unit 3

freedom riders

People who challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race.

poll taxes

Proof of tax payment, to be produced when voting; used to disenfranchise blacks.

slander

Public uttering of a false statement that harms the good reputation of another. Same as libel put spoken, cannot give a speech maliciously, damaging someone's reputation

literacy tests

Requirement that voters be able to read; formerly used in the South to disenfranchise blacks.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Ruled that it is a woman's constitutional right to privacy to determine whether to terminate a pregnancy

McDonald v. Chicago

Ruled the 2nd Amendment applies to the states (incorporated), Chicago had no right to put a ban on handguns

Americans with Disabilities Act

Signed into law in 1990, the world's first comprehensive civil rights law for people with disabilities. The act prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications.

warrant

a document issued by a judge authorizing a search

writ of habeas corpus

a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention

indictment

a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime

freedom of expression

a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest

procedural due process

a judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

court extended the right to an attorney for those unable to afford one in state criminal cases; right to legal counsel

Emancipation Proclamation

declared all slaves in the states involved in the rebellion were "henceforward and forever free"

clear and present danger test

evaluate whether restrictions on political speech are legitimate

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

first federal law to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities

equal protection clause

from the 14th amendment; used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics; overturned the 3/5th compromise

15th Amendment

gave non-whites the right to vote

establishment clause

gov't cannot establish a religion

prior restraint

gov't censors or suppresses material before it is published

grand jury

group that hears charges against a suspect and decides whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial

quid pro quo

harassment occurs when employers request to demand sexual favors in return for advancement or employment

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

kids wore an armband to school in protest of Vietnam, students that wore them had to take them off, and would be suspended until returned to school. Schools forbidding the wearing of armbands is a violation of symbolic speech protected under the first amendment

social movement

large group of citizens organizing for political change

white flight

large numbers of whites moved outside the central cities, leaving the urban cores with higher percentages of AA's; whites moved to suburbs thanks to interstates

ex post facto law

law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed

jim crow laws

laws to preserve segregation and prevent AA men from exercising their 15th amendment right to vote; enforced all aspects of segregation, daily life, entertainment, transportation, business, and education

Voting Rights Act of 1965

legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states

civil rights act of 1964

legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate

Title IX of Education Act of 1972

legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs

Communications Decency Act

made it illegal to make indecent sexual material on internet accessible to anyone 18 or under. It was unconstitutional because of the 1st amendment.

espionage act of 1917

makes it a crime to interfere w/ military recruiting

selective incorporation

making Bill of Rights apply to the states, done through S.C. cases

symbolic speech

nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the first amendment.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

organized protests around south similar to college students in greensboro

black codes

pieces of legislation that attempted to restrict the economic and political rights of freedmen to "make negroes slaves in everything but name"

4th Amendment

protection against unreasonable search and seizure

rights

protection by the government from discrimination

civil rights

protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law

double jeopardy

protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction

probable cause

reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that there is evidence of criminal activity

Schneck v. US (1919)

restrictions on expression under the espionage act were permissible; 1st amendment political speech, "clear and present danger"

liberities

rights of people protected from the government

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

rules that separate educational facilities were "inherently unequal"; desegregated schools

penumbra

shadow in latin

hate speech

speech that has no other purpose but to express hatred, mainly towards members of a group identified by racial or ethnic identity, gender, or sexual orientation

14th Amendment

states must guarantee due process of law and states must guarantee equal protection of the law; due process clause and equal protection clause

separate but equal

the doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

civil disobedience

the intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice

miranda rights

the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning; these rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity

legal segregation

the separation by law of individuals based on their race

de jure segregation

the separation of individuals based on their characteristics, such as race, intentionally and by law

criteria of freedom of assembly

time, place, manner, NOT context

plead the fifth

to refuse to testify when doing so might incriminate oneself (witness) in a crime

National Organization for Women (NOW)

womens rights advocacy group that pushed for change in both legislature and the Supreme Court

obscenity and pornography

words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic merit

civil rights act of 1957

1957 - First civil rights act since Reconstruction - Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Edu. of Topeka and civil rights activism - Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African Americans were not violated - main purpose was to put pressure on the states by supporting the lawsuits of AA's who'd been denied the right to vote

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8th Amendment

No cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

NYT v. US

The ruling made it possible for newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment

5th Amendment

Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self-incrimination

libel

False written statements attacking someone's character, with intent to harm, very hard to prove, must be done in malice ex. damaging someone's reputation in print

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." Homer Plessy lost

bill of attainder

a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial

exclusionary rule

a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court

de facto segregation

a separation of individuals based on characteristics that arises not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

hostile working enviroment

actions, statements, or conditions that unreasonably interfere with the ability of employers to do their jobs

bail

amount of money posted as a security to allow the charged individual to be freed while awaiting trial

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

an organization created by MLK devoted to challenging racial segregation and advocating for civil rights