Unit 3: The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Whose Spirit of the laws, 1748, served as a basis for the American Constitution's "separation of powers"? A: Montesquieu B: Voltaire C: Hume D: Diderot E: Rousseau

A: Montesquieu

The philosophers shared the following characteristics EXCEPT; A: Most believed that the Enlightenment was "the best of all possible worlds" B: Most were Deists C: Most accepted the philosophical principles of John Locke D: Most rejected organized religion E: Most sought to foster human progress according to the principles of natural law

A: Most believed that the Enlightenment was "the best of all possible worlds"

The Scientific Revolution can be said to have begun with the heliocentric astronomy of Copernicus and to have culminated with the scientific synthesis of; A: Newton B: Kepler C: Francis Bacon D: Galileo E: Tycho Brahe

A: Newton

What is the best explanation for Isaac Newton's importance to the scientific revolution? A: Newton provided an explanation of the systematic organization of the universe in physics. B: Newtonian behavior provided a scientific explanation for heliocentrism C: Newton proved that the Ptolemaic universe was an error D: Newton's works were discussed by philosophers in saloons E: Newton publicized the findings of astronomers to other scientists

A: Newton provided an explanation of the systematic organization of the universe.

Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century supported all of the following EXCEPT; A: Pacifist foreign policy B: Increased economic productivity C: Admiistrative reform D: Secular and technical education E: Religious tolerance

A: Pacifist foreign policy

Kepler's relationship to the Copernican thesis was to; A: Provide mathematical proof for it B: Reject it as had his mentor Tycho Brahe C: Prove it by using the telescope D: Challenge it because it did not include the harmony of the spheres E: Denounce Galileo for denying the church

A: Provide mathematical proof for it

The eighteenth-century philosophers believed that society could best achieve progress through; A: Scientific empiricism B: Analysis of Greek and Latin texts C: Intuition D: Prayer and contemplation E: Hard work and self-denial

A: Scientific empiricism

Which of the following most directly led to the rise of deism in the eighteenth century? A: The mechanistic cosmology of Newton B: The religious wars of the seventeenth century C: Decrease in the number of witchcraft accusations D: The return of economic stability in western Europe E: The influence of the Freemasons

A: The mechanistic cosmology of Newton

The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following? A: Galileo B: Aristotle C: Euclid D: Archimedes E: Copernicus

B: Aristotle

All of the following ideas are associated with the work of John Locke EXCEPT: A: Education reform B: Socialism C: The state of nature D: Empiricism E: The right of revolution

B: Socialism

The chief difference between the scientific revolution and th Enlightenment is; A: The attitude of the church B: The focus of intellectual inquiry C: The gender of the scientists, all male, and the philosophers, many female. D: The religious discourses of the scientists and philosophers E: The country in which each began

B: The focus of intellectual inquiry

Which was NOT a cause of the scientific revolution? A: The patronage of princes and kings B: The search for the physical location of the soul within the body C: The establishment of departments of physics and mathematics at universities D: New technology E: The recovery of ancient mathematical texts during the Renaissance

B: The search for the physical location of the soul within the body

Many philosophers, such as Voltaire, believed that governmental reform would be accomplished by; A: Trusting the masses B: Revolution C: Benevolent absolutist monarchs D: The introduction of democracy E: Empowering the nobles at the expense of the kings

C: Benevolent absolutist monarchs

Of the following astronomers, which did NOT accept the heliocentric theory? A: Kepler B: Newton C: Brahe D: Galileo E: Copernicus

C: Brahe

Both Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon articulated theories of the scientific method in the seventeenth century. A major difference between the theories involves: A: Descartes's continuing belief in supernatural explanations B: Bacon's challenging the Scholastic intellectual tradition C: Descartes's emphasis on the importance of mathematics D: Bacon's rejection of systematic observation of nature E: Bacon's adherence to the geocentric theory in astronomy

C: Descartes's emphasis on the importance of mathematics

Tsarina Catherine the Great A: Imprisoned her husband Tsar Peter III. B: Was of Russian Romanov heritage C: Extended Russia's territorial holdings. D: Reduced the power of the Russian nobility. E: Introduced reforms easing robot

C: Extended Russia's territorial holdings.

One of the earliest controversial ideas that arose during the scientific revolution was the; A: Theory of relativity B: Idea that empiricism was outdated and unscientific C: Heliocentric model of the universe D: Geocentric model of the universe E: Law of universal gravitation

C: Heliocentric model of the universe

A philosopher of 18th century France would; A: Support the political theories earlier advocated by Thomas Hobbes. B: Reject the mechanistic view of the world advanced by earlier scientists C: Oppose religious intolerance and superstition D: Strongly advocate the nationalistic aspirations of the monarchy. E: Ridicule the idea of progress.

C: Oppose religious intolerance and superstition

"Ecrasez l'infame," Voltaire's slogan of "crush the infamous thing," called for the suppression of; A: Censorship B: French universities C: The Church D: The French monarchy E: Immorality

C: The Church

The Enlightenment; A: Regarded human progress as an impossibility "in this best of all possible worlds" B: Rejected the claims of modern science C: Was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things D: Was widely attacked by the royalty and nobility of Europe E: Was diametrically opposed to the Newtonian concept of natural law

C: Was based upon the assumption that science and reason can explain all things

Which of the following rulers exemplified the theory of enlightened despotism? A: Elizabeth I of England B: Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire C: Louis XIV of France D: Frederick II of Prussia E: Peter I of Russia

D: Frederick II of Prussia

A major result of Poland's inability to create a strong, centralized monarchy in the eighteenth century was; A: A successful effort at internal reform B: A diplomatic agreement between France and Britain to maintain Polish neutrality. C: The decline of the Polish economy and its absorption by Russian commerce. D: The eventual partition of the Polish state by its powerful neighbors. E: The creation of an alliance between the nobility and powerful merchants.

D: The eventual partition of the Polish state by its powerful neighbors.

Which best characterized Enlightened Despotism? A: The monarch believes in the people's ultimate right to, and capability for, self-rule. B: The monarch is an educated person who exercises absolute authority solely as he sees fit. C: The monarch encourages the spread of Deism and rationalism. D: The monarch rules with absolute authority for the good of the people. E: The monarch supports and fosters the growth of democracy.

D: The monarch rules with absolute authority for the good of the people.

Which was NOT a major characteristic of the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century? A: A modern scientific method developed that stressed reason over tradition B: Uncovering much knowledge about the physical world. C: Challenged medieval superstition and general acceptance of Aristotle's theories D: Growth of a learned society, such as the Royal Society of London E: A widespread growth of knowledge among the general population

E: A widespread growth of knowledge among the general population

Rousseau's concept of the ideal government was centered on; A: A strengthened army. B: A strengthened monarchy. C: Abolition of the government. D: A theocracy. E: The general will.

E: The general will.

The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton embraced; A: The belief in the fixed, central position of the Earth B: Aristotelian philosophy C: A belief in an ascending "chain of being" D: A conception of a spiritually animate universe E: The science of mechanics

E: The science of mechanics