Unit 2 Psych Test Study Set
Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost?
Confirmation Bias
Dr. Messina conducts experiments that explore the rate at which people forget information. To conduct her research, she uses students who are taking psychology courses at her university. Which of the following best describes the type of samples Dr. Messina uses in her research? A Generalized sample B Convenience sample C Single-blind sample D Random sample
Convenience Sample
Dr. Miller believes cell phone usage affects short-term memory ability. He randomly selected 20 male students from his university to participate and gave them a survey. Participants were asked a series of questions about how often they use their cell phone and whether they recalled information about world events. The data from the survey is presented in the graph below. Number of Hours Using a Cell Phone Per Day Which of the following accurately identifies the research method used? Responses A Experiment B Case study C Correlation D Meta-analysis
Correlation
Dr. Meerdink wants to know if creativity varies throughout the day. In a morning class, she asks her college students to list as many uses as possible for a stick. On the same day 12 hours later, she asks students in an evening class to list as many uses as possible for a stick. Which of the following factors is the dependent variable? Responses A Morning B Evening C Creativity D College students
Creativity
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her.
Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
Students in Dr. Milne's Introduction to Psychology class met three times a week in a large, windowless lecture hall. Students had the option of taking their final comprehensive exam in the same lecture hall, or in smaller classroom on the other side of campus. The results from the final exam are depicted in the table. Which of the following memory processes could help explain the differences between these two groups? A Mood-congruent memory B Context-dependent memory C Misinformation effect D Source amnesia
Context-dependent memory
Researchers repeatedly presented a picture of a goat along with other animals and asked participants to rank how closely the picture of the goat matched their prototype of a "mammal." Participants used a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "not at all like my prototype of a mammal" to 5 meaning "exactly like my prototype of a mammal." The graph depicts the rankings of each participant based on the number of exposures. What type of research has been conducted? A Experiment B Correlational Study C Case Study D Meta-Analysis
Correlational Study
Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table. Which of the following explains why Group 1 remembered more details of the story than Group 2 A Mnemonic devices B Serial position effect C Distributed practice D Massed practice
Distributed Practice
Dr. Fredericks is interested in studying how quickly people forget what they learn in class. He teaches a class on biological psychology on a Monday. On Tuesday, he gives the class a quiz asking the students about details from the previous class. Which of the following procedures should Dr. Fredericks have followed to avoid the confounding variable of experimenter bias? A Informed consent B Double-blind C Meta-analysis D Random assignment
Double-blind
Dr. Lofter is a professor of cognitive psychology at a university. He has been collecting data from student performances on tests throughout the school year. Every other test is formatted as either a fill-in-the-blank test, which relies on recall, or a multiple-choice test, which relies more on recognition. At the end of the year, Dr Lofter publishes the research findings in a journal on cognitive sciences showing how students perform better on recognition tests than recall tests. Which of the following ethical violations did Dr. Lofter commit? Responses A Dr. Lofter's students did not give informed consent to be a part of the research. B Dr. Lofter did not protect his students from harm. C Dr. Lofter did not give any other researchers an opportunity to replicate the study. D Dr. Lofter should never use their own students as research subjects.
Dr. Lofter's students did not give informed consent to be a part of the research
In a research study on the multi-store method of memory, one group of randomly assigned high school students were given 5 minutes to rehearse details about a stimulus after being exposed to it for 15 seconds. A second group were not given time to rehearse the details of the stimulus. Which of the following research designs best represents this study? A Experiment B Meta-Analysis C Correlational Study D Case Study
Experiment
Memory researchers want to determine if using a mnemonic device will prevent participants from forgetting information. They present a list of nonsense syllables to participants that have been randomly divided into two different groups. One group is instructed to use an assigned mnemonic device to remember the words while the other group is instructed to just try to recall the words without using any memory aid. Participants are then asked to recall the nonsense syllables after one hour, one day, and one week. Which of the following research designs best describes this research? Responses A Case Study B Naturalistic Observation C Experiment D Correlational Study
Experiment
A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall? Responses A Heuristics B framing C Proactive interference D The primacy effect
Framing
Dr. Adeyemi obtains IRB approval for a study examining the effects of growth mindset versus fixed mindset on people's motivation for learning new information. They recruit 80 participants and receive informed consent from them. Participants then complete a questionnaire about learning strategies...After hearing their results, the participants are then tested on their ability to learn complex new information. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Adeyemi to do which of the following? A Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study. B Report each participant's results to the IRB. C Destroy all consent forms. D File the results with IRB.
Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study.
Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team? A. The representative heuristic B. Assimilation C. Hindsight blindness D. Accomodation
Hindsight bias
When Dr. Miller sees that the results yield a strong negative correlation coefficient, she tells a colleague that she knew that would be the result all along. Which of the following cognitive biases is Dr. Miller using when she speaks to her colleague? Responses A Confirmation bias B Hindsight bias C Overconfidence D Sunk-cost fallacy
Hindsight bias
The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the Responses A hippocampus B hypothalamus C medulla D cerebellum
Hippocampus
Research on intelligence tests must be especially mindful of ethical principles related to confidentiality of data. A major reason for this is best described by which of the following? Responses A Intelligence test scores have been used to determine access to opportunities such as jobs and education. B Intelligence test scores are correlated with other personal characteristics such as personality. C Institutions are required to report data on intelligence test scores. D Research on intelligence often involves deception.
Intelligence test scores have been used to determine access to opportunities such as jobs and education.
A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is Responses A limited in capacity B unlimited in capacity C not under conscious control D resistant to decay
Limited in capacity
Cognitive psychologist Dr. Leary designed a study to investigate perception. They asked the participants in Group 1 to read a story about a rabbit and a turtle. Participants in Group 2 did not read the story. Next, participants looked at a series of ambiguous drawings and identified what they saw. Their observations were recorded and categorized. The results are depicted in the graph. Which of the following concepts best applies to the results of Group 1? A Self-fulfilling prophecy B Belief perseverance C Priming D Inattentional blindness
Priming
Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard. Group B does not have lessons on how to use a skateboard. At the end of the 3-week period, both groups are given skateboarding lessons using the Model B skateboard... What cognitive process helps explain the results found by the Cory's Skateboards team? A Retroactive interference B Proactive interference C Encoding failure D Forgetting curve
Proactive interference
Researchers want to examine if there is a difference between the retention of implicit versus explicit memories. To conduct this research as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary? A Statistical Significance B Random Assignment C Random Selection D Correlation Coefficient
Random Assignment
Professor DuVall teaches two classes of psychology. For Class Y, their first quiz consisted of multiple-choice questions. Class Z's first quiz covered the same material, but the questions required that students write a short answer for each question. Professor DuVall compared the scores for Class Y and Class Z and found that the mean score for Class Y was 76%, while the mean score for Class Z was 89%. In terms of memory retrieval processes, which of the following is consistent with this outcome? A Recognition processes led to higher scores than recall on this quiz. B Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz. C The range is more accurate than the mean when interpreting this type of data. D The students' metacognition was a major influence on scores for Class Z, but not for Class Y.
Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz.
Which of the following is the best operational definition of superior autobiographical memory? A The ability to encode and retain information for later retrieval. B Recalling information about life events with over 90% accuracy. C A memory that allows the relatively permanent retention of information without limits regarding how much information can be stored. D A type of memory that relates to accumulated knowledge about the world.
Recalling information about life events with over 90% accuracy.
Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues? Responses A Relative size B Interposition C Linear perspective D Retinal disparity
Retinal disparity
Students who have faced many obstacles in educational settings were asked to participate in a study that required that they take a test. Many of the students scored poorly on the test. Which of the following ethical issues arises because the students feel that their low test scores are reflective of their abilities, rather than their circumstances? Responses A Anonymity B Right to withdraw C Debriefing D Risk to participants
Risk to participants
A psychologist was interested in how people of different cultures choose a pet. They posted on social media a question that asked people to respond with what kind of animal would make a good pet. Which of the following psychological concepts would best characterize what the psychologist was examining? Responses A Algorithms B Heuristics C Schemas D Episodic memories
Schemas
One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience? A.Gestalt principle of proximity B. Monocular cue of texture gradient C. Change blindness D. Selective Attention
Selective Attention
David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? A Method of loci B Self-reference C Retroactive interference D The recency effect
Self-reference
To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A Chunking B Semantic encoding C Self-reference D Imagery
Semantic Encoding
The trend of IQ scores presented in the graph is most consistent with which of the following? Responses A The movement toward culture-fair testing B Stereotype threat C Changes to the questions in an IQ test D The Flynn Effect
The Flynn Effect
A researcher wants to determine which studying technique would be more effective: massed practice or distributed practice. The researcher randomly assigns 30 students to two groups and gives them a list of vocabulary words to remember. One of the groups uses a massed practice technique. The other uses a distributed practice technique. The researcher gives the students a quiz four days later to see how well they remembered their list of words. He compared the scores for both groups. What is the dependent variable in this study? A The list of vocabulary words B The assigned study technique C The vocabulary quiz scores D The use of random assignment
The vocab quiz scores
The graph is an illusion of which of the following? Responses A The testing effect B Metacognition C Interleaved practice D Weber's law
The testing effect
A prototype is best described as A an example of bottom-up processing B the equivalent of feature abstraction C the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category D an essential element of category membership
the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard. Group B does not have lessons on how to use a skateboard. At the end of the 3-week period, both groups are given skateboarding lessons using the Model B skateboard... In this research, which of the following best characterizes the three weeks of lessons with the Model A skateboard? A A dependent variable B A correlational variable C An independent variable D A confound
An independent variable
Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? Responses A Teaching them a rhyme for each word B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word C Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in D Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body
Asking them questions about the meaning of each word
A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following would explain why the students changed details in their recall of the study? A Confirmation bias B Bottom-up processing C Hindsight bias D Availability heuristic
Availability heuristic
When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? Responses A Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit. B The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times. C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. D Highly superior autobiographical memory, because Gustavo can remember vivid details for any day of his life.
Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.
Mr. Flores is trying to convince his students that there are more effective ways to study. He has his students use two different strategies to remember a list of 20 random words over two consecutive weeks. During week one, the students repeat the words 5 times, and during week two, they create an analogy for each word based on its definition. The results of the study were posted on his classroom door as proof of how students should study. Mr. Flores is attempting to get his student to encode the information into which of the following systems of memory? Responses A Short term memory B Echoic Memory C Long term memory D Iconic memory
Long term memory
Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief? Responses
Overconfidence
Alice is shopping with her daughter when she hears the word "mom." Alice answers, only to realize that the sales clerk said "ma'am" to a customer. This inaccurate perception can be attributed to Responses A perceptual set B the Law of Effect C Weber's law D sound localization
Perceptual set
Dr. Ronaldo wants to measure levels of creativity in the participants in his study. He presents an ambiguous object and records how long it takes for the participants to come up with at least six practical uses for each of the objects. The data in the graph represent the time and the number of participants who completed the six responses within that time range. Which of the following best represents the measures of central tendency in this data set? Responses A The mean will be higher than the mode B The mean, mode and median are all the same C The results will be statistically significant D The median will be higher than the mean
The mean will be higher than the mode
A group of researchers are investigating how different studying strategies impact how much participants remember on a test. They recruit 50 participants and have half of the participants study by just reading a passage over and over for 10 minutes. The other half of the participants spend five minutes reading the passage one time and then answering a series of multiple-choice questions on the material for another five minutes. Finally, the participants write down as many facts from the reading passage as they can in three minutes. Which of the following is the dependent variable of the study? A Whether they re-read the passage or tested themselves on the material B The number of facts the participants remember during the test phase C The number of participants in the study D The content of the reading passage
The number of facts the participants remember during the test phase
A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. If this study were to run as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary? A The study must examine at least 200 participants to be valid. B There must be a predictable relationship between the variables examined in the study. C The results of the study must be significant. D The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.
The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.
Cassidy can only remember the titles of the first few books her teacher told her to get from the library. Which of the following concepts would best explain Cassidy's experience? Responses A Zone of proximal development B Insight learning C The misinformation effect D The primacy effect
The primacy effect
At the end of each class period, Professor Dodgson asks each student to write on a notecard which concepts from the class period they understood, which ones they didn't understand, and a plan for how they will approach learning any confusing concepts. This is not a required activity, but Professor Dodgson collects the cards and records which students complete them. The figure depicts student scores on the most recent test, along with how many notecards (out of 20) each student completed. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the data depicted in the graph? A Students with high test scores did better because of the testing effect. B The difference in scores can be explained by the forgetting curve. C There is a negative correlation between writing note cards and class performance. D There is a positive relationship between the use of metacognitive practices and score on the test.
There is a positive relationship between the use of metacognitive practices and score on the test.
When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called Responses A a heuristric B insight C priming D an algorithm
An algorism
When Cory is given a logic problem to solve, he systematically tries every possible solution until he finds the correct answer. Cory's strategy is to use Responses A an algorithm B a heuristic C cognitive restructuring D insight
An algorithm
Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? Responses A After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone.
Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss
Skylar experienced brain damage after a car accident. Researchers were interested in assessing whether Skylar's visuospatial abilities were affected. Skylar was shown 3 geometric figures, one at a time, for ten seconds. After each presentation, Skylar drew each one on a piece of paper. Researchers compared Skyler's drawings to the original figure and scored each. Which of the following research methods is being used to assess Skylar's abilities? Responses A An experiment B A naturalistic observation C A correlational study D A case study
Case study
Cesar is participating in a memory competition. He must memorize a long, novel string of numbers in 60 seconds, then try to recall them immediately without missing or misplacing any numbers. Which strategy should Cesar use? Responses A Fixed mindset B Chunking C Spacing D Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Chunking
Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. Which of the following Gestalt laws would best explain Audra's perception of the image? A. Closure B.Similarity C. Proximity D. Continuity
Closure
In a study on visual perception, participants were presented with the figure depicted and asked to describe what they saw. Of the 100 participants in the study, 97 saw a cube. Which of the following Gestalt principles best describes the phenomenon that has impacted these results? A.Closure B. Proximity C. Similarity D, Relative Height
Closure
To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using which of the following memory concepts? A distributed learning B the method of loci C maintenance retrieval D echoic memory
The Method of Loci
Cognitive psychologists are most likely to study which of the following? Responses A the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving B how infants move from basic trust to autonomy C the conflicts of the conscious and the unconscious D how survival processes vary across cultures
The acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving
Dr. Adedeji is trying to measure the capacity of her students' short-term memories. She shows them a long series of numbers on a display for several seconds, and then has them write down as many numbers as they can remember in order. Dr. Adedeji has the students complete a survey in which she asks them "On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being highly effective, how well did you remember the numbers?" She concludes that her students have exceptionally good memories, as most of her students rated themselves as "highly effective." Which of the following best explains Dr. Adedeji's inaccurate conclusion? A Dr. Adedeji is exhibiting confirmation bias. B Dr. Adedeji designed her study with qualitative data. C Dr. Adedeji designed her study with quantitative data. D Dr. Adedeji's survey led to self-report bias.
Dr. Adedeji is exhibiting confirmation bias
Mr. Flores is trying to convince his students that there are more effective ways to study. He has his students use two different strategies to remember a list of 20 random words over two consecutive weeks. During week one, the students repeat the words 5 times, and during week two, they create an analogy for each word based on its definition. The results of the study were posted on his classroom door as proof of how students should study. Which of the following memory storage concepts is Mr. Flores studying by having students create analogies during week 2? Responses A The spacing effect B Elaborative rehearsal C Maintenance rehearsal D Context-dependent memory
Elaborative rehearsal
Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. B Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. C Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. D Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.
Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.
Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? A Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months... B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. C After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he heard earlier in the list. D When watching a video of a mouth saying the word "bag" while the word "gag" is played over speakers..
Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.
Barclay is excited about all they will learn in AP Psychology when school starts next week. According to the multi-store model of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves which of the following? Responses A Retrieval B Storage C Rehearsal D Encoding
Encoding
Dr. Carvalho performed a study to examine the relationships among measures of general intelligence and specific types of intelligence. They recruited 80 college students to complete a set of intelligence tests. Participants gave their informed consent to participate. After the data were collected, the researchers examined the test scores for correlations among the different measures of intelligence. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Carvalho to do which of the following? A Ensure confidentiality of the data B Make sure the results are part of the students' records C Inform the students' professors about the results D Destroy the data after the study, since intelligence test scores can be used to discriminate against individuals
Ensure confidentiality of the data
In a research study, participants were randomly assigned to two conditions. One group of participants received a drug once per day for four weeks. The drug increases the speed of communication between neurons. Other participants did not receive the drug. Researchers found that those who took the drug demonstrated an increased memory recall. What type of research design was conducted in this scenario? Responses A Naturalistic Observation B Case Study C Correlational Study D Experiment
Experiment
Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard. Group B does not have lessons on how to use a skateboard. At the end of the 3-week period, both groups are given skateboarding lessons using the Model B skateboard.... What type of research methodology is the Cory's Skateboards research team using? A Naturalistic observation B Correlational C Experimental D Case studies
Experimental
After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? A How fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? C What can you tell me about what you saw? D Were there other people around who witnessed the accident?
How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
Researchers were interested in whether there is a correlation between binocular cues and depth perception. Which of the following would be an operational definition of depth perception? Responses A How far someone can see objects clearly B Whether people can tell how far away something is C How far away a research assistant stands from the participant D How many times a person accurately judges the distance of an object
How many times a person accurately judges the distance of an object
Intelligence tests have been used throughout history to purposefully discriminate against groups of people. Claims that minority groups have lower IQ scores because of genetic factors fail to consider which of the following? A IQ tests are not valid measures of intelligence. B IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty. C IQ tests only measure verbal skills, which might impact some groups due to language barriers. D IQ tests are unreliable measures of intelligence.
IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty.
When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to Responses A implicit memory B episodic memory C spontaneous recovery D fluid intelligence
Implicit memory
A computer company wants to hire a large group of employees to work in a newly opened branch of the company. The human resources department determines that the most effective way to screen applicants would be the use of intelligence testing. Which of the following is the main reason that the implementation of this screening policy would be inappropriate? A Intelligence tests can be subject to bias. B Intelligence testing can be expensive and time consuming. C Intelligence tests are only used to identify students who require educational services. D Intelligence testing can be too complex to be useful.
Intelligence tests can be subject to bias.
A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following best describes the type of sample used in this study? A It was a study that involved a sample from a case study. B It was a study that involved random assignment. C It was a study that involved convenience sampling. D It was a study that involved random sampling.
It was a study that involved convenience sampling
Dr. Hayes is studying people's memories. She had a group of randomly selected participants learn a list of dates related to historical events. Group 1 had to recall the dates without any cues, and Group 2 was given a one-word cue to help them with their recall of the dates. Dr. Hayes then asked the participants to rank how strongly they agreed with the following statement: How confident are you that you remembered the dates accurately? Participants were given a range of numbers to choose from to rank their level of agreement, from 1 meaning they were not confident at all to 5 meaning they were absolutely confident. Which of the following measurement tools was Dr. Hayes using in this study? Responses A Structured interview B Standard deviation C Correlation coefficient D Likert scale
Likert Scale
Dr. Barry conducted a study in which participants were put into a driving simulator that mimicked the experience of driving a car on the highway. Participants were split into three groups: At random intervals during the driving time, participants would see obstacles they needed to avoid, and the simulator would record how long it took the participants to hit the brake. The results of the study are given in the figure: What conclusion could the researchers draw from the results A Cell phones can lead to longer reaction times but having the radio on is equal to driving in silence. B Driving in silence impairs driving more than having some kind of background noise or activity. C Listening to the radio does impair a driver's responsiveness, but not as much as paying attention to a cell phone. D Listening to the radio while driving doesn't impact driving ability as long as the driver isn't changing the station.
Listening to the radio does impair a driver's responsiveness, but not as much as paying attention to a cell phone
When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A Sensory memory, B Long-term memory, C Retrieval, D Context-dependent memory,
Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.
A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using which of the following memory concepts? A elaborative rehearsal B distributed learning C maintenance rehearsal D a mnemonic device
Maintenance rehearsal
Short-term memory is best described in which of the following ways? A memory of how to perform an activity, such as riding a bike B memory of facts and general knowledge C memory that can hold only a small amount of information D memory of specific events
Memory that can hold only a small amount of information
A researcher evaluated over 300 studies where algorithms were used to predict the future of the stock market. This study determined that Algorithms accurately predicted the stock market within three percentage points on average. These findings were later provided to individuals who follow the market to inform them about when to sell or buy stocks. Which of the following research techniques best represents the research described? A Experiment B Case Study C Meta-analysis D Correlational Study
Meta-analysis
Mr. Flores is trying to convince his students that there are more effective ways to study. He has his students use two different strategies to remember a list of 20 random words over two consecutive weeks. During week one, the students repeat the words 5 times, and during week two, they create an analogy for each word based on its definition. The results of the study were posted on his classroom door as proof of how students should study. Based on the information presented in the scenario, which of the following ethical procedures did Mr. Flores violate? Responses A Mr. Flores did not use random assignment with the groups. B Mr. Flores should avoid using his own students in research. C Mr. Flores should have kept the students' results anonymous. D Mr. Flores may have caused psychological harm to the students.
Mr Flores should have kept the students' results anonymous
Ms. Ritter is a high school math teacher. She believes that some people are born good at math and others are not. At the beginning of the new school term, she was informed that her incoming class had poor performance on prior standardized tests. Which of the following is a likely outcome for Ms. Ritter and the upcoming school year? A Ms. Ritter will foster a growth mindset in her class and challenge her students to do better. B Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed. C Ms. Ritter will Identify each student's needs to maximize their individual potential. D Ms. Ritter will blame herself after a poor performance on an exam.
Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed.
Dr. Miller believes cell phone usage affects short-term memory ability. He randomly selected 20 male students from his university to participate and gave them a survey. Participants were asked a series of questions about how often they use their cell phone and whether they recalled information about world events. The data from the survey is presented in the graph below. Which of the following is an operational definition for short-term memory used in this study? Responses A Number of hours spent on a cell phone B Number of correct details remembered about world events C Number of participants surveyed in the study D Number of data points in the graph
Number of correct details remembered about world events
The data set represents the scores of students who took a standardized college placement exam at their own school and later took the same test at a neighboring school. Based on the data, which of the following conclusions can be made? Responses A Participants scored better when testing in a familiar location. B Participants performed better when in a similar physiological state. C The familiar location caused the students' scores to decrease. D Participants scores were better at their home schools because their teachers proctored the exams.
Participants scored better when testing in a familiar location
Dr. Storck randomly assigned a group of adults to two groups. Group A was asked to memorize a list of 20 words that are all names of food items. Group B was asked to memorize a list of 20 random words, none of which were names of food items. A week later, Dr. Storck asked the participants to memorize a new list of 20 words, all of which were the names of different food items. He recorded how many words each group recalled accurately. Which of the following best represents Dr. Storck's likely hypothesis? A People are more likely to remember food words when they are hungry. B People are less likely to remember new food words after they have previously learned a list of food words. C People are likely to repress memories of words remembered more than a week prior to a recall test. D People are more likely to remember the source of information they learned when they are cued to remember the topic of what they learned.
People are less likely to remember new food words after they have previously learned a list
Breonna and Peyton have been dating for six months. Breonna invited Peyton to attend her family's annual picnic. Throughout the day, Breonna's many family members were talking loudly, laughing, and teasing each other. At the end of the day, Peyton asked Breonna why many of the family members seemed angry at each other. Breonna was surprised by Peyton's question and thought everyone enjoyed the day. Which of the following concepts best explains why Peyton and Breonna had very different observations at the picnic? A Perceptual set B Kinesthesis C Monochromatism D Difference threshold
Perceptual Set
Throughout January and the beginning of February, the first two months of a calendar year, Allison writes the previous year as the date on all her assignments instead of the current year. Allison's tendency to write the wrong year on her assignments is most likely due to which of the following? Responses A Retroactive interference B Anterograde amnesia C Proactive interference D Retrograde amnesia
Proactive interference
Ten students were expected to learn about the geography of the major rivers, mountains, and cities of the US state of Arizona. Half of the students were given an unlabeled map and expected to fill in the information they learned from memory. The other half was given the same unlabeled map but had a word bank of terms to choose from. The students' scores are represented in the table. What conclusion can you make based on the data? A Recall is easier than recognition. B Memory of visual information is more difficult than verbal information. C Memory of verbal information is more difficult than memory of visual information. D Recognition is easier than recall.
Recognition is easier than recall.
Professor Jovan randomly assigns each student in her psychology class to one of three groups. Group X is required to post a journal entry each week in which they discuss some aspect of psychology in daily life. Group Y is required to take an online quiz about the material each week. Group Z was not instructed to do any additional activities. At the end of the class, Professor Jovan compares the final comprehensive exam scores for Groups X, Y, and Z. The results are shown in the figure. Which of the following psychological principles are best supported by the data in the figure? Responses A Applying concepts to real-world situations improves learning. B Massed practice can be an effective study strategy in some situations. C Context-dependent memory is important for performing well in test situations. D Repeated testing can improve learning and memory.
Repeated testing can improve learning and memory.
Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because Responses A some depth perception is lost B half of the visual field is missing C the ability to perceive interposition is lost D the patch disrupts the functioning of the vestibular system
Some depth perception is lost
Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. C To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. D Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.
Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.
A corporation created what they referred to as an "intelligence assessment" to give to people who are applying for jobs with their company, which sells medical equipment. The assessment asked questions about popular culture, sports, and historical events that occurred in the United States. Which of the following might explain why the assessment results did not give the company a diverse pool of final candidates? Responses A The assessment lacked reliability by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics. B The assessment lacked validity by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics. C The assessment lacked standardization by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics. D The assessment lacked metacognition by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.
The assessment lacked validity by only asking about the United States cultural and historic topics
Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation? A Erik and Harry don't like each other when they are first assigned to the same a room during a class trip, but after spending a great deal of time together, they begin to like each other more. B When Sruthi first enters a dark room after coming in from outside, she can't see anything, but her eyes adjust after a few minutes. C At first, Benjamin needs to drink only a small amount of a caffeinated beverage to feel its effects, but after drinking it regularly for a while, he needs more to feel the same effects. D The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.
The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.
In an experiment evaluating encoding strategies, a researcher taught participants 15 new psychological concepts. One group took notes to help learn the concepts while the other group was asked to create a mnemonic device for each concept. In this experiment, what is the independent variable? A The number of concepts recalled on the test. B The group who used mnemonics. C The method used to learn the concepts. D The style of notes that participants used.
The method used to learn the concepts
The figure represents which model of memory? Responses A The multi-store model of memory B The working memory model C The levels of processing model of memory D The sensory memory model of memory
The multi-store model of memory
In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors in their recollections? A. The participants only had the chance to repeat the story five times. B. The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema C.The participants were experienced drive-reduction and, therefore, could not carefully to the story. D. The participants experienced the serial position effect.
The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema
Dr. Shay is designing a research study to demonstrate the serial position effect. They asked 10 of their friends to volunteer as participants in the study. Half of the participants were randomly assigned Group A and shown eight random words on a computer screen. After viewing the words, members of Group A were asked to recall as many words as possible. The other half of the students randomly assigned to Group B also viewed a set of eight random words. After viewing the words, students in Group B were asked to count backwards from one hundred, in increments of 3, before recalling any of the words. What is the design flaw A Group B will recall fewer words than Group A. B The participants in the study were not randomly selected. C None of the participants gave consent to participate in the study. D Both groups are likely to recall the first and last few words of the list better than they recall the words in the middle.
The participants in the study were not randomly selected
Alumni of a small high school where everyone knew each other were tracked down twenty years after their high school graduation. Alumni were shown photographs of other individuals they graduated with. First, they were asked if they recognized the person in the photograph. Participants responded "yes" 75% of the time. Next, they were asked if they knew the person's name. Participants could only correctly name the person in the photograph 25% of the time. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the recall condition? Responses A How the question was asked B The percentage of people identified by name C The number of "yes" responses to the recognition question. D How well they knew the individuals in the study.
The percentage of people identified by name
Dr. Darcy was interested in whether the primacy or recency effect leads to better memory recall. He conducted a study to test the difference using two randomly assigned groups of participants and the results are presented in the graph. Which of the following statements is true based on this information? Responses A The recency effect leads to better memory recall than the primacy effect. B There is a negative correlation between the spacing effect and memory recall. C Participants recalled more items if the task required the primacy effect. D The data demonstrates the impact of the mnemonic devices on memory recall.
The recency effect leads to better memory recall than the primacy effect
A researcher is studying the accuracy of people's memories when they use mnemonic devices. After studying the first 10 people, the data showed that memories using mnemonic devices were more accurate than the average's person's memories. Which of the following explains why the researcher should not draw any conclusions about the accuracy of memories using mnemonic devices yet? A The data is positively skewed, which means the data was not collected correctly. B The research method is an experiment, meaning she can draw cause-and-effect conclusions regardless of the sample size. C The researcher should expect that the more data she collects, the more likely the results will regress to the mean. D The research method is a correlation, so she cannot infer causation from the results.
The researcher should expect that the more data she collects, the more likely the results will regress to the mean.
Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing Responses A hindsight bias B availability bias C the sunk-cost fallacy D the self-serving bias
The sunk-cost fallacy
A high school instructor wanted to see if implementing encoding strategies would help students master concepts in AP Psychology. They conduct a double-blind study in which students are randomly assigned to either the encoding strategy group or the group that continued to study as they had before. The data for each group is presented in the table. Which of the following best represents the results of this investigation? A Those who studied as they did before scored better than those in the encoding strategies group. B The students in the encoding strategies group were likely more academically successful, which caused the higher mean score. C The instructor likely treated those in the encoding strategies differently. D The variation of scores for the encoding strategies group was smaller.
The variation of the encoding strategies group was smaller
Clive Wearing is an individual involved in a well-known case study examining anterograde amnesia. Clive experienced a high fever which led to damage to the hippocampus nearly 40 years ago. Since that time, Clive has not been able to encode new memories and, by some estimations, can only hold a thought for 7 to 9 seconds. Which of the following is an ethical consideration regarding the case of Clive Wearing? A Neither Clive nor his wife can provide their informed consent to be studied because of his condition. B The level of risk in studying Clive's condition is too great. C We should not know Clive's identity, especially while he is still living. D This information should only be published or publicly discussed after Clive's death.
We should not know Clive's identity, especially while he's still living
Which of the following describes the primacy effect A When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence B When people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence C When people who know very little about a subject tend to be overly confident about how much they know about that subject, while people who know a great deal about the subject tend to downplay their knowledge about that subject D When people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions
When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence
Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score is best described as having which of the following qualities? Responses A high enough for Mary to be considered a genius B higher than at least 75% of people who took the test C within the middle 68% of people who took the test D higher than exactly 93% of people who took the test
Within the middle 68% of people who took the test
