Unit 3 Exam - PSY: 431 Cognitive Psychology

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _______ memories. a. Remote b. Recent c. Anterograde d. Emotional

a. Remote

Short-term memory and long-term memory use different types of coding. Short-term memory typically uses _____ coding, while long-term memory typically uses _____ coding. a. Auditory; Semantic b. Declarative, Visual c. Implicit; Explicit d. Semantic; Visual

a. Auditory; Semantic

When studying the duration of short-term memory, a memory trace will vanish over a short period of time. What is this called? a. Decay b. Inference c. Chunking d. Episodic Buffer

a. Decay

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances d. Research has shown that both types of rehearsal are relatively unimportant

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

According to the Levels of Processing Theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is: a. Encoded b. Stored c. Retrieved d. Consolidated

a. Encoded

According to Tulving, the defining property of episodic memory is that: a. It involves mental time travel b. It always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened c. Memories are procedural in nature d. It involves both explicit and implicit memories

a. It involves mental time travel

What type of interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information? a. Proactive Interference b. Sort-term Interference c. Modal Interference d. Retroactive Interference

a. Proactive Interference

In a serial position experiment, typically the last few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called? a. Recency Effect b. Primacy Effect c. Free-recall Effect d. Ordered-recall Effect

a. Recency Effect

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept? a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Information remains in sensory memory for: a. Seconds or fraction of a second b. 15-30 seconds c. 1-3 minutes d. As long as it is rehearsed

a. Seconds or fraction of a second

A person with reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with what type of memory? a. Short-term memory b. Long-term memory c. Sensory memory d. Autobiographical memory

a. Short-term memory

Memory will be better when a person's internal state during retrieval matches their internal state during encoding. What is this called? a. State-Dependant Learning b. Levels of Pro easing Theory c. Systems Consolidation d. The Generation Effect

a. State-Dependant Learning

The case of patient H.M. illustrates that ______ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. The hippocampus b. Synaptic consolidation c. Shallow Processing d. Deep Processing

a. The hippocampus

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the role of the hippocampus in consolidation, according to the Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation? a. The hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of episodic memories b. The hippocampus is not involved in the retrieval of remote memories c. The hippocampus is not involved win the process if consolidation d. the response of the hippocampus increases over time

a. The hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of episodic memories

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if: a. The visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop each angle one task b. Both tasks are handled by the visuospatial sketchpad c. Both tasks are handled by the phonological loop d. The central executive is deactivated during the dual task situation

a. The visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop each angle one task

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. What is this called? a. Transfer-Approprate Processing b. Episodic-Based Processing c. Elaborative Rehearsal d. Personal Semantic Memory

a. Transfer-Approprate Processing

When rehearsal is prevented, the effective duration of short-term memory is approximately: a. Just under a fraction of a second b. 15-20 seconds or less c. 1-3 minutes or more d. Indefinite

b. 15-20 seconds or less

What is the common estimate for the number of items that can be held in short-term memory at one time? a. 1 or 2 items b. 4-9 items c. Roughly 15 items d. 20-25 items

b. 4-9 items

Bransford and Johnson's (1972) study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at the picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. Implicit memory during learning b. An organizational context during learning c. Deep processing during retrieval d. Self-reference effect

b. An organizational context during learning

Acquiring information and transferring it into long-term memory is called: a. State-Dependant Learning b. Encoding c. Reconsolidation d. Transfer-Approriate Processing

b. Encoding

Your memory for information will be better when you generate material yourself, rather than passively receiving it. What is this called? a. Semanticization of Remote Memories b. Generation Effect c. State-Dependant Learning d. Systems Consolidation

b. Generation Effect

Donald Hebb's idea of Long-Term Potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of: a. An increase in the sizeof cell bodies of neurons b. Increase firing on the neurons c. Larger electrical impulses in the synapse d. The growth of new dendrites in neurons

b. Increase firing on the neurons

George Sperling's (1960) delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that: a. Short-term memory and long-term memory are independent components of memory b. Information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds c. Information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory d. Short-term memory has an unlimited capacity

b. Information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds

In a serial position experiment, typically the first few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called? a. Recency Effect b. Primacy Effect c. Free-recall Effect d. Ordered-recal Effect

b. Primacy Effect

Graded amnesia occurs because: a. Remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories b. Recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories c. Emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories d. Nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories

b. Recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories

Over time long-term memories will lose much of their episodic details, leaving only semantic details. What is this process called? a. Divergence of Episodic Memory b. Semanticization of Remote Memories c. Serial Position Curve d. Semantic Coding

b. Semanticization of Remote Memories

In Baddeley's revised mode of memory, the episodic buffer directly connects with two components? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The visuospatial sketchpad and long-term memory

b. The central executive and long-term memory

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, George Sperling (1960) was able to infer that participants initially saw about ______ percent of the 12 letters in the display. a. 13 b. 45 c. 82 d. 100

c. 82

The principle stating that we encode information together with its context is known as: a. Memory Consolidation b. Repetition Priming c. Encoding Specificity d. Self-Reference

c. Encoding Specificity

When using the Remember/Know Procedure to study how long-term memories change over time, remember responses correspond to _____ components of memories and know responses correspond to _____ components of memories. a. Procedural; Implicit b. Implicit; Procedural c. Episodic; Semantic d. Semantic; Episodic

c. Episodic; Semantic

_______ memories are experiences, while _______ memories are facts. a. Semantic; Implicit b. Implicit; Episodic c. Episodic; Semantic d. Procedural; Episodic

c. Episodic; Semantic

There are several factors that can enhance and improve encoding information into LTM. Which of the following is NOT a factor that aids encoding? a. Visual Imagery b. Generation Effect c. Maintenance Rehearsal d. Retrieval Practice

c. Maintenance Rehearsal

In which of the following examples, involving two different brain-injured people, is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Both people have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory b. Both people show deficits in episodic and semantic memory c. One person has good memory but poor semantic memory d. Both people have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory

c. One person has good memory but poor semantic memory

What type of memory involves identification of a previously encountered stimulus? a. Identify Memory b. Skill Memory c. Recognition Memory d. Procedural Memory

c. Recognition Memory

________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrograde b. Encoding c. Retrieval d. Processing

c. Retrieval

The three structural components of Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) modal model of memory are: a. Receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe b. Receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe c. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory d. Sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal

c. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The Standard Model of Consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is: a. Strongly active for both new memories (as they are being consolidated) and memories for events that occurred long ago (that are already consolidated) b. Strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but comes less active when memories are cost formed and being consolidated c. Strongly active when memories are first formed (and being consolidated) but becomes less active when retrieving older memories (that awe already consolidated) d. Uninvolved in memory consolidation

c. Strongly active when memories are first formed (and being consolidated) but becomes less active when retrieving older memories (that awe already consolidated)

__________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. a. Remote b. Standard c. Systems d. Synaptic

c. Systems

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that: a. It always leads to episodic memory for events b. It is enacted by the self-reference effect c. We are not conscious we are using it d. People use it strategically to enhance memory for events

c. We are not conscious we are using it

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that: a. Short-term memory consists of a number of components b. Short-term memory has unlimited capacity c. Working memory is concerned with processing and manipulation information d. Working memory has unlimited capacity

c. Working memory is concerned with processing and manipulation information

Neuropsychological evidence indicated that short-term memory and long-term memory probably: a. Represent different aspects of the same mechanism b. Are caused by different mechanisms that greatly depend upon each other c. Both rely on a semantic coding mechanism d. Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

d. Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Mantyla's (1986) experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created: a. By agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective b. By a memory expert who understand what makes cues effective c. Using visual images d. By the person whose memory will be tested

d. By the person whose memory will be tested

What process transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption? a. Retrograde Amnesia b. Encoding Specificity c. Cued Recall d. Consolidation

d. Consolidation

Which of the following best describes the primary effect of chunking? a. Maximize the recency effect b. Increase memory for items by growing them together based in sound c. Develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information d. Increase the efficiency of short-term memory

d. Increase the efficiency of short-term memory

According to Baddeley's Working Memory Model, the Central Executive has several important roles. Which of the following does NOT describe a function of the Central Executive? a. It is control center of the working memory system b. It determines how attention is focused, divided and switched c. It coordinates how information is used by the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad d. It is responsible for the retrieval of information from long-term memory

d. It is responsible for the retrieval of information from long-term memory

Atkinson and Shirffrin's (1968) Modal Model of Memory includes control processes. Which of the following statements does NOT describe the function of control processes? a. Active processes that can be controlled by a person b. Strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable c. Strategies of attention that help a person focus on a specific stimulus d. Passive process that automatically encode newly learned information

d. Passive process that automatically encode newly learned information

The process of transferring information from long-term memory into working memory is called: a. Encoding Specificity b. Levels of Processing c. Encoding d. Retrieval

d. Retrieval

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing what day of the week it is b. Recalling a childhood memory c. Knowing the date of your mother's birthday d. Riding a bicycle

d. Riding a bicycle

One type of consolidation involves structural changes in neurons. These changes typically take place over minutes or hours. What is this type of consolidation called? a. Express Consolidation b. Systems Consolidation c. Physiological Consolidation d. Synaptic Consolidation

d. Synaptic Consolidation

If given a list of items, people are more likely to recall an item that is distinctive from other items on the list. What is this called? a. The Position Effect b. The Serial Rotation Effect c. The Suffix Effect d. the Von Restroff Effect

d. the Von Restroff Effect