Unit 3 CIS

data element

The smallest or basic unit of information

data dictionary

compiles all of the metadata about the data elements in the data model

metadata

provides details about data (ex. for an image it includes size, resolution, & date created for an text it includes length, author name summary , area code, relationship defined

primary key

A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table

• LO 6.8: four data mining techniques (Figure 6.29)

- Estimation analysis - Affinitity grouping analysis - Cluster analysis - Classififcation analysis

• LO X.9b: Predictive vs. prescriptive analytics

-predictive goes through data to predict what could happen-prescriptive - uses automation processes or AB testing, ex recommendations

while loop

A control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given boolean condition

project plan

A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution

data warehouse

A logical collection of information - gathered from many different operational databases - that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks

foreign key

A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship between the two tables

extraction, transformation & loading (ETL)

A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse

information scrubbing

A process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information

project

A temporary activity a company undertakes to create a unique product, service, or result

project manager

An individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget

redundant data

Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.

dirty data

Dirty data, also known as rogue data, are inaccurate, incomplete or inconsistent data, especially in a computer system or database. flawed

Systems development lifecycle

The overall process for developing information systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance

identity management

a broad administrative area that deals with identifying individuals in a system (such as a country, a network, or an enterprise) and controlling their access to resources within that system by associating user rights and restrictions with the established identity

data artist

a business analytics specialist who uses visual tools to help people understand complex data

repository

a central location in which data is stored and managed

record

a collection of related data elements

blockchain

a distributed ledger that provides a way for information to be recorded and shared by a community. Central components include digital ledger, hash and digital signature, miners, decentralized,

Bitcoin

cryptocurrency that uses encryption to maintain the integrity of transactions

cluster analysis

a technique used to divide an information set into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible

legacy system

an old system that is fast approaching or beyond the end of its useful life within an organization

Conditions

basic if, then logic statements that modify how code is executed

Digital Ledger

bookkeeping list of assets, identified ownership, and transactions that record the transfer of ownership among participants

• LO X.9b: Business Intelligence and Data Analytics

business intelligence -delivering relevant and reliable information to the right people at the right time with the goal of achieving better decisions faster data analytics - 4 types- descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive

information cube

common term for the representation of multidimensional information

data mart

contains a subset of data warehouse information

DBMS

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

bugs

defects in the code of an information system

business rule

defines how a company performs certain aspects of its business and typically results in either a yes/no or true/false answer

data visualization

describes technologies that allow users to see or visualize data to transform information into a business perspective

project scope

describes the business need (the problem the project will solve) and the justification, requirements, and current boundaries for the project

estimation analysis

determines values for an unknown continuous variable behavior or estimated future value

intangible benefits

difficult to quantify or measure

Cryptocurrency

digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange

Decentralization

each node in the participating computer network has a full copy of the digital ledger this avoids the need to have a centralized database manager by a trusted party

tangible benefits

easy to quantify and typically measured to determine the success or failure of a project

Peer-to-peer

every user is allowed to connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify transactions and create new blocks

data scientist

extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical analysis, data mining, and advanced analytics on big data to identify trends, market changes, and other relevant information

triple constraint

framework for evaluating competing demands between project-time, cost and scope

LO 6.3: identify advantages and features of relational databases (Figure 6.9)

increased flexibility, increased scalability and performance, increased information integrity, increased information security, reduced information redundance

process modeling

involves graphically representing the processes that capture, manipulate, store, and distribute information between a system and its environment

data model

logical data structures that detail the relationships among data elements using graphics or pictures

database

maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)

Software customization

modifies software to meet specific user or business requirements

Data types

numeric, string, list, boolean

Double-Spend

occurs when blockchain network is disrupted and cryptocurrency is stolen

• LO 9.1: phases of the System Development Life Cycle (Figure 9.1, Table 9.1)

planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance

Functions

prebuilt mini programs for input -> processing -> output

Hash

process of converting an input of any length into a fixed size string of text using a mathematical function

Loops

programming structure that repeats a sequence of instructions until a specific condition is met

LO 6.2: recognize tools used to retrieve information from a database management system.

query by example, structured query language

affinity grouping analysis

reveals the relationship between variables along with the nature and frequency of the relationships

integrity constraints

rules that help ensure the quality of information

infinite loop

sequence of instructions that, as written will continue endlessly, unless external intervention occurs

entity

stores information about a person, place, thing, transaction, or event

Assignment

storing data into a variable = -> <-

off-the-shelf application

supports general business processes and does not require any specific software customization to meet the organization's needs

attribute

the data elements associated with an entity (also called columns or fields)

information redundancy

the duplication of data, or the storage of the same data in multiple places

feasibility

the measure of the tangible and intangible benefits of an information system

data mining

the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone

classification analysis

the process of organizing data into categories or groups for its most effective and efficient use

conversion

the process of transferring information from a legacy system to a new system

analytics

the science of fact-based decision making

business requirement

the specific business requests the system must meet to be successful

Miners

transactions are authenticated by a network of 'miners' who complete complex mathematical problems

• LO 9.4: identify the five primary reasons projects fail

unclear or missing business requirements, skipped SDLC phases, changing technology, cost of finding errors, balance of triple constraints

structured query language (SQL)

users write lines of code to answer questions against a database

Variable

value that can change, depending on conditions or on information passed to the program