Unit 4: Chapter 10 (Nervous System I)

The gaps between segments of myelin along an axon are called _____ of ______

nodes of Ranvier

Mature ______ do not divide. neurons neuroglia

neurons

Place the following events in order that result in the release of a neurotransmitter.

1) Action potential reaches the synaptic knob 2) Calcium channels open 3) Calcium diffuses into the synaptic knob 4) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane 5) Neurotransmitter molecules are released into synaptic cleft

A neuron has a spherical surface (labeled as B) from which root-like structures (labeled as A) extend outward. A tubular filament extends from B that branches into two at the other end. The tubular filament is segmented. One of the segments is labeled as C. At the terminal, root-like structures extend outward that is labeled as D.

A matches Choice dendrite B matches Choice chromatophilic substance C matches Choice Schwann cell D matches Choice axon

The neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions, stimulating skeletal muscle contraction, is

ACh

Identify the prefix that means "two". Multiple choice question. Uni- Bi- Multi-

Bi-

Integration and processing

Brain and spinal cord

Which division of the nervous system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord? Multiple choice question. Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Central nervous system

Which are the two major divisions of the nervous system? Multiple choice question. Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system and peripheral nervous system Central nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

What is a function of the nervous system? Multiple choice question. Coordinate all other body functions Generate force and produce movement of the skeletal system Protect the body against foreign invaders

Coordinate all other body functions

The effect that a neurotransmitter has on a cell is dependent upon the receptors that it binds to at the synapse.

TRUE

Motor output

Effector

amino acids

GABA

The action of a _____ depends on the receptors at a particular synapse.

neurotransmitter

Thinking, learning, and regulating movement are functions of which organ system? Multiple choice question. Respiratory Nervous Muscular Cardiovascular

Nervous

What is a refractory period for a membrane? Multiple choice question. Threshold potential needed to initiate an action potential. Initial part of an action potential when Na+ is rushing into the cell. Period of time after an action potential when the membrane cannot send another action potential.

Period of time after an action potential when the membrane cannot send another action potential.

What division of the nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves? Multiple choice question. Central nervous system Autonomic nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Indicate three general functions of neuroglia. Multiple select question. Conduct impulses for muscle contraction. Provide structural support of neurons. Carry out phagocytosis. Integrate information to store memories. Produce components of myelin.

Provide structural support of neurons. Carry out phagocytosis. Produce components of myelin.

Indicate three general functions of neuroglia. Multiple select question. Provide structural support of neurons. Integrate information to store memories. Conduct impulses for muscle contraction. Produce components of myelin. Carry out phagocytosis.

Provide structural support of neurons. Produce components of myelin. Carry out phagocytosis.

Sensory input

Receptor

Which type of structures detects changes in the internal and external environment? Multiple choice question. Effectors Receptors Synapses Axons

Receptors

Identify three functions of neuroglial cells. Multiple select question. Remove excess ions and neurotransmitters from areas surrounding neurons. conduct impulses to stimulate muscle contractions produce growth factors for neurons conduct impulses to stimulate glandular secretions guide neurons into position during embryogenesis

Remove excess ions and neurotransmitters from areas surrounding neurons. produce growth factors for neurons guide neurons into position during embryogenesis

What is the source of myelin, found around large axons of the peripheral nervous system? Multiple choice question. Tight packing of synaptic knobs along the length of the axon. Lipid-rich material secreted by the axon. Schwann cell membranes tightly wound around axons. Lipid-rich material secreted by Schwann cells.

Schwann cell membranes tightly wound around axons.

In the peripheral nervous system, which type of neuroglial cell produces myelin? Multiple choice question. microglia Schwann cells oligodendrocytes satellite cells

Schwann cells

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS, are ______. Multiple choice question. ependymal cells Schwann cells satellite cells oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS, are ______. Multiple choice question. oligodendrocytes ependymal cells Schwann cells satellite cells

Schwann cells

Which type of neuroglia produces the myelin in the peripheral nervous system? Multiple choice question. oligodendrocytes Schwann cells satellite cells ependymal cells

Schwann cells

Which of the following are neuroglia found in the peripheral nervous system? Multiple choice question. satellite cells and ependyma cells astrocytes and microglia Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells and satellite cells

Schwann cells and satellite cells

________ receptors detect changes in internal and external body conditions.

Sensory

What organs make up the central nervous system? Multiple select question. Spinal cord Spinal nerves Cranial nerves Brain Sensory receptors

Spinal cord Brain

Which organs make up the peripheral nervous system? Multiple select question. Spinal nerves Brain Cranial nerves Spinal cord

Spinal nerves Cranial nerves

Which two characteristics apply to cells called interneurons (or association neurons)? Multiple select question. They send impulses toward the CNS. They are bipolar neurons. They are multipolar neurons. They link sensory neurons to motor neurons.

They are multipolar neurons. They link sensory neurons to motor neurons.

Which two characteristics apply to cells called interneurons (or association neurons)? Multiple select question. They link sensory neurons to motor neurons. They send impulses toward the CNS. They are multipolar neurons. They are bipolar neurons.

They link sensory neurons to motor neurons. They are multipolar neurons.

What is the function of divergent neuronal circuits in the nervous system? Multiple choice question. To integrate incoming sensory signals. To collect and process impulses from different areas of the nervous system. To amplify impulses.

To amplify impulses.

What is axon collateral? Multiple choice question. where the axon attaches to the cell body a bundle of neurofibrils within the axon a branch of an axon modified endoplasmic reticulum

a branch of an axon

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for skeletal muscle contraction? Multiple choice question. endorphins dopamine acetylcholine norepinephrine

acetylcholine

What is the effect of a neuromodulator? Multiple choice question. stimulates the production of neurotransmitter molecules alters the response of the neuron to a neurotransmitter stimulates regeneration of a damaged axon triggers the opening of voltage-gated ion channels

alters the response of the neuron to a neurotransmitter

As an action potential occurs in one area of the axon, an electrical current to neighboring areas of the membrane initiates ______. Multiple choice question. another action potential hyperpolarization of the membrane a graded potential

another action potential

Where is the synaptic knob found? Multiple choice question. at the end of an axon terminal at the end of a dendrite on the axon hillock where the dendrite attaches to the cell body

at the end of an axon terminal

Where are axon terminals located? Multiple choice question. inside the neuron cell body at the ends of axons in the neuron nucleus at the ends of dendrites

at the ends of axons

On the neuron cell body, the region called the axon hillock is the origin of what structure? Multiple choice question. axon terminal dendrite axon

axon

A neuron has only one _____ but can have many ______

axon, dendrites

Neurons include cell bodies and cell processes called ______ and ______

axon, dendrites

A neuron has no more than one ______, but can have many ______. Multiple choice question. dendrite; axons axon; cell bodies axon; dendrites dendrite; cell bodies

axon; dendrites

Where is a synaptic cleft located? Multiple choice question. between the dendrite and the cell body between a synaptic knob and another cell deep within the myelin sheaths around an axon

between a synaptic knob and another cell

What will trigger the opening of chemically gated ion channels? Multiple choice question. changes in membrane potential binding of neurotransmitter molecules

binding of neurotransmitter molecules

Which ion diffuses into the synaptic knob, resulting in the release of a neurotransmitter? Multiple choice question. chloride sodium potassium calcium

calcium

Which three items are parts of a neuron? Multiple select question. cell body myelin sheath dendrites axon

cell body dendrites axon

Within neurons, dendrites are processes extending from the ______. They function to carry signals ______ the cell body. Multiple choice question. cell body; toward axon terminal; toward cell body; away from axon; away from

cell body; toward

In the ______ nervous system, neurons are organized into neuronal pools.

central

Structures called tracts are bundles of axons occurring within the ______ nervous system. Multiple choice question. central peripheral

central

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____nervous system and the _______ nervous system

central peripheral

Neurotransmitters bind to ion channels that are ______-gated ion channels. Multiple choice question. voltage chemically

chemically

What is the term for branches given off by an axon? Multiple choice question. collaterals shoots spines arborizations

collaterals

The term ______ describes an arrangement of neurons in which two or more presynaptic neurons synapse onto a single postsynaptic neuron. Multiple choice question. divergence convergence summation

convergence

The nerves emerging from the brain, as indicated by the arrows, are _____ nerves

cranial

The extension of a neuron that receives input is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. myelin sheath dendrite astrocyte axon

dendrite

Within the neuron ______ are highly branched cellular processes that carry signals toward the cell body of the neuron.

dendrites

A cell membrane is ______ if its membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive) than the resting potential. Multiple choice question. depolarized hyperpolarized repolarized

depolarized

In the process of ______, one presynaptic neuron synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons. Multiple choice question. summation divergence convergence

divergence

When one neuron synapses with several other neurons, this is a ______ circuit. Multiple choice question. converging parallel diverging

diverging

Mature neurons ______ divide. Multiple choice question. do do not

do not

Neurons that send signals away from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) and glands are called _____ neurons.

efferent or motor

neuropeptides

endorphins

neuropeptides

enkephalins

Neurons are ______, meaning they respond to changes in their surroundings with changes in their membrane potential. Multiple choice question. pliable elastic excitable contractile

excitable

Since neurons can respond to changes in their surroundings, they are described as _____

excitable

An ______ postsynaptic potential involves the opening of sodium channels, depolarizing the membrane, and bringing it closer to a threshold level. Multiple choice question. inhibitory excitatory

excitatory

Motor neurons conduct impulses in which direction? Multiple choice question. from the spinal cord to the brain from the brain to the spinal cord from the peripheral body parts to the brain and spinal cord from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral body parts

from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral body parts

amino acids

glycine

What are neuronal pools? Multiple choice question. groups of neurons in the CNS with a common function different circuits based on the shape of the neuron groups of neurons in the PNS with a common function

groups of neurons in the CNS with a common function

The region of a neuron where the axon originates is called the axon ____

hillock

Where are neurotransmitters stored? Multiple choice question. in the axon at the receptors on postsynaptic membrane in synaptic vesicles in the synaptic cleft

in synaptic vesicles

Sensory receptors detect changes in _____ body conditions. Multiple choice question. internal and external only external only internal

internal and external

Sensory receptors detect changes in _____ body conditions. Multiple choice question. only external only internal internal and external

internal and external

Which cells lie entirely within the brain or spinal cord and form links between other neurons in the central nervous system? Multiple choice question. sensory neurons glial cells motor neurons interneurons

interneurons

The axon terminal ends as a synaptic _____ close to the receptive surface of another cell, separated only by a space called the synaptic cleft.

knob

When depolarization occurs, the resting membrane potential becomes ______ negative and ______ 0mV. Multiple choice question. more; closer to less; further from more; further from less; closer to

less; closer to

A charge inside of a cell, indicating that there is the possibility that charges will move across the cell membrane, is called ______. Multiple choice question. equilibrium cytoplasmic polarity membrane potential membrane instability

membrane potential

Indicate the four types of neuroglia (glial cells) in the central nervous system. Multiple select question. Schwann cells satellite cells microglia ganglia astrocytes ependymal cells oligodendrocytes

microglia astrocytes ependymal cells oligodendrocytes

Multipolar neurons called ______ neurons send signals from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles and glands. Multiple choice question. sensory association motor

motor

What gives white matter of the central nervous system its white color? Multiple choice question. synapses myelin synaptic clefts cell bodies

myelin

Oligodendrocytes form ______ in the central nervous system. Multiple choice question. myelin sheaths the blood brain barrier the linings of ventricles structural support for neurons

myelin sheaths

What is the name for bundles of axons found within the peripheral nervous system? Multiple choice question. nerves synapses myelin sheaths tracts

nerves

What is the term for bundles of axons within the peripheral nervous system? Multiple choice question. nerves tracts

nerves

The master regulatory system that sends and receives information is the ______ system

nervous

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are types of ______ found in the ______. Multiple choice question. neuroglia; CNS neuroglia; PNS neurons; CNS neurons; PNS

neuroglia; CNS

Schwann cells and satellite cells are types of ______ found in the ______ nervous system. Multiple choice question. neuroglia; peripheral neuroglia; central neurons; central neurons; peripheral

neuroglia; peripheral

Schwann cells and satellite cells are types of ______ found in the ______ nervous system. Multiple choice question. neuroglia; peripheral neurons; peripheral neurons; central neuroglia; central

neuroglia; peripheral

A molecule acting as a(n) ___will alter the release of neurotransmitters or alter the response of the postsynaptic neuron to the neurotransmitter.

neuromodulator

Dendrites are branches off of the ______ that function to ______. Multiple choice question. axon; send outgoing signals neuron cell body; receive incoming signals neuron cell body; produce proteins for the neuron

neuron cell body; receive incoming signals

Dendrites are branches off of the ______ that function to ______. Multiple choice question. neuron cell body; produce proteins for the neuron axon; send outgoing signals neuron cell body; receive incoming signals

neuron cell body; receive incoming signals

What is the name of the gaps found between segments of myelin along an axon? Multiple choice question. internodes nodes of Ranvier synapses initial segments

nodes of Ranvier

monoamines

norepinephrine

Name the type of neuroglia that provides insulating layers of myelin (myelin sheath) in the brain and spinal cord. Multiple choice question. ependymal cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

In which branch of the nervous system do the Schwann cells wrap around axons creating myelin sheaths? Multiple choice question. peripheral nervous system central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Most cells are negatively charged on the inside but have a positively charged extracellular space outside. This difference in charges is called ______. Multiple choice question. neutrality equality polarity ionization

polarity

The water molecule shows ______ because it has negatively-charged regions in the vicinity of the oxygen atom and positively-charged regions near the hydrogen atoms. Multiple choice question. equality polarity neutrality ionization

polarity

The term indicating that charges are likely to move across the cell membrane is membrane _____

potential

A(n) _____ period is a brief time following a nerve impulse when the membrane is unresponsive to an ordinary stimulus.

refractory

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurs when neurotransmitters bind to their receptors and open chemically-gated ______ channels. Multiple choice question. calcium magnesium potassium sodium

sodium

The neuroglial cell that produces myelin to surround neurons in the peripheral nervous system is the _____ cell

schwann

Nerve impulses are conducted via the _____ neurons from peripheral body parts into the brain and spinal cord.

sensory

Which type of neuron conducts impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord? Multiple choice question. interneuron efferent neuron motor neuron sensory neuron

sensory neuron

Neurons carrying nerve impulses toward the CNS are _____ neurons; while neurons carrying nerve impulses from the CNS to the periphery are _____ neurons.

sensory or afferent motor or efferent

monoamines

serotonin

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) occurs when neurotransmitters bind to their receptors and open chemically-gated ______ channels. Multiple choice question. sodium potassium calcium magnesium

sodium

The structures emerging from the spinal cord (shown at the ends of the arrows) are a specific type of nerve called ______ nerves

spinal

One neuron sends a signal to a nearby neuron through a structure called a(n) ____

synapses

The space between the synaptic knob of one neuron and the receptive surface of another is called the ______. Multiple choice question. axon hillock axon terminal synaptic cleft synapse

synaptic cleft

The end of an axon may have many fine extensions, each with a specialized ending called an axon _______

terminal

Bundles of axons within the central nervous system are called ______

tracts

Within the central nervous system, axons bundled together are called ______. Multiple choice question. synapses myelin sheaths tracts nerves

tracts

Once synthesized, neurotransmitters are stored in membrane-bound structures called _____

vesicles

As an action potential occurs in one area of the axon, it causes nearby ______ channels to open, initiating another action potential in the neighboring membrane. Multiple choice question. non-gated leak voltage-gated

voltage-gated

Within the central nervous system, tissue called ______ matter consists of bundles of ______ axons. Multiple choice question. white; myelinated gray; myelinated white; unmyelinated

white; myelinated