Unit 4- Nervous, senses, endocrine

38) Which one of the following parts of the eye is affected by cataracts?A) corneaB) lensC) aqueous humorD) vitreous humorE) retina

lens

45) Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior?A) corpus callosumB) limbic systemC) cerebellumD) hypothalamusE) medulla oblongata

limbic system

21) Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with changes in the ________.

limbic system; cerebral cortex

46) Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________.A) limbic system; cerebral cortexB) cerebral cortex; hypothalamusC) cerebral cortex; limbic systemD) hypothalamus; cerebral cortexE) limbic system; hypothalamus

limbic system; cerebral cortex

2) Steroid hormones depend on receptors inside the cell because these hormones are ________ soluble.

lipid

7) Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary gland by the ________.

pituitary portal system

26) condition that generally occurs after age 40 as the lens stiffens; results in the inability to focus on objects that are nearby

presbyopia

29) The vitreous humor fills the main chamber of the eye. Which one of the following structures of the eye would vitreous humor come in direct contact with?A)scleraB) corneaC) irisD) choroidE) retina

retina

41) This phenomenon, which is a medical emergency, involvesthe peeling of the retina away from the choroid.A) retinal detachmentB) optic degenerationC) rhodopsin breakageD) otitis mediaE) myopia

retinal detachment

20) Dim light causes the pigment ________ in rods to change shape, which cau

rhodopsin

21) Vision in dim light is due to the activity of ________ cells because their rhodopsin pigment is much more sensitive to light than other photopigments.

rod

1) Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system? A) kidneyB) salivary glandC) adrenal glandD)thyroid glandE) stomach

salivary gland

26) Which one of the followingparts of the eye is continuous with the cornea and forms the outer surface of the back of the eye?A) retinaB) choroidC) oval windowD) irisE) sclera

sclera

23) Which one of the following structures is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body?A) vestibuleB) stapesC) semicircular canalsD) ampulla and cupulaE) oval window

semicircular canals

24) An individual never developed otoliths in the inner ear due to a genetic defect. Which one of the following will be impaired as a result?A) hearing low-pitched soundsB) hearing high-pitched soundsC) sense of head position and linear accelerationD) maintenance of balanceE) sense of rotational movement

sense of head position and linear acceleration

2) Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment?A) motor divisionB) sympathetic divisionC) parasympathetic divisionD) sensory divisionE) autonomic division

sensory division

3) transmit impulses toward the central nervous system

sensory neurons

17) Because the central nervous system is so important to the proper functioning of the body, the brain is protected by the ________ and the spinal cord is protected by the ________.

skull; vertebrae

6) Appropriately named, ________ pain oftentimes is not detected until seconds or even minutes after an injury; this is due to the activation of chemically sensitive pain receptors.

slow

5) When repolarization is occurring during an action potential, ________ channels are closed.

sodium

13) Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?A) Na+leak channelB) K+ leak channelC) sodium-potassium pumpD) depolarizationE) repolarization

sodium-potassium pump

29) Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system?A) sensory divisionB) sympathetic divisionC) parasympathetic divisionD) somatic divisionE) endocrine division

somatic division

17) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage beginning in theA) brain.B) diaphragm.C) intercostal muscles.D)spinal cord.E) sensory nerves.

spinal cord

4) Reestablishment of the resting potential in a neuron following an action potential requires the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.

true

5) The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction.

true

6) Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

true

6) Taste hairs contain chemoreceptors that are specific for specific chemicals or tastants.

true

7) Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system.

true

7) Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and glucagon.

true

8) Pressure in the middle ear is equalized with the external air pressure through the auditory tube.

true

9) A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system.

true

9) Both eyes have an optic disk. When an image is focused on the optic disk, it ca

true

The human body may stop responding to a stimulus even though the original stimulus is still present; this is a process referred to as receptor adaptation.

true

3) A fifth primary taste quality called ________ allows people to taste foods like parmesan cheese, mushrooms, and soy sauce.

umami

12) Olfactory receptors are located in which one of the following?A) taste budsB) musclesC) upper part of nasal passagesD) skin surrounding nasal openingsE) upper regions of mouth

upper part of nasal passages

10) When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in theA) kidneys.B) breasts.C) hypothalamus.D) uterus.E) breasts and uterus.

uterus

The two fluid-filled chambers of the vestibule are the ________ and ________

utricle; saccule (answers may go in any order)

1) Texting while driving involves which types of driving distractions?A) real and imaginedB) spatial, temporal, and peripheralC) visual, cognitive, and manualD) steering and speedE) oral, auditory, and perceptual

visual, cognitive, and manual

40) Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of theA) frontal lobe.B) midbrain.C) medulla oblongata.D) thalamus.E) hypothalamus.

hypothalamus.

39) An insufficient number of particular types of cones causesA) impaired night vision.B) macular degeneration.C) detachment of the retina.D) impaired color vision.E) glaucoma.

impaired color vision.

31) Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?A) increased digestion and absorptionB) decreased respiratory rateC) increased blood pressureD) decreased heart rateE) increased bladder contraction

increased blood pressure

31) All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?A) neural disordersB) kidney failureC) blindnessD) cardiovascular disordersE) increased susceptibility to cancer

increased susceptibility to cancer

19) site of the vestibular canal and tympanic canal

inner ear

22) location of the auditory nerve

inner ear

8) The ________ sorts sounds by tone and converts theminto electrical impulses.

inner ear; cochlea (either term can be used here)

11) A student just finished a delicious breakfast of pancakes with syrup, orange juice, and Danish pastries. Because his blood sugar level has increased, the pancreas secretes ________.

insulin

16) stimulates cell uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body

insulin

15) Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated byA) ADH.B) prolactin.C) parathyroid hormone.D) glucagon.E) insulin.

insulin.

2) transmit impulses within the central nervous system

interneurons

4) Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following?A) glial cellsB) motor neuronsC) sensory neuronsD) interneuronsE) macrophages

interneurons

24) Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?A) calciumB) phosphorusC) iodineD) zincE) iron

iodine

16) The ________ regulates the amount of light entering theeye.

iris

10) The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located in small groupings throughout the organ known as the ________.

islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets (either answer is correct)

7) The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" becauseA) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.B) all other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland.C) it contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands.D) all blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated.E) releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary.

it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands

4) ADH

kidney

35) Nearsightedness and farsightedness are caused by theA) density of the aqueous and vitreous humor.B) length of the eyeball.C) shape of the cornea.D) shape of the lens.E) positioning of the rods and cones.

length of the eyeball

21) causes release of the egg from the ovary

LH

23) chronic disorder of the inner ear; symptoms include nausea, dizziness, and loss of hearing

Ménière's syndrome

3) ________ cells have axons that can transmit nerve impulses in addition to being able to secrete hormones like endocrine cells.

Neuroendocrine

18) progressive, degenerative disorder caused by a shortage of dopamine in the brain; symptoms include muscle tremors in hands and feet and an eventual loss of mobility

Parkinson's disease

50) Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement?A) Alzheimer's diseaseB) epilepsyC) encephalitisD) Parkinson's diseaseE) rabies

Parkinson's disease

19) Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?A) Production of natural cortisol may decrease.B) Production of estrogen by the ovaries may decrease.C) Levels of thyroid hormone may be elevated.D) Levels of aldosterone may be elevated.E) Levels of parathyroid hormone may be decreased.

Production of natural cortisol may decrease.

17) Diabetes type________ occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin.

1

27) The following is a list of structures in the eye through which light passes. Which one of the following answers best describes the order in which light passes through or hits each structure?1. lens2. pupil3. cornea4. aqueous humor5. retinaA) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3B) 3,4, 2, 1, 5C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5D) 3, 1, 2, 4, 5E) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1

3,4, 2, 1, 5

5) The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur?1. cellular response to the hormone2. activation of a gene3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane5. production of a proteinA) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1B) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2D) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

13) Whereas the sense of taste is based on ________ (how many?) classes of taste receptors, the sense of smell has over ________ (how many?) different receptors for chemicals associated with odor.A) 5; 1,000B) 20; 200C) 150; 6D) 10; 10,000E) 500; 5,000

5; 1,000

14) By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?A) A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization.B) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.C) A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials.D) A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron.E) A stronger stimulus results in prolonged influx of Na+ions and a delay before repolarization.

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.

23) Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence ofA) ACTH.B) TSH.C) FSH.D) LH.E) GH.

TSH

14) ________ extend out from the exposed tip of taste cells into the mouth.A) PapillaeB) Taste hairsC) Olfactory bulbsD) SpindlesE) Tendons

Taste hairs

3) The nervous system is capable of using some neurotransmitters for more than one function. For example, some neurotransmitters may be excitatory in one pathwayyet inhibitory in another. Discuss what accounts for the same neurotransmitter having different functions in alternate pathways.

The answer is the same for neurotransmitters and hormones: cellular receptors. In the case of a neurotransmitter, it is the type of receptor located on the postsynaptic membrane that determines whether the response is excitatory or inhibitory. Similarly, the number of receptors also influences how quickly the postsynaptic cells respond to the message conveyed by the neurotransmitter.

15) The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with theA) frequency of sound waves.B) area of the brain interpreting the sensory input.C) specific hair cells that respond in the cochlea.D) amplitude of the sound waves.E) duration of the sound.

amplitude of the sound waves

3) GnRH

anterior pituitary

34) During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next?A) bones of the skullB) vertebraeC) cerebrospinal fluidD) pia materE) arachnoid

arachnoid

16) Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that theyA) are a type of neuroglial cell.B) are located in the central nervous system.C) conduct nerve impulses.D) help neurons regenerate after injury.E) are located in the peripheral nervous system.

are a type of neuroglial cell.

24) condition resulting from irregularities in the shape of the lens or cornea; symptoms include blurred vision

astigmatism

2) Motor neurons carrying information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and all other tissues and organs except skeletal muscle belong to the ________ division of the peripheral nervous system.

autonomic

28) Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role ofthe ________ division of the nervous system.A) sensoryB) autonomicC) endocrineD) somaticE) postsynaptic

autonomic

18) Vibration of the ________ bends hairs of the hair cells, which ultimately generate impulses in ________.A) basilar membrane; hair cellsB) sensory neurons; tectorial membraneC) hair cells; sensory neuronsD) organ of Corti; hair cellsE) basilar membrane; sensory neurons

basilar membrane; sensory neurons

22) A goiter results from low dietary iodine levelsA) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine.B) because ADH levels rise controllably.C) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland.D) as glucagon levels elevate.E) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.

because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.

4) Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that theyA) cause a change to occur in the target cell.B) bind to an intracellular receptor.C) are water insoluble.D) cannot be stored.E) bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

1) allow a person to taste food

chemoreceptors

14) The middle layer of tissue in the back of the eye that consists of pigmented cells and blood vessels is the ________.

choroid

15) Accommodation enabling us to switch from focusing on something nearby to something more distant is accomplished by the ________ muscle.

ciliary

22) Hearing loss resulting from damage to the tympanic membrane or the bones of the middle ear is known as ________ deafness.

conduction

33) Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the number ofA) rods.B) optic disks.C) foveae.D) cones.E) ciliary muscles.

cones

28) The transparent covering of the front of the eye is theA) cornea.B) lens.C) iris.D) fovea centralis.E) pupil.

cornea

18) The two structures of the eye that focus light are the ________ and ________.

cornea; lens (answers may go in any order)

19) The left and right cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by a nerve tract network called the ________.

corpus callosum

39) The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following?A) ponsB) medulla oblongataC) corpus callosumD) thalamusE) cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

12) Twelve pairs of ________ nerves carry nerve impulses from the brain to glands, muscles, head, neck, and abdominal and thoracic cavities.

cranial

29) Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?A) decrease in blood pressureB) decrease in blood calcium levelC) decrease in kidney functionD) increase of blood sugar levelE) increased production of fats and proteins

decrease in blood pressure

4) The first step of an action potential, when the membrane potential of a neuron shifts from negative to positive due to inward movement of sodium ions, is referred to as ________.

depolarization

12) Hyposecretion of ADH results inA) stimulation of protein synthesis.B) reduced uptake of blood glucose.C) diabetes insipidus.D) an increase in the mass and length of bones.E) overstimulation of cell division.

diabetes insipidus.

33) The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called theA) dura mater, alma mater, and pia mater.B) fore, mid, and hind meninges.C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.D) pleura, parietal, and arachnoid.E) glial, Schwann, and interstitial.

dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid

14) Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result inA) diabetes insipidus.B) a drop in blood glucose levels.C) acromegaly.D) dwarfism.E) gigantism.

dwarfism

6) During periodsof stress or increased activity, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates; during periods of rest, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system predominates.

false

7) The vestibular apparatus located in the middle ear is a system of fluid-filled chambers that is essential to the sense of hearing.

false

8) An action potential is a long or rapid release of energy, generated by the sodium-potassium pumps of neurons.

false

8) The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood.

false

9) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores.

false

the figure above is a diagram of an eye with an abnormality that would result in vision problems. A person with thiscondition would be considered farsighted and would require convex lenses in order to see objects in the distance.

false

4) Nonsteroid hormones are ________ acting than steroid hormones because they activate molecules that are already present in the target cell in an inactive form.

faster

37) The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are theA) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.B) frontal,parietal, occipital.C) cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons.D) ventricles, meninges, nerve tracts.E) hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary.

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

25) Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cellsA) depolarize simultaneously.B) depolarize sequentially.C) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.D) activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell.E) form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells.

form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

17) A student is staring directly at a bird outside the classroom window. The image of the bird is focused at the very center of the macula, a small pit called the ________, which is lined with highly packed photoreceptors.

fovea centralis

44) Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech and conscious thought?A) occipitalB) temporalC) frontalD) corpus callosumE) parietal

frontal

9) Receptors for fast painA) generally arise from muscles or internal organs.B) give rise to a phenomenon called referred pain.C) transmit action potentials to the brain along the same neurons used by spinal neurons.D) generally occur in or near skin.E) initiate action potentials that travel more quickly.

generally occur in or near skin.

27) condition caused by blockage of the canal of Schlemm; increased amount of aqueous humor causes increased pressure in the eye; may lead to blindness

glaucoma

40) During eye examinations, a test is done to monitor the pressure within the eye. This test is done to detectA) detachment of the retina.B) glaucoma.C) macular degeneration.D) astigmatism.E) cataracts.

glaucoma.

32) Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?A) estrogen, progesteroneB) epinephrine, norepinephrineC) glucagon, insulinD) oxytocin, prolactinE) thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

glucagon, insulin

9) Gigantism is caused by hypersecretion of ________ hormone during childhood and adolescence.

growth

21) Different pitched (high-or low-toned) sounds are discriminated by theA) tympanic membrane.B) round and oval windows.C) malleus, incus,and stapes.D) hair cells in specific regions of the cochlea.E) auditory nerve.

hair cells in specific regions of the cochlea

35) From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain?A) forebrainB) midbrainC) hindbrainD) cerebrumE) corpus callosum

hindbrain

15) The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system work antagonistically to maintain ________.

homeostasis

1) The endocrine and nervous systems function to coordinate and regulate the activities of cells and tissues throughout the body. To achieve these types of control, both systems rely on chemical agents, but the chemicals function differently at the cellular level. Describe the functional differences between hormones and neurotransmitters.

hormones travel through blood over long distances, whereas neurotransmitters are released only at synapses. Neurotransmitters are designed to convey a message very quickly so that an immediate response can be generated. In contrast, hormones are much slower acting, priming the target for a later developmental event. Both require receptors to trigger a cellular response, but the specificity of hormones comes about from unique receptors on target cells throughout the body.

19) Convex lenses can correct ________, also called farsightedness.

hyperopia

18) During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?A) hypothalamusB) pancreasC) adrenalmedullaD) posterior pituitaryE) anterior pituitary

hypothalamus

42) Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system?A) medulla oblongataB) cerebral cortexC) corpus callosumD) hypothalamusE) cerebellum

hypothalamus

7)The ________ controls many functions in the body, including regulating body temperature and hunger drive.

hypothalamus

5) Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation?A) pain receptorsB) olfactory receptors in the noseC) photoreceptors in the eyeD) stretch receptors in the muscles and tendonsE) mechanoreceptors in the cochlea (ear)

olfactory receptors in the nose

30) The "blind spot" is associated with which one of the following?A) optic diskB) vitreous humorC) choroidD) fovea centralisE) lens

optic disk

10) The structure of the cochlea that converts pressure waves to nerve impulses is the ________; it is composed of hair cells and a tectorial membrane.

organ of Corti

29) inflammation of the middle ear; a common cause of earaches

otitis media

12) The movement of tiny, bonelike crystals called ________, located in the vestibule of thevestibular apparatus, is important in determining the position of the head.

otoliths

7) The ________ ear is the location of the pinna and auditory canal.

outer

21) sound waves moving through this area hit the tympanic membrane

outer ear

22) Within the cochlea, higher-frequency sounds are converted to electrical impulses near theA) cornea.B) tapered tip.C) auditory tube.D) oval and round windows.E) sensory neurons.

oval and round windows

16) Sound is amplified by components of the middle ear when they vibrate. When one of these components, the stapes, vibrates,the ________ will vibrate.A) tympanic membraneB) pinnaC) oval windowD) eustachian tubeE) cochlea

oval window

6) LH

ovary, testis

19) causes ejection of milk into ducts during breast-feeding

oxytocin

2) respond to immediate, extreme heator cold

pain receptors

4) respond to tissue damage

pain receptors

30) Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?A) sensory divisionB) sympathetic divisionC) somatic divisionD) parasympathetic divisionE) endocrine division

parasympathetic division

20) postganglionic neurons secrete acetylcholine

parasympathetic nervous system

22) its effect results in a calm, relaxed state

parasympathetic nervous system

8) Somatic receptors distributed throughout the body are linked to sensory neurons that send impulses to which one of the following regions of the brain?A) ponsB) medulla oblongataC) parietal lobeD) frontal lobeE) occipital lobe

parietal lobe

13) Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of the ________ nervous system.

peripheral

5) respond to light

photoreceptors

19) When a sound wave first arrives at the ear, the wave is directed toward the auditory canal byA) receptors on the head.B) tympanic membranes.C) pinna.D) auditory tube.E) vestibular apparatus.

pinna

6) Neuroendocrine cells can be found in the ________.

hypothalamus, adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary (any term can be used)

1) Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal ultimately results in the release of ________ into the synaptic cleft.

neurotransmitters

20) stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

ACTH

8) The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?A) ACTHB) LHC) PRLD) TSHE) ADH

ADH

2) The phrase all-or-none responsedescribes a neuron-generated action potential. Explain what is meant by this phrase.

Action potentials are produced when the membrane potential (voltage) of the neuron is temporarily reversed by the sudden inward movement of ions from interstitial fluid. The ions can move in only when there is an opening or channel in the membrane. In the case of most neurons, the ion that moves inward via gated channels is sodium. These channels open only when there is a sufficiently strong stimulus; they do not partially open to weaker stimuli. So either the threshold must be reached to achieve an action potential, or the threshold is not reached, and therefore no action potential is generated.

12) Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one?A) Once triggered, an action potential always looks the same in form and voltage.B) An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon.C) Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.D) Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase.E) Action potentials temporarily reverse the polarization of the axon membrane.

Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump

48) Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases?A) meningitisB) Alzheimer's diseaseC) rabiesD) Parkinson's disease E) epilepsy

Alzheimer's disease

5) Foods that are potentially poisonous or inedible can often be detected by the ________ taste receptors, which are located at the very back of the tongue.

bitter

21) During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________.A) mitochondrion; neuronsB) Ca2+; neurotransmitterC) neurotransmitters; Ca2+D) vesicles; neuronsE) neurons; mitochondrion

Ca2+; neurotransmitter

22) Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?A) Action potential arrives at an axon bulb.B) Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open.D) Calcium diffuses into an axon bulb.E) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Chemically gated channels for sodium open.

37) Each of the following statements about cones is TRUE, EXCEPT which one?A) Cones enable humans to see color.B) Color vision is enabled by the presence of three types of cones.C) Cones are evenly distributed throughout the retina, accounting for visual acuity.D) Cones require more intense light for activation than rods do.E) Visual acuity is dependent upon cones and bright light.

Cones are evenly distributed throughout the retina, accounting for visual acuity

3) Nonsteroid hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane of cells, yet still have the ability to influence cell activity. Explain how this is possible.

For most nonsteroid hormones, binding to the cell surface receptor is just the beginning of the cell changes that follow. These hormones tend to rely on second messengers —chemical agents that carry the message provided by the hormone (the first messenger). The second messenger typically activates a cascade of enzyme-driven pathways, which ultimately lead to a change in cell activity.

11) FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.A) TSHB) GnRHC) ACTHD) LHE) PRL

GnRH

1) Deafness in humans can have many causes. One form of deafness is caused by damage to hair cells. Explain how damaged hair cells can result in deafness.

Hair cells are located in the inner ear and rest on the basilar membrane. The cells function to convert pressure waves created by sounds striking the tympanic membrane into electrical impulses. These impulses are normally sent to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve. However, if the hair cells never release neurotransmitters due to damage, then the sound is never sent to the brain.

3) All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?A) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.B) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system.C) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor.D) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.E) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact.

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system

12) ________ of growth hormone during childhood can result in pituitary dwarfism.

Hyposecretion

9) Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?A) It stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females.B) It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males.C) It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females.D) It functions to complement the activity of TSH.E) It triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones.

It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females

13) Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?A) prolactinB) LHC) aldosteroneD) FSHE) growth hormone

LH

47) All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one?A) Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.B) Psychoactive drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier.C) Psychoactive drugs directly affect neurotransmitters.D) Psychoactive drugs change the normal patterns of brain electrical activity.E) Many psychoactive drugs lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction.

Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.

1) ________ neurons transmit information about stimuli, in the form of electrical impulses, to integration centers.

Sensory

2) Pain, especially intense sensations, is unpleasant and sometimes difficult for a person to cope with. Nevertheless, pain detection is essential for human survival. Explain how pain detection is necessary for a person's survival.

Sensory receptors that detect pain are sensing potential deviations from homeostatic conditions. Specifically, sensory receptors have detected that either cell or tissue damage has occurred or certain stimuli that are present could evoke damage if not avoided. These sensory messages allow the body to avoid the stimuli and/or begin the process of tissue repair.

10) Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron?A) Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.B) Potassium channels close, preventing further loss of positive ions.C) The sodium-potassium pump is turned off.D) Sodium channels open to allow sodium ions to rush back out of the cell.E) The membrane potential is eliminated.

Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.

3) Receptor adaptation occurs when a sensory neuron stops sending impulses even though the original stimulus is still present. Provide several examples of receptors that adapt readily and others that adapt very slowly, if at all. Explain the survival advantage in each of these situations.

Some receptors, such as touch, light pressure, and olfactory (smell) receptors, adapt quite readily. This prevents constant bombardment of the central nervous system with information that is not necessarily critical. Such information might include the sensation of clothing on the body, which an individual is unaware of shortly after getting dressed. These receptors alert the central nervous system if the stimuli to which they have adapted change in any way. Other receptors such as pain receptors and silent receptors that monitor posture, body position, and internal body chemistry do not adapt and continue to keep the central nervous system informed. This is advantageous to survival because pain receptors alert the individual to potential tissue damage and prompt a response to take appropriate action. Silent receptors that monitor internal chemistry are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis.

2) Following a very large meal that was loaded with carbohydrates, how does the human body to respond to the excess sugars being absorbed into the bloodstream?

The human body must maintain a homeostatic level of sugar in the blood. When the levels become too high, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin functions to stimulate glucose uptake by almost all cells in the body, thereby reducing the levels of sugar until reaching the "normal" range.

15) All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one?A) The myelin sheath speeds up transmission of action potentials.B) The myelin sheath insulates a neuron and saves the neuron energy.C) The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.D) The myelin sheath is involved in the repair of damaged neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission

1) On your way to class, you decide to cross a busy street but fail to notice a fast-moving car coming toward you. When you do see the car, your heart rate and breathing increase, and you feel a burst of energy that helps you quickly move to the sidewalk. Describe how your nervous system was able to process the sight of the car with the need to move your legs.

The nervous system relies on a series of sensory neurons to keep you aware of conditions in the external environment. When your eyes saw the car, this stimulus generated an action potential that was sent via sensoryneurons to an integration center that in turn processed the meaning of the signal and produced an appropriate response, or motor output. In this case, the burst of energy suggests that the fight-or-flight response was activated.

9) Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump?A) Sodium is moved into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell.B) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.C) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell.D) The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out.E) Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell

31) Which one of the following occurs when bright light hits the eye?A) The muscle arranged circularly around the iris relaxes.B) The pupil dilates.C) The photoreceptors no longer respond to the light.D) The pupil decreases in size.E) The muscle arranged radially around the iris contracts.

The pupil decreases in size.

34) LASIK treatment functions to improve eyesight byA) completely removing a defective cornea.B) widening the iris.C) replacing the eye lens.D) inserting a corrective pupil.E) changing the shape of the cornea.

changing the shape of the cornea.

27) All of following statements are TRUEregarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?A) They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.B) They are released during a female's reproductive years.C) They are peptide hormones thatactivate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.D) They regulate the menstrual cycle.E) They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.

They are peptide hormones thatactivate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism

G13) A stronger stimulus results in which oneof the following?A) larger action potentialsB) greater frequency of action potentialsC) action potentials that travel more quicklyD) activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentialsE) neural fatigue

activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potential

1) ACTH

adrenal cortex

13) Although most of the estrogenand testosterone produced in the human body is made by the ovaries and testes, respectively, small amounts of these hormones are also produced by the ________.

adrenal cortex

28) The thymus produces two peptides that function toA) regulate iodine levels in the thyroid.B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes.C) regulate thyroxine release.D) increase blood calcium levels.E) promote the breakdown of bone.

aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes.

17) promotes sodium uptake and potassium excretion

aldosterone

9) Given a particular neuron, an action potential either occurs or does notoccur, depending on the strength of the stimulus; therefore, the action potential is described as ________.

all or none

20) The malleus and incus function toA) channel sounds in the inner ear.B) amplify sound.C) convert a sound wave into an electrical impulse.D) convert a long wave light into an electrical impulse.E) sense static position.

amplify sound

23) There are severaltoxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following?A) blockage of Ca2+diffusion into the axonB) slow diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleftC) inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membraneD) blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membraneE) hyperpolarizationof the postsynaptic membrane

blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane

16) Bacterial and viral infections of the brain are rare because the ________ prevents most viruses, proteins, and bacteria from entering the cerebrospinal fluid.

blood-brain barrier

27) Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex?A) brainB) sensory neuronC) motor neuronD) interneuronE) stimulus

brain

1) The central nervous system is composed of which of the following?A) brain and spinal cordB) autonomic nervous system and brainC) somatic division and autonomic divisionD) sensory division and motor divisionE) somatic division and motor division

brain and spinal cord

8) prolactin

breasts

5) Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends.A) Schwann cellsB) dendritesC) nodes of RanvierD) bulbsE) hillocks

bulbs

18) lowers blood calcium levels

calcitonin

10) When an action potential arrives at the axonal bulb, ________ channels open in the presynaptic membrane, which causes neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft.

calcium

25) condition that results from a decrease in the normal transparency of the lens

cataracts

32) Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases?A) glaucomaB) retinal detachmentC) cataractsD) color blindnessE) astigmatism

cataracts

36) The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is theA) medulla oblongata.B) cerebellum.C) pons.D) thalamus.E) occipital lobe.

cerebellum

38) People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain?A) cerebellumB) cerebrumC) corpus callosumD) hypothalamusE) thalamus

cerebellum

43) Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following?A) cerebellumB) cerebral cortexC) medulla oblongataD) hypothalamusE) thalamus

cerebral cortex

18) Removal of the ________ would prevent any type of decision making.

cerebrum

25) The vestibule contains two fluid-filled chambers, called the utricle and saccule, which are alike in thatA) they both are surrounded by cupular membranes.B) each has a gel-like substance on the inside.C) both contain ampulla.D) they are directly attached to semicircular canals.E) each lines the semicircular canals.

each has a gel-like substance on the inside.

20) Recordings of the brain's activities can be made using a(n) ________; this information is used to study the functioning of the brain.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

17) inflammation of the brain; symptoms include headaches, hallucinations, and disturbances in speech and behavior; often caused by a viral infection

encephalitis

26) Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain?A) endorphinsB) acetylcholineC) epinephrineD) serotoninE) somatostatin

endorphins

14) condition characterized by seizures and abnormal periods of brain electrical activity

epilepsy

20) An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?A) epinephrine from the adrenal medullaB) cortisol from the adrenal cortexC) insulin from the pancreasD) thyroxine from the thyroidE) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

26) The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producingA) estrogen and progesterone.B) oxytocin.C) growth hormone.D) ADH.E) prostaglandins.

estrogen and progesterone

9) The passageway that extends from the middle ear to the throat is the ________; this structureequalizes air pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure.

eustachian tube; auditory tube (either term can be used here)

1) Every hormone in the human body needs to interact with an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane before it can cause a response.

false

1) The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system.

false

10) The strength and duration of a stimulus determine the amplitude of an actionpotential.

false

11) Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system.

false

11) Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

false

12) LASIK surgery involves removing the cornea and reshaping the lens to correct for vision problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.

false

12) The functional barrier between blood and the brain is cerebrospinal fluid.

false

14) The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones.

false

17)Erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the liver, stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

false

2) Stronger stimuli activate more receptors and trigger bigger action potentials in sensory neurons.

false

3) Nonsteroid hormones cause the production of ATP from cAMP.

false

3) The repolarization phase of an action potential is dependent on the sodium-potassium pump.

false

4) Somatic sensations include temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, and pain; these sensations originate from receptors found in specific, localized areas of the body.

false

4) The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland.

false

5) In females, LH promotes the monthly development of the egg and FSH causes release of the egg from the ovary.

false

5) Mechanoreceptors include unencapsulated dendritic endings, Merkel disks, Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and olfactory receptors.

false

10) A student noticed that when he closed his eyes, he could still determine the position of his arms and legs. This is largely due to the activity ofA) pain receptors.B) mechanoreceptors.C) Merkel disks.D) Meissner's corpuscles.E) chemoreceptors.

mechanoreceptors

3) detect light touch of skin

mechanoreceptors

41) Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through theA) cerebral cortex.B) cerebellum.C) thalamus.D) hypothalamus.E) medulla oblongata.

medulla oblongata.

16) The pineal gland secretes ________, also known as the "hormone of darkness."

melatonin

16) inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the organs of the central nervous system

meningitis

20) the air-filled chamber in temporal bone containing three small bones

middle ear

13) It is common for people who are traveling in cars or planes to experience an unpleasant sensation known as ________, which is due to conflicting sensory inputs from receptors located in muscles and tendons, the eyes, and the vestibular apparatus.

motion sickness

3) Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions?A) sensory B) peripheralC) motorD) centralE) parasympathetic

motor

1) transmit impulses away from the central nervous system

motor neurons

6) Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?A) motor neuronsB) interneuronsC) sensory neuronsD) neurogliaE) dendrites

motor neurons

15) autoimmune disorder that results in damage to the myelin sheaths of CNS neurons; transmission of impulses is subsequently disrupted

multiple sclerosis

7) Mechanoreceptors specifically designed to monitor muscle length are termedA) thermoreceptors.B) muscle spindles.C) dendrites.D) muscle fibers.E) Pacinian corpuscles.

muscle spindles

5) growth hormone

muscles and bones

28) distant objects appear out of focus because the eyeball is longer than normal; also known as nearsightedness

myopia

5) Hormones important in internal homeostatic control mechanisms are generally part of a(n) ________ feedback loop.

negative

8) Only 20% of cells in the human nervous system are neurons, and the rest are cells that support and protect neurons called ________ cells.

neuroglial

18) Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons areA) located only in the spinal fluid.B) found primarily in lymphatic fluids.C) myelinated.D) neuroglial cells.E) nodes of Ranvier.

neuroglial cells

17) Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting byA) stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids.B) promoting the conversion of amino acids into proteins in muscle tissues.C) increasing the glucose-dependent inflammatory response.D) promoting fat utilization.E) inhibiting glucose utilization in muscle cells.

promoting fat utilization

16) Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels byA) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones.B) promoting the entry of glucose into cells.C) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.D) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland.E) promoting the breakdown of fat.

promoting the entry of glucose into cells

30) Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?A) prostaglandinsB) nerve growth factorC) tumor angiogenesis growth factorD) histamine

prostaglandins

22) Drugs that cause changes in emotions, consciousness, or behavior are known as ________.

psychoactive drugs

49) Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain?A) meningitisB) rabiesC) epilepsyD) Alzheimer's diseaseE) Parkinson's disease

rabies

14) The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ________ blood calcium levels.

raise

1) Nonsteroid hormones require a(n) ________ on the cell surface to communicate with cells.

receptor

2) When an individual first gets dressed, he or she is conscious of the clothing on his body. A short time later, however, he or she is no longer aware of it. This phenomenon of the CNS ignoring a relatively unimportant sensation is known as ________.

receptor adaptation

4) Some sensory receptors stop sending action potentials even though the original stimulus persists. This is known as which one of the following?A) receptor overloadB) receptor adaptationC) receptor shutdownD) receptor oversightE) receptor discontinuance

receptor adaptation

2) Which of the following receive(s) a physical or chemical stimulus and ultimately cause(s) nerve impulses to be generated in sensory neurons?A) the brainB) axonsC) Schwann cellsD) hillocksE) receptors

receptors

4) Pain caused by a heart attack in men is often felt in the left shoulder and left arm. This phenomenon is known as ________ pain.

referred

11) Slow pain originating from an internal organ is often perceived as coming from an area of the body totally unrelated to the source. This is known asA) delayed perception.B) threshold propagation.C) indirect tolerance.D) "shooting" pain.E) referred pain.

referred pain.

8) Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are not secreted unless they are stimulated to be released by ________ from the hypothalamus.

releasinghormones

7) During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?A) depolarizationB) reestablishment of resting potentialC) saltatory propagationD) both depolarization and repolarizationE) repolarization

repolarization

11) A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.A) actionB) restingC) gradedD) refractoryE) depolarization

resting

36) As humans age, their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result ofA) loss of rods and cones.B) increased viscosity of the aqueous and vitreous humor.C) stiffening of the lens and loss ofaccommodation capability.D) inappropriate response of the iris to varying light intensities.E) changing shape of the eyeball.

stiffening of the lens and loss ofaccommodation capability

24) Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following?A) stimulating saltatory conductionB) stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neuronsC) inhibiting postsynaptic neurons from repolarizingD) inhibiting presynaptic neurons from depolarizingE) stimulating depolarization of presynaptic neurons

stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

7) gastrin

stomach

14) The ________ reflex, an example being the well-known knee-jerk pathway, plays an important role in maintaining upright posture and movement.

stretch

6) Transient local changes in the resting potential of a cell are called graded potentials because they can vary in size. In a phenomenon known as ________, many incoming signals produce progressively larger graded potentials in a cell —larger than any single impulse would produce alone.

summation

32) Preganglionic motor neurons of the ________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.A) sympatheticB) parasympatheticC) central nervous systemD) paralumbarE) cerebral cortex

sympathetic

21) Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?A) ACTH from the anterior pituitaryB) AMTH form the anterior pituitaryC) releasing hormone from the hypothalamusD) sympathetic nervesE) parasympathetic nerves

sympathetic nerves

19) preganglionic neurons originate in the brain or sacral region of spinal cord

sympathetic nervous system

21) its effect is to prepare the body for emergencies

sympathetic nervous system

23) preganglionic motor neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

sympathetic nervous system

24) postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine

sympathetic nervous system

Which one of the following processes is depicted in the figure above?A) hyperpolarization of an axon bulbB) repolarization of a neuronC) synaptic transmissionD) inhibition of a presynaptic neuronE) antagonistic effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

synaptic transmission

2) Hormones act upon specific target tissues becauseA) they interact only with target cells at a synapse.B) they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells.C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.D) they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell.E) the blood has access to all body tissues.

target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

8) Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period?A) The neuron cannot generate an action potential.B) Sodium channels open, releasing sodium ions into the neuron, which causes potassium channels to close.C) Sodium channels open, which causes potassium channels to open.D) A nerve impulse fails to reach threshold.E) Potassium channels open, releasing potassium ions from the neuron; sodium channels close.

the neuron cannot generate an action potential.

19) Saltatory conduction isA) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.B) an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds.C) the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft.D) the activation of the fight-or-flight response.E) the movement of an electrical impulse from the dendrite to an axon.

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons

6) Receptor adaption occurs whenA) impulse transmission stops at a synapse.B) the brain ignores the incoming action potentials.C) the stimulus stops.D) the sensory neuron stops sending action potentials.E) action potentials from multiple sensory neurons cancel one another.

the sensory neuron stops sending action potentials

3) For an action potential to be generated, a minimum membrane voltage, or a(n) ________, must be reached.

threshold

14) The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ________ blood calcium levels.

thymus

2) thyrotropin

thyroid

25) Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?A) thyroid and ovariesB) adrenal cortex and thyroidC) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortexD) thyroid and parathyroidE) parathyroid and anterior pituitary

thyroid and parathyroid

6) The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functionsA) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones.B) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP.C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations.D) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor.E) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream.

to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations

10) The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.

true

10) The retina is composed of four layers of cells, which are the pigmented cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells. Axons ofthe ganglion cells become the optic nerve.

true

12) During prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.

true

13) When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

true

15) Nitric oxide helps regulate blood flow in many tissues and is involved in the development and control of penile erection.

true

16) Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder in which a person's thyroid is stimulated to produce too much thyroxine.

true

18) Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.

true

2) Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus.

true

2) The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) controls skeletal muscles.

true

3) Pain receptors and receptors that monitor and maintain homeostasis typically do not adapt.

true