Unit 2 Study Guide

A partial outline map of the world is shown, marking the countries of Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, China, North Korea, and South Korea as a dotted region. It marks Europe on its far west, Africa on its far south, the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Pacific Ocean and Japan on its east. The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? A) The Mongol Empire B) The Russian Empire C) The Byzantine Empire D) The Ottoman Empire

A) The Mongol Empire

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the science, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 C.E. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Based on the content of the inscription, Adityawarman's Malayapura kingdom most likely participated in the communication and exchange networks of the A) Swahili city-states and the Arabian Peninsula B) maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade C) overland Silk Roads D) islands of Polynesia

B) maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. The image shows two stacked maps titled "TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E." Each map has a key representing a solid line as OUTBOUND routes and a dashed line as RETURN routes, and labels for timings of each leg of the voyages. The land mass and towns in each map are identical. All routes are sea voyages. On the top map, the outbound route begins at Muscat, heads southwest to Aden on the coast of Yemen during November, continues northeast to Shihr on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during November through December, continues southeast and then southwest along the coast of East Africa to Mogadishu during December through January, continues southwest to Pate coast of East Africa in January, and then southwest to Zanzibar in February. The return route begins at Zanzibar and heads northeast and then curves northwest to Sohar, near Muscat, during April through May. The return route remains to the east of the outbound route. On the bottom map, the outbound route begins at Sohar, near Muscat, heads east and then southeast along the western coast of India to Kulam Mali in southern India during November, continues south, then east to Kalah Bar on the Malacca peninsula in Southeast Asia during December through February, continues southeast and then turns northeast to Sanf Fulaw on the east coast of Indochina during February through March, and then continues northeast to Khanfu (Canton) in southern China during April through May. The return route begins at Khanfu (Canton), moves generally south, then southwest, and then northwest to Kalah Bar during October through December, continues northwest, then directly west, then north to Kulam Mali during December through January, continues west and slightly north to Raysut on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during February through March, and then follows the coast of the Arabian peninsula, moving northeast, then northwest to Muscat during April and May. Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? A) They were under the direct political control of Oman. B) They had a majority Arab population. C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. D) They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.

C) They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The figure presents a painting titled "Chinese Scroll Painting circa 1280 Commissioned by Khubilai Khan of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China." In the foreground, the painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. He is shown arching his bow and arrow straight into the air. In the background, a camel caravan passes over sand dunes. China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following? A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China B) The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia C) The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia D) Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce

A) Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

A map titled "Fourteenth-Century North and West Africa" is shown. It marks the trade routes connecting Awlil, Mali, Taghaza, Marrakesh, Fez, Gao, Timbuktu, Taodemi, Kumbi Saleh, Jenne, Niani, Kano, Agades, Tunis, Ghadames, Tripoli, Bilma, and Ghat to Egypt. It marks the area of Mali, with its territories Gao, Timbuktu, Jenne, Kumbi Saleh, Niani, Audagnost, and Awlil. The Gambia River and the Senegal River are marked flowing through Mali and finally falling into the Niger River at its east. It marks Bilma, Taodemi, and few centres that lie along the Atlantic Ocean as the regions where salt mines are located. The centers where gold mines are located are marked along the regions surrounding Mali and close to the Gambia and the Volta River. The map above indicates that A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade B) Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa C) Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East D) Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold

A) Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The outbreaks of plague described in the passage led most directly to which of the following? A) The decline of many major cities across Eurasia B) The conquest of Eurasia by Central Asian nomadic peoples C) The Spanish and Portuguese voyages of exploration to find new trade routes to Asia D) The increased development of mechanical labor-saving devices for industrial production

A) The decline of many major cities across Eurasia

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT The figure presents an illustration titled "Sailing Ship on the Indian Ocean Carrying Pilgrims to Mecca; Miniature Illustration from a Thirteenth-Century Islamic Manuscript." The illustration shows several men sailing on a ship. On the deck of the ship, one man is sitting comfortably while trying to adjust the sail. Several others are also helping to adjust the sail. Below the deck are several other men looking out of windows. Three fish are shown in the water below the ship. Arabic writing is at the top of the illustration. Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054-1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? A) Transportation and maritime technologies B) Large-scale trading organizations C) Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean D) The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate

A) Transportation and maritime technologies

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following? A) A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He's naval expeditions B) Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds C) An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money D) Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass

B) Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? A) The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. C) Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. D) The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.

B) Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. The image shows two stacked maps titled "TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E." Each map has a key representing a solid line as OUTBOUND routes and a dashed line as RETURN routes, and labels for timings of each leg of the voyages. The land mass and towns in each map are identical. All routes are sea voyages. On the top map, the outbound route begins at Muscat, heads southwest to Aden on the coast of Yemen during November, continues northeast to Shihr on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during November through December, continues southeast and then southwest along the coast of East Africa to Mogadishu during December through January, continues southwest to Pate coast of East Africa in January, and then southwest to Zanzibar in February. The return route begins at Zanzibar and heads northeast and then curves northwest to Sohar, near Muscat, during April through May. The return route remains to the east of the outbound route. On the bottom map, the outbound route begins at Sohar, near Muscat, heads east and then southeast along the western coast of India to Kulam Mali in southern India during November, continues south, then east to Kalah Bar on the Malacca peninsula in Southeast Asia during December through February, continues southeast and then turns northeast to Sanf Fulaw on the east coast of Indochina during February through March, and then continues northeast to Khanfu (Canton) in southern China during April through May. The return route begins at Khanfu (Canton), moves generally south, then southwest, and then northwest to Kalah Bar during October through December, continues northwest, then directly west, then north to Kulam Mali during December through January, continues west and slightly north to Raysut on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during February through March, and then follows the coast of the Arabian peninsula, moving northeast, then northwest to Muscat during April and May. Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? A) The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate B) Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail C) The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins D) Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly

B) Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

Question 1 Item 1 A black and white photo of the Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali. The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A) Imposition of religion through military conquest B) Spread of religion along trade routes C) Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization D) Conflict between local and universalizing religions

B) Spread of religion along trade routes

A multiple line graph titled "Population by Selected Regions" is shown. The vertical axis of the graph is labeled "Population (in millions)" ranging from 0 to 150, in increments of 50. The horizontal axis of the graph is labeled "Year" representing the years from 600 to 1,400 Common Era. It marks the populations for four nations, namely China, Indian Subcontinent, Middle East, and Europe. The population of China over the years are marked as follows. 600 Common Era, 50; 700 Common Era, 48; 800 Common Era, 52; 900 Common Era, 51; 1,000 Common Era, 52; 1,100 Common Era, 80; 1,200 Common Era, 130; 1,300 Common Era, 70; 1,400 Common Era, 60. The population of Indian Subcontinent over the years are marked as follows. 600 Common Era, 48; 700 Common Era, 52; 800 Common Era, 50; 900 Common Era, 49; 1,000 Common Era, 50; 1,100 Common Era, 52; 1,200 Common Era, 70; 1,300 Common Era, 110; 1,400 Common Era, 75. The population of Middle East over the years are marked as follows. 600 Common Era, 35; 700 Common Era, 30; 800 Common Era, 32; 900 Common Era, 34; 1,000 Common Era, 34; 1,100 Common Era, 33; 1,200 Common Era, 25; 1,300 Common Era, 20; 1,400 Common Era, 20. The population of Europe over the years are marked as follows. 600 Common Era, 35; 700 Common Era, 30; 800 Common Era, 35; 900 Common Era, 49; 1,000 Common Era, 50; 1,100 Common Era, 52; 1,200 Common Era, 70; 1,300 Common Era, 90; 1,400 Common Era, 70. The graph above shows the effect of which of the following? A) The fall of the Roman Empire on population growth B) The Agricultural Revolution on food supplies C) Plague on the populations of Asia and Europe D) The fall of the Byzantine Empire on population growth

B) The Agricultural Revolution on food supplies

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? A) The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. C) The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. D) The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.

B) The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ? A) A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. B) The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. C) The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. D) The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. E) The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.

B) The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 2 Item 2 THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY The figure presents a painting titled The Triumph of Death. At the center of the painting, a human skeleton rides a skeletal horse through a garden filled with people. The skeleton, which has a scythe and a quiver on its hip, holds a bow in its hand, shooting arrows at the people scattered around the scene. At the bottom left, a group of people look up toward the skeleton and appear to be pleading with it. At the bottom center and right, below the skeleton, a group of people lie dead or dying on the ground, shot with arrows. This group includes clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Scala/Art Resource, NY The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following? A) The decline of patriarchy across Afro-Eurasia B) The decline of many urban areas C) A decrease in technological and scientific innovation D) A decrease in military conflicts

B) The decline of many urban areas

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ? A) The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states. B) The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices. C) The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce. D) The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.

B) The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C) The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D) The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. The image shows two stacked maps titled "TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E." Each map has a key representing a solid line as OUTBOUND routes and a dashed line as RETURN routes, and labels for timings of each leg of the voyages. The land mass and towns in each map are identical. All routes are sea voyages. On the top map, the outbound route begins at Muscat, heads southwest to Aden on the coast of Yemen during November, continues northeast to Shihr on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during November through December, continues southeast and then southwest along the coast of East Africa to Mogadishu during December through January, continues southwest to Pate coast of East Africa in January, and then southwest to Zanzibar in February. The return route begins at Zanzibar and heads northeast and then curves northwest to Sohar, near Muscat, during April through May. The return route remains to the east of the outbound route. On the bottom map, the outbound route begins at Sohar, near Muscat, heads east and then southeast along the western coast of India to Kulam Mali in southern India during November, continues south, then east to Kalah Bar on the Malacca peninsula in Southeast Asia during December through February, continues southeast and then turns northeast to Sanf Fulaw on the east coast of Indochina during February through March, and then continues northeast to Khanfu (Canton) in southern China during April through May. The return route begins at Khanfu (Canton), moves generally south, then southwest, and then northwest to Kalah Bar during October through December, continues northwest, then directly west, then north to Kulam Mali during December through January, continues west and slightly north to Raysut on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during February through March, and then follows the coast of the Arabian peninsula, moving northeast, then northwest to Muscat during April and May. The particular routes and timings of the voyages depicted on the maps best reflect which of the following characteristics of Omani merchants? A) Their Islamic ritual observances, which made travel difficult during the fasting period of Ramadan B) Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns C) Their need to avoid the routes traveled by the faster and better-armed Portuguese trading ships D) Their control of the sources of grain needed by Chinese and East African cities

B) Their advanced knowledge of Indian Ocean currents and monsoon wind patterns

A partial map titled "Indian Ocean Trading Netw... 1/1 MC point A partial map titled "Indian Ocean Trading Networks" is shown. It represents the regions that lie along the Indian Ocean, including China, India, Persia, Oman, Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, and Great Zimbabwe. The map marks a trade network connecting the major trade centers, China, India, Persia, Oman, Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia. It marks the Indian Ocean as the route used for trade between Arab and Indian traders and Indian and Chinese traders. The route of the Indian and the Chinese traders is marked as the longest route. It also marks the route of Malay sailors connecting Malaya and Madagascar. The other small towns that grew amid these trade relations are marked as Cambay and Goa in India, Muscat in Oman, Mogadishu in Ethiopia, Malindi, Mombasa, Kilwa, Mozambique, Sofala, and Great Zimbabwe in Africa. It also marks the movement of the northeast monsoons from India toward Africa and the movement of the southwest monsoons from Africa toward India. The map above shows what significant economic developments? A) Trade connections that linked the Hellenistic and Mauryan empires to African cities from 300 through 150 B.C.E. B) Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E. C) Chinese dominance of Indian Ocean trading networks because of the voyages of Zheng He in the 1400s C.E. D) Changes in Indian Ocean trading networks that resulted from technological innovations from 1450 C.E. through 1750 C.E.

B) Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E.

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The letter best illustrates which of the following continuities in the period circa 600-1450 C.E.? A) State support for merchants encouraged greater commercial activity. B) Technological advances in shipbuilding facilitated the growth of Afro-Eurasian trade. C) Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes. D) Increasing commercial wealth led to the emergence of new social structures.

C) Diasporic communities were often established in key locations along important trade routes.

Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ? A) Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups. B) Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires. C) Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions. D) Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.

C) Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.

Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks? A) It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects. B) It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa. C) It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. D) It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.

C) It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? A) The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies B) The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China D) The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire

C) The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

The following questions refer to the passage below. "I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the sheriff of Kent (a region in southeastern England). A great portion of the people of our realm have recently died. Those who survive see that masters need servants, which are scarce, and the servants will not serve unless they receive excessive wages. After consulting with the nobles and clergy, we have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided in the year 1346. Merchants, those who belong to craft guilds, and those who own their land are exempt from this rule. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, parliamentary decree, 1351 Based on the passage, the Statute of Laborers was most likely a direct response to which of the following? A) The emergence of feudalism in Western Europe B) The development of Parliament as a check on the power of the English monarch C) The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy D) The labor shortages in the English countryside resulting from frequent military conflicts with France

C) The impact of the bubonic plague epidemic on England's economy

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) The development of cash-crop plantations in India B) The adoption of traditional African religious practices in the Muslim world C) The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia D) The spread of literacy across the Muslim world

C) The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? A) The establishment of diasporic merchant communities B) The establishment of new trading cities C) The introduction of new cultural traditions D) The emergence of syncretic belief systems

C) The introduction of new cultural traditions

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY The figure presents a painting titled The Triumph of Death. At the center of the painting, a human skeleton rides a skeletal horse through a garden filled with people. The skeleton, which has a scythe and a quiver on its hip, holds a bow in its hand, shooting arrows at the people scattered around the scene. At the bottom left, a group of people look up toward the skeleton and appear to be pleading with it. At the bottom center and right, below the skeleton, a group of people lie dead or dying on the ground, shot with arrows. This group includes clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Scala/Art Resource, NY The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? A) The collapse of papal authority B) The diffusion of artistic traditions C) The spread of epidemic diseases D) The revival of classical architecture

C) The spread of epidemic diseases

TOTAL LAND DEVOTED TO THE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AS MEASURED IN MILLIONS OF HECTARES*, 1200-1400 1200 1300 1400 China 55.2 44.2 40.2 Europe 71.1 87.4 61.2 India 43.5 40.8 38.2 Middle East 7.8 6.1 5.7 *a hectare is equivalent to roughly 2.5 acres Source: Data adapted from Our World in Data, found online at https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300 ? A) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India. B) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India than it did in the Middle East and China. C) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. D) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China.

C) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.

*a hectare is equivalent to roughly 2.5 acres Source: Data adapted from Our World in Data, found online at https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ? A) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops did not change significantly in either region. B) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops decreased more substantially in the Middle East than in Europe. C) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East. D) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased slightly in the Middle East and in Europe.

C) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.

Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a A) Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity B) Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence C) Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion D) Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

D) Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century? A) The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing B) The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia C) The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers D) The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

D) The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

*a hectare is equivalent to roughly 2.5 acres Source: Data adapted from Our World in Data, found online at https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ? A) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe increased at the same rate that the total amount of land devoted to agricultural crops in China and India declined. B) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and Europe remained relatively stable. C) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. D) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.

D) The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.

Question 3 Item 3 "After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to A) glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia B) warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean C) encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce D) inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

D) inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450 A) used their military power to monopolize the trade in luxury goods B) attempted to incorporate new territories and peoples into their commercial empires C) sought to spread religious traditions by patronizing merchant communities D) used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

D) used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development

Use prompt from previous question Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ? A) Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves. B) The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert. C) The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities. D) Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.

A) Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.