Unit 3 - Inflammation

blood

A hemorrhagic exudate contains:

icterus

A yellow discoloration in the skin, eyes, nails due to the retention of bilirubin

contain pus

An abscess and pustule are similar in that both

Heat / calor Redness/rubor Swelling/tumor Pain/dolor Altered function

Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

Carbuncle

Consists of several communicating boils (furuncles) in the same area, each having its own core . Pus will drain to the skin area. Common sites: neck, back and buttock.

physiological hypertrophy

Enlargement of the breasts during lactation is:

compensatory hypertrophy

Enlargement of the heart to offset a valvular defect is

Furuncle (boil)

Localized suppurative staphylococcal infection originating in a gland or hair follicle. Are abscesses located in the deeper layers of the skin with a solid core. There is pain, swelling and redness. The inflamed tissue in the center forms a solid core of dead tissues that will either be spontaneously reabsorbs, extruded (forced out) or needs to be surgically removed.

healing

Repair is the process of:

pathological atrophy

Shrinkage of muscle following paralysis is an example of

Outcome of Inflammation

When the inflammation process has overcome the injurious agent, the next step is about repairing damaged tissue and returning the body part to its original state if possible.

inflammation

Which is a protective reaction to an injury?

algor

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation: pain rubor algor tumor calor altered function

Exudation

_______ is the actual escape of the fluids, cells and other substances from the blood vessels and deposited in or on the tissues.

Ulcer

a circumscribed, crater-like lesion of skin or mucous membranes resulting from necrosis that accompanies some inflammation, infectious or malignant process. A circumscribed area of necrosis of the skin or mucous membrane in which dead cells are sloughed (fall) off.

Hemorrhagic exudate

any exudate that contains blood

Altered function

caused by disturbances of function due to interference with nerves, destruction of tissues and movement of inflammatory exudate.

Serous exudate

contains a clear, thin fluid without inflammatory material.

Redness / rubor

due to increased blood flow to the area .

Pain / dolor

excess fluid and exudate in the area causes swelling which press on the nerve endings to create pain.

Swelling / tumor

excess fluid and exudate in the area causes swelling.

Repair

the process of healing in which the affected area is filled with connective tissue and when healed may leave a scar (cicatrix).

Regeneration

the replacement of damaged tissue with identical tissue.

Resolution

the termination of an inflammatory reaction with the affected area returning to its natural state and function.

abscess

A cavity containing pus and surrounded by an inflamed tissue

pus

A purulent exudate contains:

Physical agents such as splinters, glass, ultra violet light, extreme heat or cold. Chemical irritants such as poison, acid, venom, irritating gases (chlorine). Infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, virus, worms, insects. Immunologic reactions such as autoimmune disease, allergic inflammation.

Causes of inflammation:

Heat / calor

due to increased blood flow to the area.

bullae

Large vesicles ( > 5mm) are termed ______.

"healing by first intention".

Scar formation is relatively limited if the defect to be repaired is small. This is the idea behind closing lacerations with sutures. By re-opposing the damaged tissues as closely as possible, the tissue gap to be filled in is substantially minimized. This is called: "healing by first intention".

recurrent

This usually describes a disease which shows alternating increases and decreases in their symptoms

idiopathic

A disease of unknown origin

disease

A disturbance in the structure or function of cells, tissues or organs of the body describes a

Abscess

A localized collection of pus in any part of the body. a cavity containing pus and surrounded by an inflamed tissue. Formed as a result of suppuration (process of forming pus) in a localized infection.

abscess

A localized collection of pus surrounded by a wall of inflammatory tissue is a (an):

blister or vesicle

A rounded elevation of tissue containing a serous fluid is called:

pustule

A small elevation of skin filled with pus is referred to as a

Pustule

A small elevation of skin filled with pus, as in a pimple.

ulcer

An area of necrotic tissue in which dead cells are sloughed from a free surface is referred to as a(an):

all of the above

Examples of agent(s) that may cause an inflammatory reaction include: allergens Infections excessive heat trauma all of the above none of the above

Tissue repair and restoration

In this phase of the inflammatory process, the affected area is filled in with connective tissue produced by the fibroblasts. The end result may be complete restoration of tissue to its original configuration or the formation of a scar or cicatrix.

Inflammation

Is a reaction to injury in which cells and fluids act to neutralize or restrict the injurious agent and subsequently repair the damage cell.

Exudate

Is the fluid, cells and other substances that have been released (escaped) from cells or blood vessels usually as a result of inflammation.

Inflammation

It is a protective response.

Inflammation

It is nature's way of correcting or protecting the body from injurious agents.

loss of function

The five cardinal signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain and?

amyloid

This disease presents with an accumulation of a waxy, starch-like glycoprotein in tissues and organs

gout

This results from excessive uric acid accumulating in the joints.

calcification

This type of infiltration is most common in tuberculosis

caseous

This type of necrosis is soft, friable and has a gray-white appearance:

producing an inflammatory response.

Tissues react to local injury, foreign invasion or irritation by:

- abscess - ulcer - vesicle - furuncle (boil) - carbuncle - pustule

Types of Inflammatory Lesions

Inflammation

_______ is the sum total of the body's reaction and responses to the event of injury.

Purulent (suppurative)

________ exudate - an exudate consisting largely or solely of pus. This may also be called suppurative exudate.

True

As a general rule, connective tissue and epithelial tissue regenerates very well, muscles poorly and nervous tissue the least of all. (T/F)

necropsy

Autopsy may also be referred to as:

"healing by second intention."

If, in the case of broad areas of tissue damage, as seen in major trauma and extensive burns, tissue repair occurs at all, it is:

After the triggering event occurs and bacteria enter and multiply. 1. Increased blood flow to the region, known as congestion. Arteries to the site of inflammation will dilate, causing local hyperemia (an excess amount of blood in a body part). 2. Exudate collects at site of infection, which walls off the area from the rest of the body, caused by the presence of fibrin in the exudate. 3. Leukocytes accumulate at the site of infection, utilizing diapedesis. 4. Leukocytes combine with microbes and toxins to form a yellow-greenish creamy mixture known as pus, which collects at the infection site. Pus is composed of dead bacteria, exudate, dead tissue cells, and WBCs.

In acute inflammation, a relatively orderly and predictable series of reactions will follow:

True

Inflammation is no friend of the embalmer. (T/F)

Vesicle

Is a small blister ( < 5mm) A rounded elevation of tissue containing a clear or serous fluid. Does NOT contain pus.

endogenous pigmentation

Melanin plays a role in

the process of pus formation

Suppuration is:

resolution

Termination of an inflammatory process with the involved body part returned back to its normal state is called:

the size

The difference between a vesicle and blister is ________.

exudation

The escape of fluids, cells and other substances from the blood vessels is called:

inflammation

The reaction of a tissue to an irritant is called:

exudate

The thick liquid that collects around an infection site is called:

carbuncle

The union of two or more boils results in a:

clinical

This branch of pathology that studies body fluids is called:

furuncle

An abscess that originates in a hair follicle is called