Unit 3 Computer Hardware and History

SIMULA

(SIMUlation LAnguage) Believed to be the first object-oriented programming language. 679

compiler

A program that translates code in a high-level language (such as Java) to machine instructions (such as bytecode for the Java virtual machine). could be written in a more English-like way and were more powerful programming constructs.

Smalltalk

A programming language that pioneered object-oriented programming. Not popularly used in Web development.

COBOL

An acronym for common business-oriented language, a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use

Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers.

Certain computer programs could only be used on certain types of computers. Yes No correct answer is No. When manufacturers began focusing on creating families of computers with similar hardware and instruction sets, programs could be written for one computer and easily used on all other computers in the same family.

What was the time period of the 3rd Gen computers?

From 1965 to early 1970s First silicon chips used in computers. Integrated circuits are used for computation and storage. Computer networks are introduced The introduction of coding for computer machine language and the start of software engineering Minicomputers sold for $16k

What was the time period of the 2nd Gen computers?

From late 1950s to 1965. Computers were called MAINFRAME computers because they were built around a solid metal framework. They had magnetic core memory and transistors. first computers to use Boolean operators Computers built with transistors.

What was the time period of the 1st Gen computers?

From mid 1940s to late 1950s Large computers that had to be programmed and used vacuum tubes for storage. Advancement hastened by WWII A computer that required programming in machine language. A computer built with vacuum tubes. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer created at UPenn

Which of the following statements is true of fourth generation computers?

Graphical interfaces and a variety of new software increased computer usage. Early microcomputers provided vast computing capabilities. Transistor miniaturization occurred at a linear rate. The Mark 8 was more widely used than the Apple I. Correct answer is A. These developments allowed people with no real background in computers to use them with relative ease.

FORTRAN

One of the original high level languages, short for Formula Translation, created by John Backus to make programming easier for math and science applications.

assembly language

Programming language that has the same structure and set of commands as machine languages but allows programmers to use symbolic representations of numeric machine code.

Assembly Language

Programming language that has the same structure and set of commands as machine languages but allows programmers to use symbolic representations of numeric machine code. a level higher than machine language

Which of the following statements is NOT a major development associated with the second generation of computers?

Reduced physical size Computers became available for home use Larger main memory capacities External storage began shifting from tapes to disk drives Correct Answer is B

What does a translator do in computing?

The only function of a translator is to translate one programming language directly into another without changing how the program functions. Translators work with assembly language, which must provide enough detail for machine language instructions to be properly executed.

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate in describing the distinctions between first and second generation computers?

The transistors used in the second generation computers were cheaper and lasted longer than the vacuum tubes of the first generation computers. Computers became smaller in size. In the second generation computers, memory was stored using a system composed of wires and magnetic cores. Transistors emitted more heat than vacuum tubes so a new type of material had to be used for the computer housing. answer is D.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early operating systems?

They used graphical interfaces. They required knowledge of relatively complex text commands. They could handle multiple user requests at a time. They had user protection and network security capabilities. Correct answer is A. Early operating systems were text-based.

Describe the 4th gen of computers

Time period is the early 1970s to the present Single chip processor or microprocessor created by IBM was the precedent Graphical User Interface was introduced. Then Mark 8, 1st personal computer Apple I

Indicate whether or not the following statements about Moore's law are true. Gordon Moore's original prediction that transistors on a chip will double every year has proven to be inaccurate.

True False Answer is False. In reality, transistors on a chip have doubled roughly every 18 to 24 months.

Indicate whether or not the following statements about Moore's law are true. Moore's law is a concrete, indisputable law.

True False Answer is False. Moore's law is considered to be an observation that may or may not hold true in the coming years.

Indicate whether or not the following statements about Moore's law are true. It is widely believed that Moore's law will hold for at least several more decades.

True False Answer is False. The general consensus among engineers is that Moore's law will only hold for a few more years.

Indicate whether or not the following statements about Moore's law are true. Moore's law states that the number of transistors on a chip increases in a linear fashion.

True False Answer is False. The number of transistors doubles over each time period, indicating an exponential increase.

Identify whether the following statements describing low-level computer languages are true or false. Machine language uses a series of short scripts for programming.

True False Correct answer is False. Machine language is the most basic set of instructions that a computer can execute directly.

Identify whether the following statements describing low-level computer languages are true or false. Cable is used to link computational circuits and memory.

True False Correct answer is True. Before integrated circuits, which combined computation and memory onto a single chip, these two elements were separate and physically linked by cables.

Identify whether the following statements describing low-level computer languages are true or false. The same engineer builds, maintains, and programs the computer.

True False Correct answer is True. Early programs were written for a specific machine, so the person who created the computer was also the best candidate for programming and using it.

Identify whether the following statements describing low-level computer languages are true or false. Because of the difficulties of using vacuum tubes, the computer systems required a complex operating system.

True False Correct answer is false. First-generation computers could only run a single program at a time after being programmed.

Which piece of hardware was key to the miniaturization of computers? Integrated Circuits

Yes NO Answer is Yes. Integrated circuits replaced transistors and magnetic core memories because they took up less space and resulted in faster computers.

Which piece of hardware was key to the miniaturization of computers? Monitor

Yes No Answer is NO. Output devices do not have an effect on the size of a computer.

Which piece of hardware was key to the miniaturization of computers? Transistors

Yes No Answer is NO. Transistors were bulky and were replaced by integrated circuits.

Indicate whether each of the following did (yes) or did not (no) emerge as a result of computer hardware innovations in the third generation. Computers in the home.

Yes No Answer is No. Computers were not yet being used in the home at this time.

Indicate whether each of the following did (yes) or did not (no) emerge as a result of computer hardware innovations in the third generation. The software development field

Yes No Answer is Yes. Computer families made it possible to write programs for multiple computers, so selling software became more viable.

Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Even smaller businesses could now afford a "mini" version of a mainframe computer.

Yes No Answer is Yes. Like the transition from the first to the second generation, the switch from the second to the third generation was marked by the adoption of a new technology (integrated circuits) that was both smaller and more cost effective than previous technologies.

Indicate whether each of the following did (yes) or did not (no) emerge as a result of computer hardware innovations in the third generation. Computer networks

Yes No Answer is Yes. The need to connect dumb terminals to the organization's main computer led to the rise of computer networking.

Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Integrated circuit boards could now be used for both computation and memory.

Yes No Answer is Yes. These new chips were able to combine both transistors and memory into a much smaller form factor than was previously possible in the second generation.

Indicate whether each of the following is (yes) or is not (no) a result of the creation of the object-oriented programming model. Elimination of GOTO statements.

Yes No Correct answer is No . GOTO statements were already considered obsolete by the introduction of structured programming.

Indicate whether each of the following is (yes) or is not (no) a result of the creation of the object-oriented programming model. Easier real-world object modeling in programming code

Yes No Correct answer is yes. OOP allows programmers to think of program entities as real-world objects rather than a series of individual variables.

Indicate whether each of the following is (yes) or is not (no) a result of the creation of the object-oriented programming model. The application of inheritance in program code

Yes No Correct answer is yes. This practice allows a program to easily create a specific object based on a more generic object with several of the same properties.

Indicate whether each of the following is (yes) or is not (no) a result of the creation of the object-oriented programming model. Creation of windowed operating systems

Yes No Correct. The windowed operating system was also about to help enhance their research.

Indicate whether each of the following does (yes) or does not (no) accurately describe a change between the second and third generation of computers. Silicon chips replaced transistor.

Yes No Answer is Yes. Silicon chips could replace transistors and interfaced faster with the magnetic memory cores.

Which piece of hardware was key to the miniaturization of computers? Keyboard

Yes No Answer is No. Input devices do not have an effect on the size of a computer.

LISP and PROLOG

____ were early programming languages developed for and used in artificial intelligence applications.

punch card

a card perforated according to a code, for controlling the operation of a machine, used in voting machines and formerly in programming and entering data into computers. 1st computers used code on punch cards

high-level language

a programming language that is human readable (App Inventor) and provides the programmer with easy to understand abstractions

operating system

by mid 1960s resident monitors had been modernized to operating systems. they allowed a user to operate the computer system

magnetic tape

made of a plastic material, resembles a cassette tape and stores data sequentially were used on mainframe computers in the second generation

The two new pieces of hardware that symbolized the second generation computers included the ____________________ and the _______________________.

magnetic core memory relay switches. heat coil transistor Answer is A and D

SNOBOL language was primarily intended for which field(s) of study?

string manipulations (HLL)

assemblers

the earliest language translators of original source code

resident monitor

the first operating systems built in the 1960s. Resident because they were always in memory monitor because they were monitoring for any user requests. all they did was run simple programs like where to fetch files and then how to output the files once found.

Machine Language (Machine Code)

the most basic set of instructions that a computer can execute. made up of binary. 0s and 1s