Unit 4: Cellular Respiration and Plant Structure

Cells use the ATP for:

Active transport movement Reproduction Synthesis of organic compounds Responses to chemical signals

Cells use the ______ produced during cellular respiration by having ________ break ________ ________ of ATP (between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate) to release the stored energy.

ATP enzymes chemical bonds

Anaerobic Respiration vs Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic respiration is without the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis occurs first to break glucose in half and then yeast turn the pyruvate into ethanol and CO2 or muscles turn the pyruvate into lactic acid. Only 2 ATP are produced. In aerobic respiration, oxygen is present so organisms with mitochondria can process glucose further, starting with glycolysis (2ATP), then the Krebs Cycle (2 more ATP), and then the Electron Transport Chain (32-34 ATP), providing 36-38 ATP for the cell of any eukaryote.

C6H12O6 and O2 are the _________of photosynthesis or the _____________________

C6H12O6 and O2 are the products of photosynthesis or the reactants or raw materials of cell respiration.

Cells use the ATP produced during cellular respiration by .....

Cells use the ATP produced during cellular respiration by having enzymes break the chemical bonds of ATP (between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate), to release the stored energy.

Why is cellular respiration considered to be much more efficient than glycolysis alone?

Cellular respiration is able, in the presence of oxygen, to break 1 glucose into 32-34 more ATP than glycolysis alone, which is able to only generate 2 ATP.

Equation

Glucose and oxygen yields ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.

__________ Which are in charge of opening/closing the stomata

Guard cells

Anaerobic respiration

NO OXYGEN REQUIRED. Step 2 is fermentation. Occurs in marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds. The pyruvate from glycolysis is processed, but without oxygen present, fermentation occurs. If talking about yeast, the product of this process, called alcoholic fermentation, is ethanol. If talking about muscle cells, the product of this reaction, called Lactic Acid Fermentation, is Lactic Acid. No more ATP are produced.

_____________ do not have specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients great distances, therefore they stay close to water sources. An example is ______.

Non-vascular plants do not have specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients great distances, therefore they stay close to water sources. An example is moss.

Aerobic respiration

Oxygen is required. Step 2 is called the Krebs cycle, and takes place in the mitochondria. The pyruvate from the glycolysis is further processed, but with oxygen present. Carbon dioxide is released and an additional 2 ATP are produced. Step 3 is called the electron transport chain. There is more carbon dioxide produced as the pyruvate is processed even further. An additional 32-34 ATP are produced.

Describe the relationship that exists between plants and oxygen-breathing organisms. Hint: Make sure to include both parts of the relationship.

Plants provide oxygen to oxygen-breathing organisms through photosynthesis and then the oxygen-breathing organisms release carbon dioxide into the air, which plants use to perform photosynthesis.

Plants that use flowers for reproduction are called _____________ whereas plants that use cones for reproduction are called ___________.

Plants that use flowers for reproduction are called angiosperms whereas plants that use cones for reproduction are called gymnosperms

Glycolysis

Step one of cellular respiration. Starts in the cytoplasm. It is the breakdown of glucose. Put two ATP molecules in to start the reaction and break in half to produce pyruvate and 2 ATP.

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose, in the presence of oxygen, to produce ATP which is used for energy. All eukaryotes can perform cellular respiration because they have mitochondria.

Explain why Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration are complementary processes.

The products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis and the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. Both processes need the other in order to function.

___________ have specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients great distances. An example is any type of ______ ____ ______.

Vascular plants have specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients great distances. An example is any type of tree or flower.

Tissue that protects the leaf

dermal

All other types of tissue

ground

Tissue that transports water and nutrients

vascular