial theory of development

erik erikson

which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness

evolutionary

an ____ locus on control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ____ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes

external; internal

grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of _____ motor skills.

fine

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

five factor model

children in the ____ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions

formal operational

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. when a clerk asks him who he is shopping for her replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother". what does this exemplify

freudian slip

which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure

gestalt

henry gustav molaison had brain surgery for which of the following reasons

he had severe seizures

____ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

heritability

what is described by the concept of perception

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

an ____ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society

inferiority

the sleep debt is the result of ____

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

describe the term "reptillian stare"

intense eye contact

who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

lawrence kohlberg

nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. this is an example of ___ dreaming

lucid

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

madeline is seven months old. her mother is eating a cookie and madeline wants some. her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but madeline is not fooled. she knows the cookie is still there. what does this exemplify

object permanence

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ____

outside periods of REM sleep

_____ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

parasomnia

_____ refers to the way the sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ____ refers to the what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

perception; sensation

_____ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

physical

in the ____ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning

preoperational

during jean piaget's ____ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions

sensorimotor

who called the stages of development psychosexual stages

sigmund freud

who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality

sigmund freud

which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake

sleep

sleepwalking is also referred to as _____

somnambulism

cocaine is considered a ____ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity

stimulant

jeremy has parkinson's disease. in addition to motor symptoms, jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than normal. it is likely that jeremy's ___ is producing less ___ than it needs to

substantia nigra; dopamine

the parietal lobe is responsible for ___

the spatial awareness of your body as well as sensory inputs to the brain such as your sense of touch

_____ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characterisitcs and ways of behaving.

trait

what is a "tremor at rest"

when a persons hands shake when they are doing nothing at all

which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain

Broca's area

carl jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the _____

Myers-Briggs type indicator

the concept conservation refers to ____

a knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

who developed social-cognitive theory

albert bandura

the ____ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep

alpha

the ____ is involved in our experiences of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

amygdala

which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

assimilation