unit 4 mcqs part 2
Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? (A) The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians (B) The desire to spread democracy (C) The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies (D) The need for industrial resources
(A) The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians
The passage best supports which of the following statements? (A) A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own. (B) Slaves were permitted to maintain families of their own. (C) Women contributed to the family income by weaving textiles. (D) Women were the legal heads of the household in most families.
(A) A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own.
The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions? (A) Africa (B) The Caribbean (C) Russia (D) South America
(A) Africa
Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above? (A) African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity (B) Japanese elites of the Tokugawa period encouraging the spread of Buddhism to promote cultural cohesion (C) Chinese migrant laborers in the United States converting to Christianity in order to better fit into the dominant culture (D) The indigenous rulers of Islamic states in Southeast Asia adapting aspects of Islam to local cultural and religious traditions
(A) African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity
Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century? (A) Increases in global interactions (B) Resurgence of religious piety (C) Rejection of indigenous traditions (D) Adoption of local religions by colonizers
(A) Increases in global interactions
Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? (A) It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. (B) It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (C) It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. (D) It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.
(A) It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.
The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750 ? (A) Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs. (B) Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule. (C) Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations. (D) The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.
(A) Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.
In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states? (A) The Americas (B) The Middle East (C) The Indian subcontinent (D) Central Asia
(A) The Americas
Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? (A) The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. (B) Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. (C) Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. (D) The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.
(A) The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru.
All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? (A) The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. (B) Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. (C) Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. (D) The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to islamic law
(A) The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.
The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? (A) The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities (B) The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits (C) The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires (D) The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies
(A) The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities
Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of (A) appointed administrators (B) independent merchants (C) written constitutions (D) chartered companies (E) elected presidents
(A) appointed administrators
Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) primarily because they (A) needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean (B) were concerned that the Western Hemisphere's native peoples be treated humanely by the European conquerors (C) needed to agree on the official languages for Central and South America in order to keep out English and French (D) wanted to protect the existing religions in South Asia and the Western Hemisphere (E) did not wish to disrupt the plant and animal life of the Western Hemisphere with the introduction of foreign species
(A) needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean
A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade (A) shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China (B) marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade (C) was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution (D) relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing
(A) shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China
Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to (A) suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups (B) grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects (C) provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration (D) promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict
(A) suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups
Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? (A) The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. (B) Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. (C) Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. (D) Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.
(B) Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.? (A) Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest. (B) Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity. (C) Amerindians' resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions. (D) Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices
(B) Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.
Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete's depiction of the events in the passage? (A) An account by another Spanish conquistador who was also present (B) An account by an Inca who was also present (C) An account by another European of a similar event (D) An account by a Spanish official in Madrid reporting the event
(B) An account by an Inca who was also present
Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? (A) Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. (B) Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. (C) Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. (D) Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.
(B) Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods.
Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? (A) Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription (B) Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity (C) Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule (D) Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
(B) Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity
Ideas such as those expressed by Vieira in his sermon would have the most significant influence on which of the following? (A) Enlightenment challenges to imperial governments in the Americas (B) Enslaved persons' resistance to authorities in the Americas (C) Growing resistance by plantation owners to European mercantilist practices (D) Challenges to traditional gender hierarchies in the Americas
(B) Enslaved persons' resistance to authorities in the Americas
A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics? (A) The process of introducing the encomienda system (B) How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians (C) Conflicts between the Jesuits and the Franciscans (D) The extent of the decline of the Amerindian population
(B) How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians
The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century? (A) Chinese goods were becoming less desirable than Dutch goods. (B) Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals. (C) Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan. (D) Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan. (E) Japan's ruling samurai elite became wealthy and powerful due to their control over local markets and merchants
(B) Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals.
Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? (A) Feudalism (B) Mercantilism (C) Socialism (D) Capitalism
(B) Mercantilism
Commander Cotton's reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The expansion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade across the Caribbean (B) Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority (C) Growing profitability of plantation slavery in the Americas (D) The waning influence of religious ideas and millenarianism in nationalist conflicts
(B) Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority
In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following? (A) Concern about the lack of restrictions on capital investments (B) Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies (C) Disgust with the extravagant spending of socialist governments (D) Rebellion against the restrictions of feudalism
(B) Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies
The map above illustrates which of the following? (A) The most frequent destinations for African emigrants of the twentieth century (B) Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries (C) Proportional flows of African agricultural commodities during the nineteenth century (D) Winds and water currents that affected trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan trade
(B) Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries
Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory? (A) France's absolute monarchy and military conquests (B) Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa (C) The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia (D) The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas (E) European import of sugar and tobacco
(B) Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa
Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period? (A) The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. (B) The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies. (C) By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. (D) By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.
(B) The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies.
Which of the following best characterizes world trade in the period 1450 to 1750 ? (A) Commodities from Africa dominated trade with China and India. (B) The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver. (C) International conflict declined because of growing cooperation among international traders. (D) European dominance of China began. (E) The African slave trade declined.
(B) The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver.
Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century? (A) The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange (B) The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies (C) Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills (D) Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive tropical diseases
(B) The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies
Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ? (A) The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations (B) The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China (C) A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China (D) A great expansion in slave labor in India and China (E) A major disruption of the economies of India and China
(B) The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China
Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic (B) The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy (C) The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins (D) The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
(B) The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy
The sermon delivered by Vieira is best seen as evidence for which of the following? (A) The development of new religions in the Americas (B) The mixing of African and European cultures in the Americas (C) The impact of European colonization on the native population of the Americas (D) The intensification of traditional peasant labor in the plantation system
(B) The mixing of African and European cultures in the Americas
The photograph above of the Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul exemplifies which of the following historical processes? (A) The interaction of humans and the environment (B) The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions (C) Competition between traditional elites and the wealthy urban class for control of cultural traditions (D) The spread of missionary religions over global trade networks
(B) The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions
Vieira's assertion that Solomon and the Queen of Sheba had a son diverges from the traditional Hebrew account. Which of the following best explains Vieira's choice to tell this version of the story? (A) By the seventeenth century, scholars had more information about the events discussed by Vieira. (B) Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil's ethnically and racially diverse population. (C) Vieira was influenced by Jesuit anti-Semitism and wished to undermine the Hebrew account. (D) Vieira was attempting to encourage intermarriage between Brazilians of African and European descent.
(B) Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil's ethnically and racially diverse population.
The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that (A) in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity (B) in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states (C) in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity (D) in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity
(B) in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states
The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located (A) on the eastern coast of Africa (B) on the western coast of Africa (C) on the Pacific coast of Central America (D) on the Pacific coast of South America (E) in the Pacific Islands
(B) on the western coast of Africa
Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by (A) the crown prince (B) the shogun (C) the samurai class (D) powerful merchants (E) Shinto priests
(B) the shogun
As described in the second paragraph, the arguments made by the supporters of the opium trade were most similar to the arguments made in the early nineteenth century by supporters of the continued use of (A) artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system (B) mercantilist trade practices, as opposed to free trade (C) African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas (D) women's and children's labor in the production of luxury goods in Chinese households
(C) African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas
Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) Widespread religious tolerance and diversity (B) Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories (C) Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians (D) Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories
(C) Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians
Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ? (A) Japanese fleets gained control over most Pacific Ocean trade routes. (B) European manufactured goods came to dominate trans-Saharan trade. (C) Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade. (D) Silk Road trade routes came under the control of Mongol rulers.
(C) Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade.
The establishment of Dutch economic and political influence in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 was most directly a result of which of the following? (A) Industrialization (B) Indentured labor migration (C) Joint-stock trading companies (D) Atlantic slave trade
(C) Joint-stock trading companies
Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? (A) Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. (B) Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. (C) Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. (D) The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.
(C) Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice.
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief? (A) Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived. (B) A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases. (C) Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity. (D) An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal
(C) Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity.
In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? (A) Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. (B) Buddhism spread widely in Africa. (C) Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. (D) Splits in Islam became less intense.
(C) Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.
Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory? (A) African imports of European guns (B) The use of serfs to produce grain for export in Poland (C) The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America (D) Import of European art works by planters in the United States south (E) The plantation system in the Caribbean
(C) The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America
The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750? (A) The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa (B) The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions (C) The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread (D) The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries
(C) The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread
Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? (A) The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver (B) American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia (C) The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas (D) The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
(C) The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas
Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? (A) The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies (B) The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration (C) The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas (D) The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
(C) The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas
The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750 ? (A) The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan (B) The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule (C) The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia (D) The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes
(C) The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia
On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart? (A) European merchants' role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia (B) The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers (C) The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver (D) The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks
(C) The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver
The transformation described in the fourth and fifth paragraphs best reflects which development in the Americas from the period 1450-1750 ? (A) The Columbian Exchange (B) The growing reliance on cash crop plantation agriculture (C) The synthesis of African, American, and European cultures (D) The prevalence of racial prejudice among members of Brazil's elites
(C) The synthesis of African, American, and European cultures
Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? (A) To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice (B) To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states (C) To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year (D) To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society
(C) To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year
In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions? (A) Southern Europe (B) Northern Europe (C) Western Africa (D) Eastern Africa (E) East Asia
(C) Western Africa
Which of the following is an illustration of this world economy theory? (A) China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period. (B) The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. (C) Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. (D) Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France. (E) Christian missionaries opposed enslaving native peoples.
(D) Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France.
The building in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, shown above, is an example of which of the following concepts? (A) Syncretism (B) Iconoclasm (C) Isolationism (D) Cultural diffusion
(D) Cultural diffusion
The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ? (A) Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. (B) Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. (C) Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. (D) Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.
(D) Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.
For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions? (A) Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control. (B) Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles. (C) Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans. (D) Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic
(D) Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic
The economies of the southern colonies of colonial British America developed most like colonial economies in (A) Canada (B) the Dutch East Indies (C) the Caribbean and Brazil (D) Ireland and Scotland (E) Massachusetts and New York
(D) Ireland and Scotland
During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? (A) Salt (B) Tea (C) Opium (D) Silver
(D) Silver
Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? (A) The decline of the Mediterranean trade networks in the aftermath of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (B) The emergence of North America as a major grain exporting center (C) The abandonment of mercantilist policies in favor of free trade by most European nations (D) The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas
(D) The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas
Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? (A) The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs were. (B) Spanish tolerance of Aztec religion and culture weakened Aztec resistance. (C) The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class. (D) The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. (E) The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army
(D) The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs.
Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? (A) The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs. (B) The Spanish were able to use their understanding of Aztec culture to create effective propaganda that weakened Aztec resistance. (C) The Spanish were able to exploit discontent within the Aztec state to trigger revolt of the lower classes against the Aztec ruling class. (D) The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. (E) The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army
(D) The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs.
The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ? (A) The persistent spread of epidemic diseases (B) The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers (C) The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes (D) The increasing expansion and centralization of state power
(D) The increasing expansion and centralization of state power
For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart? (A) The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia (B) The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire (C) The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor (D) The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes
(D) The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes
Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ? (A) The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable (B) Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals (C) International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas (D) The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
(D) The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by (A) military conquests of large territories administered as military states (B) intense colonization and settlement of large areas (C) active international interaction through trade and diplomacy (D) coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements (E) frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples
(D) coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements
All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT (A) African forms of religious observance (B) African musical forms (C) knowledge of how to grow African crops (D) African folklore (E) African monetary systems
(E) African monetary systems
Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century? (A) There was little effect for most people. (B) People of African descent were not affected, but Latin American Indians continued to suffer discrimination. (C) Marriage alliances among all classes and castes eliminated the effect of all three. (D) Large numbers of people of color migrated to the newly "Reconstructed" southern United States. (E) There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.
(E) There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the (A) Asian demand for luxury goods (B) European use of steam power (C) high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India (D) lower prices of European manufactured products (E) opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
(E) opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
