Unit 3 Exam

Which taxon includes organisms referred to as "embryophytes"? A. Plantae B. Pterophyta C. Bryophyta D. Charophyceae

A. Plantae

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The yolk of an animal egg is similar to which of the following structures in angiosperms? A. endosperm B. carpels C. fruit D. seed coat

A. endosperm

Mycorrhizae are often found associated with the roots of vascular plants. Where are fungal endophytes typically found in vascular plants? A. leaf mesophyll B. stem apical meristems C. root apical meristems D. xylem

A. leaf mesophyll

Microphylls are found in which plant group? A. lycophytes B. liverworts C. ferns D. hornworts

A. lycophytes

What are the filamentous mats formed by most fungi called? A. mycelia B. hyphae C. haustoria D. arbuscules

A. mycelia

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A. waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B. loss of structures that produce spores C. sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D. remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

A. waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. How many chromosomes would a single ascospore nucleus of this species contain? A. 7 chromosomes B. 14 chromosomes C. 21 chromosomes D. 28 chromosomes

A. 7 chromosomes

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus? A. 8 B. 16 C. 24 D. 32

A. 8

Which phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary history of the fungi based on the most recent data? A. B. C. D.

C.

Which of the following characteristics would be most helpful in distinguishing among different species of fungi? A. morphology B. hyphae structure C. DNA sequence D. life cycle

C. DNA sequence

Which of the following characteristics would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? A. It produces seeds. B. It retains its fertilized egg within its archegonium. C. It lacks gametangia. D. It undergoes alternation of generations.

C. It lacks gametangia.

Which of the following factors most likely helped early plants colonize land? A. a decreased availability of CO2 B. a high number of competitors for light C. formation of mutualistic associations with fungi D. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

C. formation of mutualistic associations with fungi

Which of the following organisms are the closest relatives of pine and spruce trees? A. ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses B. hornworts, liverworts, and mosses C. gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos D. elms, maples, and aspens

C. gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A. haploid gametes B. diploid gametes C. haploid spores D. diploid spores

C. haploid spores

If all fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms is most likely to benefit, due to the fact that its fungal competitors have been removed? A. flowering plants B. protists C. prokaryotes D. grasses

C. prokaryotes

If you discovered another planet on which plants had evolved in a manner similar to those on Earth except they had never left the water, what trait might these plants retain longer than plants on Earth? A. spores B. sporopollenin C. swimming sperm D. microphylls E. thallus-type growth

C. swimming sperm

Which of the following statements correctly describes deuteromycetes? A. they represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified B. they are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage C. they are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens D. they include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae

B. they are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of archegonia? A. they are where male gametes are produced B. they may contain sporophyte embryos C. they have the same function as sporangia D. they make asexual reproductive structures

B. they may contain sporophyte embryos

Which answer arranges the characteristics of plants in the order in which they evolved, from most ancient to most recent? A. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence B. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence C. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence D. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence

D. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would most likely have had which of the following features? A. flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B. completely bare rock, with little pools that contained cyanobacteria and protists C. tall forests in swamps D. nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

D. nonvascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

Which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? A. alternation of generations B. independent gametophytes C. vascular tissue D. ovules

D. ovules

Researchers grew two plants of different species (plant 1 and plant 2) and added the same mycorrhizal species to the soil. They then measured the growth of each plant after one month. Plant 1 grew significantly more than plant 2. Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with these results? A. both plants formed mutualistic relationships with the mycorrhizal fungi B. neither of the plants formed mutualistic relationships with the mycorrhizal fungi C. plant 2 formed a mutualistic relationship with the mycorrhizal fungi and plant 1 did not D. plant 1 formed a mutualistic relationship with the mycorrhizal fungi and plant 2 did not

D. plant 1 formed a mutualistic relationship with the mycorrhizal fungi and plant 2 did not

You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus? A. presence of mitochondria B. absence of chloroplasts C. presence of nuclei D. presence of cell walls made of chitin

D. presence of cell walls made of chitin

Which is a vascular plant? A. liverworts B. mosses C. hornworts D. bryophytes E. lycophytes

E. lycophytes

Which of the following could occur after plants moved from the oceans to land? A. Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources. B. Animals could also move onto land because they had easier access to nitrogen. C. Cyanobacteria could also move onto land because their host plants occurred there. D. Plants in the oceans were able to evolve forms that lived in much deeper parts of the oceans.

A. Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. B. Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. C. Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. D. A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm.

A. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of bryophytes (nonvascular plants)? A. They share a more recent common ancestor with vascular plants than they do with green algae. B. They are more similar to ancestral red algae than are vascular plants. C. They can be included in the grade monilophyte because they do not have a complex vascular system. D. They are evolutionarily more advanced than seed plants.

A. They share a more recent common ancestor with vascular plants than they do with green algae.

The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the ________. A. animals B. vascular plants C. mosses D. slime molds

A. animals

Which of the following structures in an ascomycete is haploid? A. ascospore B. ascocarp C. ascus D. basidium

A. ascospore

If you could travel in a time machine to the period of Earth's history when plants began to appear, you would see which plant evolve after the liverworts? A. mosses B. ferns C. hornworts D. horsetails E. lycophytes

A. mosses

Which of the following could best be investigated by measuring fruit production in plants? A. pollination success B. seed dispersal success C. primary productivity D. phototropism

A. pollination success

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), which of the following shared derived characteristics would be included in the revised kingdom? A. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes B. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, chlorophylls a and b, and alternation of generations C. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, alternation of generations, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin D. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, chlorophylls a and b, cell walls of cellulose, and ability to synthesize sporopollenin

A. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

Which of the following statements is correct regarding stomata? A. They occur in all plants and define them as a monophyletic group. B. They open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss. C. They occur in all plants and are the same as pores. D. They open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange.

B. They open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss.

Many types of plants increase the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline. Which of the following is an analogous response in humans? A. breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase B. putting more red blood cells into circulation when oxygen availability declines at high elevations C. breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels increase D. increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

B. putting more red blood cells into circulation when oxygen availability declines at high elevations

Which must you have to have spores? A. swimming sperm B. sporangia C. leaves D. roots E. apical meristems

B. sporangia

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat? A. sporophyll B. sporopollenin C. stigma D. sporangium

B. sporopollenin

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about how they are pollinated? A. They probably self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another. B. Their pollinating insects are probably color blind. C. They are probably wind pollinated. D. They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances.

C. They are probably wind pollinated.

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced? A. fertilization B. karyogamy C. plasmogamy D. germination

C. plasmogamy

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to seed-producing plants? A. sporopollenin B. lignin present in cell walls C. pollen D. megaphylls

C. pollen

Based on the plant fossil record, which of these events likely occurred most recently? A. extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B. colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses C. rise and diversification of angiosperms D. carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

C. rise and diversification of angiosperms

Which of the following describes a difference between the structures of spores and seeds? A. Spores have a protective outer covering while seeds do not. B. Spores have an embryo while seeds do not. C. Spores have stored nutrition while seeds do not. D. Spores are unicellular while seeds are not.

D. Spores are unicellular while seeds are not.

Which of the following structures is present in a bryophyte at some point in their life cycles? A. microphylls B. true roots C. true leaves D. sporangia

D. sporangia

Which statement about mycorrhizae is false? A. They are important in natural systems and agriculture. B. Almost all vascular plants have them. C. Foresters inoculate pine seedlings with them to promote growth. D. They colonize soils by dispersing spores that form new mycelia. E. They are in a commensalistic relationship with plants.

E. They are in a commensalistic relationship with plants.

Which product(s) is/are derived from angiosperms? A. wood B. medicine C. human food D. animal feed E. all of the above

E. all of the above

All are lineages of fungi except _____. A. chytrids B. zygomycetes C. glomeromycetes D. ascomycetes E. conidia

E. conidia

Which of the following is a similarity between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants? A. Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. B. In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. C. The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. D. Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.

B. In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

What is most important for fungal spore production? A. septa B. hyphae C. fruiting body D. chitin E. flagella

C. fruiting body

Which of the following features of fertilization in plants are the same as in some of their algal ancestors? A. Conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells. B. Packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs. C. Aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs. D. Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.

D. Flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop.

Which of the following best explains how mycorrhizal fungi are more efficient than plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil? A. Hyphae are 100 to 1,000 times larger than plant roots. B. Hyphae have a smaller surface area-to-volume ratio than do the hairs on a plant root. C. Mycelia are able to grow in the direction of food. D. Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules

D. Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules

If you discovered a new plant with fan-shaped leaves and seeds without fruits, you would have found a new kind of A. angiosperm. B. cycad. C. conifer. D. Ginkgophyta. E. cycad.

D. Ginkgophyta.

Based on the table, which fungal species has the most genes encoding membrane transporters (membrane transport proteins)? A. L. bicolor B. nonmycorrhizal species 1 C. nonmycorrhizal species 2 D. nonmycorrhizal species 3 E. nonmycorrhizal species 4

A. L. bicolor

Which of the following experimental designs would allow a researcher to determine the effect of mycorrhizae on plant growth? A. measure and compare the growth of two different plants that both have mycorrhizae associated with their roots B. measure and compare the growth of two different plants, one of which has had antifungal substances added to it and one that has not C. measure and compare the growth of two different plants that do not have mycorrhizae associated with their roots D. measure and compare the growth of two different plants, one of which has had antibiotics have been added to it and one that has not

B. measure and compare the growth of two different plants, one of which has had antifungal substances added to it and one that has not

Which plants have a sporophyte that is nutritionally dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte? A. ferns B. mosses C. whisk ferns D. horsetails E. angiosperms

B. mosses

Which of the following describes a similarity between fungi and arthropods? A. The haploid state is dominant in both groups. B. Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. C. Both groups use chitin for support. D. Both groups have cell walls.

C. Both groups use chitin for support.

Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is correct? A. The pine tree is a gametophyte. B. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. C. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon. D. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

D. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Which of the following statements best describes an advantage of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants? A. the ability to acquire nutrients from its own photosynthesis B. protection from drying out C. the ability to develop into sporophytes D. development of the seed

B. protection from drying out

Some nematode worms consume plant juices from the roots of plants and are economically important agricultural pests. Some fungi are usually decomposers of plant material, but some trap and kill nematodes at times. Arthrobotrys traps and kills nematodes, especially when they lack nitrogen sources. These two facts suggest that farmers could find Arthrobotrys an important tool in combating nematode infestations. Which of the following research questions would make a good starting point for developing such a defense against nematode pests? A. Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes? B. Do nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide nitrogen to the fungi? C. What is the evolutionarily oldest method of trapping nematodes? D. What mechanisms do nematodes have that could allow them to escape from Arthrobotrys?

A. Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes?

Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants? A. Land plants produce poisons and medicines. B. Crop plants can often interbreed with their wild relatives. C. Crop plants often produce more seeds than their wild relatives. D. Land plants often provide food for pollinators.

A. Land plants produce poisons and medicines.

What is the effect of moss on the chemical weathering of rock? A. Moss increases the chemical weathering of rock. B. Moss increases the chemical weathering of limestone only. C. Moss does not affect rock weathering. D. None of the answer choices is correct.

A. Moss increases the chemical weathering of rock.

Why might you expect to find many genes for membrane transporters in a mycorrhizal fungus? A. Mycorrhizal fungi exchange nutrients with the roots of their plant hosts and would be expected to use membrane transporters in this exchange. B. The numerous chemical reactions that involve mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts are catalyzed by membrane transport proteins that function as enzymes. C. Complex chemical communication occurs between mycorrhizal fungi and their plant hosts, and membrane transporters are crucial in this process. D. Special junctions form between the cells of plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, and membrane transporters are an important structural part of these junctions.

A. Mycorrhizal fungi exchange nutrients with the roots of their plant hosts and would be expected to use membrane transporters in this exchange.

Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate? A. Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important. B. Protection of the zygote from competitors for light was more important in air than in water. C. Zygotes in plants are more independent of parental tissue than are algal zygotes. D. Zygotes in plants are more likely to germinate quickly after release from the parent plant than are zygotes released from algal organisms.

A. Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important.

You go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"? A. The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated. B. The dust is the spore production of ferns and is so abundant because the spores are wind-dispersed. C. The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce. D. The dust is the seed production of pines and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce.

A. The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.

Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? A. The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane. B. The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption. C. This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption. D. This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.

A. The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.

The phylum Gnetophyta includes organisms that are very diverse in appearance and live in many different parts of the Earth. These organisms are grouped into the same phylum because they ________. A. are similar on a molecular level B. live in similar habitats C. are all wind pollinated D. have coevolved with the same pollinators

A. are similar on a molecular level

A sample of mosses and ferns is comprised of which of the following? A. both sporophyte and gametophyte generations B. only vascular plants C. both nonvascular and seed-bearing plants D. both seedless and seed-bearing plants

A. both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following groups does the fungus belong? A. chytrids B. zygomycetes C. basidiomycota D. ascomycota

A. chytrids

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A. double internal fertilization B. free-living gametophytes C. carpels that contain microsporangia D. ovules that are not contained within ovaries

A. double internal fertilization

Four adaptations—cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers—are key characters defining four major modern plant groups. Which group first evolved vascular tissue? A. ferns B. bryophytes C. flowering plants D. gymnosperms

A. ferns

Which are the most closely related? A. ferns and horsetails B. mosses and ferns C. liverworts and hornworts D. lycophytes and liverworts E. All pairs are equally related.

A. ferns and horsetails

If you wanted to design a drug that would inhibit normal fungi feeding, the drug could reduce _____. A. fungal cell surface area B. fungal cell reproduction rate C. fungal cell nuclear DNA content D. fungal cell number

A. fungal cell surface area

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged early in fungal evolution? A. the absence of chitin within the cell wall B. coenocytic hyphae C. flagellated spores D. parasitic lifestyle

C. flagellated spores

One conclusion you can draw from this figure is that A. gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do. B. gametophytes evolved before sporophytes. C. gametophytes grow from sporophytes. D. gametophyte cells are produced by mitosis; E. sporophyte cells are produced by meiosis.

A. gametophytes have fewer chromosomes than sporophytes do.

Stomata are found in every group of land plant except the liverworts. If stomata evolved only once among the bryophytes, this is evidence that A. liverworts resemble the earliest-evolving plants. B. liverworts don't need to exchange gases with the atmosphere. C. liverworts have lost the ability to make stomata. D. liverworts are able to fix nitrogen. E. gametophytes are more important in liverworts.

A. liverworts resemble the earliest-evolving plants.

Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? A. male gametophyte B. female gametophyte C. male sporophyte D. female sporophyte

A. male gametophyte

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following develops before the others after fertilization occurs? A. megaspore B. sporophyte embryo C. egg cell D. female gametophyte

A. megaspore

In angiosperms, which of the following is correctly paired with its chromosome count? A. microspore - 2n B. zygote - 2n C. egg - 2n D. megaspore - 2n

A. microspore - 2n

Which of the following statements describes a difference between seed plants and ferns? A. seed plants produce two kinds of spores B. seed plants have large gametophytes C. seed plants have vascular tissue D. seed plants can photosynthesize

A. seed plants produce two kinds of spores

In which of the following human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produces a fairy ring? A. skin mycoses B. coccidiomycosis (lung infection) C. systemic (blood-borne) Candida infection D. infection of lymphatic vessels

A. skin mycoses

Which of these structures produce spores? A. sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B. antheridium of a moss or fern C. archegonium of a moss or fern D. gametophyte of a moss

A. sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Which of the following answers arranges the structures found on male pine trees from the largest structure to the smallest? A. sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei B. sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei, pollen cone C. pollen cone, sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei D. pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei, sporophyte

A. sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei

Compared to nonvascular plants, the ancient relatives of vascular plants ________. A. the ancient relatives produced sporophyte generations independent of, not dependent on, gametophyte generations B. the ancient relatives produced much smaller sporophyte generations C. the ancient relatives produced sporophyte generations that provided more nutrition to gametophyte generations D. the ancient relatives probably experienced less competition for light

A. the ancient relatives produced sporophyte generations independent of, not dependent on, gametophyte generations

From the figure in question 51, which of the following statements accurately describes our current understanding of the phylogeny of fungi? A. the chytrids are a basal taxon B. zygomycetes are more closely related to ascomycetes than they are to glomeromycetes C. basidiomycetes are more closely related to zygomycetes than they are to ascomycetes D. glomeromycetes are a basal taxon

A. the chytrids are a basal taxon

Which of the following describes a reproductive strategy in yeast? A. they pinch off "bud cells" that are smaller than the parent cell B. they pinch off "bud cells" that are larger than the parent cell C. they undergo meiosis, producing two cells of unequal size D. they undergo meiosis, producing two cells of equal size

A. they pinch off "bud cells" that are smaller than the parent cell

Which of the following characteristics is found in heterosporous plants? A. two types of sporophylls B. vascular tissue C. one type of sporophyll D. a diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis

A. two types of sporophylls

Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the tree that produces seeds that are turned into chocolate. These trees provide many poor people in the tropics with some cash income. However, these farmers face many obstacles to production of their crop, including temperature and rainfall changes caused by atmospheric CO2increases, and many diseases and pests. Analysis of the cacao genome showed that there is some (but not a lot) of genetic variation in the 10 major varieties. Which of the following strategies would be most useful in the long term in reducing pressures faced by cacao farmers? A. Plant more trees in the temperate zone. B. Crossbreed cacao strains that produce high-quality cacao beans and ones resistant to a disease. C. Plant trees farther apart so that disease transmission rates from one tree to the next will be lower. D. Fertilize the trees in closely spaced areas and add fungicides and pesticides to eliminate pests

B. Crossbreed cacao strains that produce high-quality cacao beans and ones resistant to a disease.

Imagine that you wanted to know if speciation is more rapid in plant groups pollinated by bees or hummingbirds. To do this, you identified 20 genera of angiosperms that contained species pollinated by both types of animals. There were substantially more species in the groups that were pollinated by bees. Which of the following conclusions are most consistent with your data? A. Hummingbirds promoted speciation more than did bees. B. Hummingbirds promoted speciation less than did bees. C. Each genus should be split into two new genera. D. The rates of speciation were similar in groups pollinated by hummingbirds and bees.

B. Hummingbirds promoted speciation less than did bees.

Many types of plants produce fruit which is eaten by animals. The seeds of these plants are typically undigestible. Which of the following is an advantage for plants having undigestible seeds? A. It ensures that flowers of these plants will be pollinated. B. It allows the seeds to be dispersed into other areas. C. It allows seeds to reside in the gut until conditions are appropriate for germination. D. It provides a source of nutrients for the germinating seed.

B. It allows the seeds to be dispersed into other areas.

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which of the following characteristics would best support your identification of the organism as a plant and not an alga? A. It contains chloroplasts. B. It is surrounded by a cuticle. C. It lacks vascular tissue. D. It has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose.

B. It is surrounded by a cuticle.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the colonization of terrestrial habitats by plants? A. It occurred in conjunction with insects that pollinated them. B. It occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil. C. It helped them to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans. D. It occurred only about 150 million years ago.

B. It occurred in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America and produces large nuts. The large white part of a Brazil nut that people eat serves which of the following functions in nature? A. It attracts birds and encourages them to nest in the tree. B. It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling. C. It serves as protection for the embryo from animals looking for food. D. It provides a water source for the developing embryo.

B. It provides energy and nutrition to a germinating seedling.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about plant reproduction? A. Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage. B. Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia. C. Eggs and sperm of most plants swim toward one another. D. Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

B. Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.

Why do two sperm nuclei travel down the pollen tube? A. They both stimulate growth of the pollen tube. B. One fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei. C. One fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the synergid. D. One is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the pollen tube toward the micropyle. E. If one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus.

B. One fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei.

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? A. Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants. B. Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated. C. Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. D. Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars.

B. Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.

Why is seed dormancy adaptive for many plant species? A. Seed dormancy increases the longevity of an individual sporophyte plant. B. Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favorable for seedling growth. C. Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not compete with its parents. D. Seed dormancy ensures that a seedling does not germinate when a source of food is not available for the young seedling.

B. Seed dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are favorable for seedling growth.

Assuming equal spore production rates, what is a likely consequence in a bryophyte with both asexual and sexual reproduction versus one with only sexual reproduction? A. Species with both types of reproduction have higher rates of genetic diversity than species with only sexual reproduction. B. Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction. C. Species with both types of reproduction are less evolutionarily advanced than species with only sexual reproduction. D. Species with both types of reproduction occur primarily in dry environments.

B. Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction.

Which of the following assumptions led to the hypothesis that the first plants exhibited low, sprawling growth? A. They were tied to the water for reproduction, thus needing to remain in close contact with the moist soil. B. The ancestors of plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air. C. Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. D. There was less competition for space, so they simply spread out flat.

B. The ancestors of plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air.

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate? A. The transition to land occurred within a few generations. B. The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions. C. Rising sea levels favored individuals that were able to survive ever-drier conditions. D. The high light levels of terrestrial systems favored individuals that contained flexible photosynthetic enzyme systems.

B. The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.

Which of the following claims about moss gametophytes is most consistent with the observation that they lack a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick? A. They use stomata for gas exchange regulation. B. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. C. Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D. They have branching veins in their leaves.

B. They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Truffles are the fruiting bodies of certain fungi whose mycelium grows below ground. The truffle is also underground and can be detected by many mammals, which eat the truffle and expel the spores with their feces. Which of the following statements is likely accurate with respect to this interaction? A. The truffle spores are probably wind dispersed. B. Truffles produce an odor that mammals can detect and find attractive. C. Truffles probably produce toxins that can harm the mammals that eat them. D. Truffle fruiting bodies are important in decomposition of wood.

B. Truffles produce an odor that mammals can detect and find attractive.

Which has the longest dikaryotic mycelium? A. a glomeromycete B. a basidiomycete C. a yeast D. a chytridiomycete E. a lichen

B. a basidiomycete

Fungi interact with many organisms in mutualistic ways. Which of the following involves a fungus that is mutualistic with another organism? A. a fungus and a protozoan that live together as a lichen B. a fungus that is raised by ants on leaves that the ants collect from trees and shrubs C. a fungus that lives inside plant roots and produces toxins that kill neighboring plants D. a fungus that produces penicillin that is used by humans to kill infectious bacteria

B. a fungus that is raised by ants on leaves that the ants collect from trees and shrubs

Which of the following symbiotic relationships would most likely allow bryophytes to live successfully in a bare, moist area? A. a symbiosis with phosphorus-absorbing mycorrhizae fungi B. a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria C. a symbiosis with iron-absorbing algae D. a symbiosis with toxin-producing dinoflagellates

B. a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

If you were setting up a lab exercise for which you needed to arrange specimens such that those most closely related were nearest each other, what would you place near the fungi? A. plants B. animals C. bacteria D. protists

B. animals

Which of the following structures carries out sexual reproduction in ascomycetes? A. basidia B. ascocarps C. zygosporangia D. hyphae

B. ascocarps

If you wanted to grow a garden filled with the earliest living flowering plants, you would need to plant A. eudicots. B. basal angiosperms. C. monocots. D. magnoliids.

B. basal angiosperms.

Which of the following statements accurately describes our current understanding of the phylogeny of fungi as represented in the figure? A. the zygomycetes are a basal taxon B. basidiomycetes are more closely related to ascomycetes than they are to zygomycetes C. basidiomycetes are more closely related to zygomycetes than they are to ascomycetes D. glomeromycetes are a basal taxon

B. basidiomycetes are more closely related to ascomycetes than they are to zygomycetes

Which are the closest algal relatives of land plants? A. monilophytes B. charophytes C. chrysophytes D. bacillariophytes E. rhodophytes

B. charophytes

Which of the following functions is an advantage of seeds compared to spores? A. using wind as a dispersal agent B. containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte C. relying on animals for pollination D. providing nutrition for animals

B. containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

Which of the following describes the evolution of multicellularity in fungi and animals? A. common ancestry B. convergent evolution C. inheritance of acquired traits D. serial endosymbioses

B. convergent evolution

Which adaptations of land plants are likely to cause human health problems? A. sporophyte dominance and defenses against herbivory B. defenses against being eaten and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen C. sporophyte dominance and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen D. sporophyte dominance, defenses against herbivory, and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

B. defenses against being eaten and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true? A. spore dispersal distances would probably decrease B. females could produce only one archegonium C. unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" would probably flop over D. individuals would probably compete less effectively for access to light

B. females could produce only one archegonium

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. To which of the following groups does this plant most likely belong? A. mosses B. ferns C. gymnosperms D. flowering plants

B. ferns

An ancient date palm seed germinated and grew into a healthy plant. What was the source of nutrients for the young sporophyte during germination? A. sunlight B. food stored within the seed C. water taken up by the germinating seed D. the surrounding soil

B. food stored within the seed

When a mycelium infiltrates a recently killed mouse carcass, which of the following is most likely to appear within the tissues of the mouse soon after? A. fungal haustoria B. fungal enzymes C. increased oxygen levels D. larger bacterial population

B. fungal enzymes

Which of the following plant forms is best adapted to live in a forest with a temperate climate? A. zygote of a green alga B. gametophyte of a moss C. sporophyte of a liverwort D. gametophyte of a fern

B. gametophyte of a moss

Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of plants? A. kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B. green algae C. photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D. liverworts and mosses

B. green algae

From question 53, the internal fertilization that occurs in egg-laying animals prior to shell deposition is similar to what process in angiosperms? A. endosperm proliferation B. growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei C. fusion of carpels into a fruit D. seed coat hardening

B. growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following types of cells? A. cells with a single haploid nucleus or dikaryotic cells B. heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells C. heterokaryotic cells or cells with two diploid nuclei D. dikaryotic cells or cells with two diploid nuclei

B. heterokaryotic cells or dikaryotic cells

All fungi are ________. A. symbiotic B. heterotrophic C. flagellated D. decomposers

B. heterotrophic

The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following characteristics and process to occur? A. increased height, improved competition for water, and increased spore dispersal distances B. increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances C. decreased height, improved competition for light, and decreased spore dispersal distances D. decreased height, improved competition for water, and decreased spore dispersal distances

B. increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances

Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following results would support their claim? A. smaller apple size in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae B. increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae C. increased need for fertilizer in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae D. increased mortality in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

B. increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in gametophyte cells of both angiosperms and gymnosperms? A. diploid nuclei B. mitochondria C. endosperm D. chloroplasts

B. mitochondria

What type of cell division does the generative of a male angiosperm gametophyte cell undergo to produce sperm cells? A. binary fission B. mitosis C. meiosis D. meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

B. mitosis

Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host? A. parasitic B. mutualistic C. commensal D. predatory

B. mutualistic

Which of the following is a key feature used by seed plants to facilitate life on land? A. homospory B. pollen C. reduced sporophytes D. spores

B. pollen

What are lichens? A. mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots B. symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi C. a type of plant pathogen D. a type of marine eukaryote E. single-celled, flagellated protist ancestors of fungi

B. symbiotic associations between photosynthetic organisms and fungi

The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes? A. the ability to form symbiotic relationships with fungi B. the ability to grow taller C. the ability to protect developing embryos D. the ability to reproduce using flowers

B. the ability to grow taller

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism in a lichen? A. neither organism derives any benefit from the relationship B. the fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth C. the fungus fixes nitrogen for the photosynthetic microorganism D. the photosynthetic microorganism helps the fungus retain minerals

B. the fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth

Three of the following are evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants. Select the exception. A. similar sperm structure B. the presence of chloroplasts C. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D. genetic similarities in chloroplasts

B. the presence of chloroplasts

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? A. 8 B. 16 C. 24 D. 32

C. 24

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses? A. The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B. Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C. Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D. The sporophyte generation is dominant.

C. Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

Which phylum includes aquatic, flagellated fungi? A. Ascomycota B. Basidiomycota C. Chytridiomycota D. Zygomycota

C. Chytridiomycota

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A. Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B. Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D. Fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae.

C. Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae.

The most important adaptive advantage of filamentous fungal mycelia is ________. A. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms B. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats C. the increased chance of contact between mating types D. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

D. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? A. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. B. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and the ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. C. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. D. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

C. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

If bryophytes DO NOT have vascular tissue, how can some mosses reach 60 centimeters tall? A. The term nonvascular plant is actually incorrect in describing bryophytes. B. These tall mosses are more closely related to seed plants than to other mosses. C. Some mosses independently evolved conducting tissues. D. The rhizoids contain the conducting tissues.

C. Some mosses independently evolved conducting tissues.

Fungi produce many compounds that humans use medicinally. Which of the following statements best describes the evolution of these compounds in fungi? A. Humans used artificial selection to develop fungi that produced specific compounds. B. The presence of the compounds in the fungi were accidentally produced and have no function. C. The compounds probably provide a benefit to the fungi. D. The compounds are produced as a result of sexual reproduction and recombination.

C. The compounds probably provide a benefit to the fungi.

Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the mistletoe genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is sticky, which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the stickiness of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? A. The fruit is drab in color. B. The fruit is colored so as to provide it with camouflage. C. The fruit is nutritious to the organisms that disperse it. D. The fruit secretes enzymes that can digest bark.

C. The fruit is nutritious to the organisms that disperse it.

A researcher has developed two stains to use for visualizing different tissues of seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what will this researcher most likely observe? A. The pollen grains will be pure red. B. The pollen grains will be pure blue. C. The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors. D. The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors.

C. The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.

Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? A. They have exposed ovules. B. They have sperm that lack flagella. C. They are pollinated by animals. D. They are wind pollinated.

C. They are pollinated by animals.

Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? A. They have exposed ovules. B. They have flagellated sperm. C. They are pollinated by animals. D. They have flagellated sperm, and they are pollinated by animals.

C. They are pollinated by animals.

Which kind of fungus, if it was pathogenic, would be the greatest danger to a fish? A. an ascomycete B. a basidiomycete C. a chytridiomycete D. a glomeromycete E. a zygomycete

C. a chytridiomycete

Which would most surprise you if you found it as a fossil embedded in Carboniferous coal? A. moss B. liverwort C. angiosperm D. fern E. lycophyte

C. angiosperm

The flowers of wind-pollinated plants A. usually have flat blades to direct the wind. B. produce sticky pollen. C. are usually green and inconspicuous. D. are usually white and small. E. usually occur on separate male and female plants.

C. are usually green and inconspicuous.

Which feature does not fit with the others? A. three petals B. fibrous roots C. branched veins D. six carpels E. one cotyledon

C. branched veins

Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If orchid seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination? A. by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed B. by providing the seeds with water and minerals C. by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients the fungi have absorbed D. by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed

C. by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients the fungi have absorbed

Your lab partner asks you to hand over a flower part that will eventually enclose something with endosperm, so you give her a A. petal. B. sepal. C. carpel. D. stamen. E. receptacle.

C. carpel.

Which of the following types of fungi often live in the digestive tracts of sheep and cattle? A. ascomycetes B. mucoromycetes C. chytrids D. basidiomycetes

C. chytrids

Adaptations critical to plant success in terrestrial environments include seeds, vascular tissue, cuticle, and flowers. Which lists these adaptations in the order in which they appeared? A. seeds, vascular tissue, flowers, cuticle B. cuticle, seeds, flowers, vascular tissue C. cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers D. vascular tissue, cuticle, seeds, flowers

C. cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

Which of the following structures in an angiosperm is triploid? A. micropyle B. cotyledons C. endosperm D. gametophyte

C. endosperm

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Which of the following types of plant cells is most likely to produce this pigment? A. cells of a gametophyte B. vascular cells in the root C. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls D. cells of a megasporangium

C. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. Which of the following results might be a concern for the grape farmers who engage in this practice? A. fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes B. lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed C. fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae D. sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue

C. fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

Plants that have vascular tissue are more versatile than nonvascular plants. For example, vascular tissue enabled plants to A. reproduce via spores. B. store water. C. grow taller. D. develop stomata. E. support large gametophytes.

C. grow taller.

In which of the following structures of a plant are apical meristems found? A. only in shoots B. only in roots C. in both roots and shoots D. in pollen

C. in both roots and shoots

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. Seeding the island with which of the following would most likely accelerate the development of conditions that would support plant growth? A. basidiospores B. spores of ectomycorrhizae C. lichens D. yeasts

C. lichens

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are types of which of the following structures? A. female reproductive parts B. capable of photosynthesis C. modified leaves D. found on flowers

C. modified leaves

Which of the following are present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms? A. seeds B. pollen C. ovaries D. ovules

C. ovaries

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution over the past 200 million years? A. the trend toward smaller size B. the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle C. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle D. the trend toward larger gametophytes

C. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? A. in the style of a flower B. enclosed in the stigma of a flower C. within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower D. packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen

C. within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower

Açai berries come from trees that are native to the Amazon River Basin and now are the basis of many popular fruit drinks. Farmers with small areas harvest the berries in their family farms. Sometimes, they plant additional açai trees, weed out underbrush, and remove other trees in an effort to increase açai production. A recent study compared the forest characteristics of unmanipulated plots versus those where the farmers modified the plants in the plots. This study produced the following results: Which of the following conclusions are most consistent with the data? A. Açai production will help keep the biodiversity of the Amazonian rainforest intact even when farmers manipulate their plots. B. Açai production helps alleviate poverty by Amazonian people with small farms. C. Açai production does not affect the composition of the forest even when farmers manipulate their plots. D. Açai production changes the character of the forest when farmers manipulate their plots.

D. Açai production changes the character of the forest when farmers manipulate their plots.

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy. Which conclusion is most consistent with this information? A. It means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. B. It results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. C. It allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. D. It results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.

D. It results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells.

Which is NOT an example of how seedless vascular plants affected Earth and its other life? A. Early forests contributed to a large drop in CO2 levels. B. CO2 removed from the air was stored in marine rocks. C. Seedless vascular plants forming the first forests became coal. D. Plants reduced the rate at which chemicals such as calcium and magnesium were released from rocks into soil.

D. Plants reduced the rate at which chemicals such as calcium and magnesium were released from rocks into soil.

Which of the following statements about stomata is correct? A. Stomata are absent in aquatic plants. B. Stomata open when guard cells shrink. C. Stomata allow movement of nutrients into the plant. D. Stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant.

D. Stomata allow gases to diffuse into and out of the plant.

Which of the following is the most beneficial adaptation of the seed coats in angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by fruit-eating animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? A. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide nutrients to animals. B. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. C. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. D. The seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.

D. The seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the haploid gametophytes of bryophytes? A. They are multicellular, just like the haploid stages of animal species. B. They are multicellular and produce zygotes. C. They are usually composed of single cells, just like the gametes of mammals. D. They are usually multicellular, but lack vascular tissue.

D. They are usually multicellular, but lack vascular tissue.

Which of the following is a common feature among liverworts, hornworts, and mosses? A. They are all wind pollinated. B. They are heterosporous. C. They are pollinated by animals. D. They require standing water for reproduction.

D. They require standing water for reproduction.

Which plant-derived material(s) is/are used for fuel to produce heat? A. peat B. coal C. fern spores D. a and b E. a, b, and c

D. a and b

What is a root infected with mycorrhizal fungi? A. an ascomycete B. a basidomycete C. a chytridiomycete D. a glomeromycete E. a zygomycete

D. a glomeromycete

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? A. chlorophyll b B. cellulose in cell walls C. sexual reproduction D. alternation of multicellular generations

D. alternation of multicellular generations

Which of the following statements describes an adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia? A. the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms B. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats C. the increased probability of contact between different mating types D. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

D. an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

You are given a fungus to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of fungus is this? A. zygomycete B. chytrid C. deuteromycete D. ascomycete

D. ascomycete

Which of the following arranges the structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm? A. carpel, embryo sac, ovule, ovary, egg B. embryo sac, carpel, egg, ovary, ovule C. embryo sac, ovary, carpel, ovule, egg D. carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

D. carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A. presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition B. periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C. predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D. colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

D. colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

Many fungi produce antibiotics, such as penicillin, to stop bacterial growth. What is the evolutionary advantage of secreting antibacterial chemicals? A. defense: preventing bacteria from infecting the fungus B. defense: preventing bacteria from killing fungal spores C. symbiosis: attracting helpful bacteria D. competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food E. predation: eventually consuming the bacteria

D. competition: destroying bacteria that compete for their food

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A. ascospores B. basidiospores C. zygosporangia D. conidiophores

D. conidiophores

Chitin is a long-chain polymer derived from glucose. It strengthens cell walls of fungi and the outer covering (exoskeleton) of arthropods (including crabs, shrimps, and insects). The presence of chitin in these groups is likely the result of which of the following processes? A. secondary endoparasitism B. horizontal gene transfer C. paraphyletic evolution D. convergent evolution

D. convergent evolution

A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the outward growth of the mycelium? A. karyogamy B. mycelial flagella C. breezes distributing spores D. cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

D. cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

In spruces and pines, which of the following is an advantage of having needlelike leaves? A. increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis B. increased surface area, increasing gas exchange C. decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange D. decreased surface area, reducing water loss

D. decreased surface area, reducing water loss

For the past several decades, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. Sexual reproduction has not been observed in B. dendrobatidis. If its morphology and genetics did not identify it as a chytridiomycete, then to which fungal group would B. dendrobatidis be assigned? A. zygomycetes B. glomeromycetes C. basidiomycetes D. deuteromycetes

D. deuteromycetes

Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? A. male gametophyte B. female gametophyte C. male sporophyte D. female sporophyte

D. female sporophyte

Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle most directly produces the integument of a pine seed? A. male gametophyte B. female gametophyte C. male sporophyte D. female sporophyte

D. female sporophyte

Which of the following structures directly produces the fruit of angiosperms? A. male gametophyte B. female gametophyte C. male sporophyte D. female sporophyte

D. female sporophyte

The internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to which of the following structures in seedless plants? A. moss sporophyte B. moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia C. fern sporophyte D. fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

D. fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

Which of the following observations would best support the hypothesis that the ability to form mycorrhizal associations arose very early in plant evolution? A. presence of genes in the earliest fungi that showed an ability to digest cellulose and lignin B. presence of genes for chitin in the oldest flowering plants and oldest fungi C. that show hyphae wrapped around seeds D. formation of mycorrhizae by a flowering plant that expresses a gene from a liverwort

D. formation of mycorrhizae by a flowering plant that expresses a gene from a liverwort

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following lists the structures from largest to smallest? A. gametes, gametophytes, antheridia B. gametes, antheridia, gametophytes C. gametophytes, gametes, antheridia D. gametophytes, antheridia, gametes

D. gametophytes, antheridia, gametes

Four adaptations—cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers—are key characters defining four major modern plant groups. Which group first evolved seeds? A. ferns B. bryophytes C. flowering plants D. gymnosperms

D. gymnosperms

In plants, which of the following is a benefit of retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte? A. it protects the zygote from herbivores B. It helps in dispersal of pollen C. it helps in dispersal of the zygote D. it allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

D. it allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which term is incorrectly defined? A. sporophylls—modified leaves that bear sporangia B. strobili—cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls in lycophytes and gymnosperms C. sori—clusters of sporangia produced by fern sporophylls D. megaspores—spores that develop into male gametophytes

D. megaspores-spores that develop into male gametophytes

Which answer arranges the following structures in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus? A. mycelium, gill, basidiocarp, basidium, basidiospore B. gill, basidiocarp, mycelium, basidium, basidiospore C. gill, basidiocarp, basidiospore, basidium, mycelium D. mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore

D. mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore

Which of the following best describes a difference between wind-pollinated angiosperms and animal pollinated plants? Wind pollenated plants ________. A. produce fewer seeds because winds disperse seeds in a targeted manner B. produce more seeds because winds disperse seeds greater distances C. produce much less pollen because winds disperse pollen in a highly targeted manner D. produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly

D. produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly

Which of the following statements correctly describes the daughter cells that result from cytokinesis in budding yeasts? A. similar nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell B. smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell C. larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell D. similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell

D. similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure of a fern? A. the sporophyte generation is smaller in size than the gametophyte generation B. sporangia are found on the gametophyte C. ferns contain no vascular tissue D. sporangia are found on the sporophylls

D. sporangia are found on the sporophylls

Which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant spores? A. lignin B. cellulose C. chlorophyll D. sporopollenin

D. sporopollenin

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to secretions of plants like poison oak. These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that function in which of the following ways? A. to favor pollination B. to foster seed dispersal C. to decrease competition D. to inhibit herbivory

D. to inhibit herbivory