Unit 4

Which variables do Milankovic cycles take into account? a. depth and velocity of ocean currents b. EArth's orbit and tilt c. rates of Ice accumulation and ablation d. ocean salinity, depth, and current velocity

Earth'ss orbit and tilt

Today, continental glaciers are limited to: a. Greenland and Iceland b. Iceland and Antarctica c. Greenland and Antarctica d. Arctic ocean and GreenLand

Greenland and Antarctica

Vallleys carved by glaicers tend to be shaped like the letter _____ where as valleys carved by water tend to be shaped like the letter ____

U; V glaciers form fjords which are u shaped

The relatively flat part of the coena floor over which very deep water is found a. continental shelf b. continental rise c. MOR d. abysall plain

abyssal plain

Currently, almost all the glaciers on Earth are in a state of retreat, which means that the rate of ________ is less than the rate of ________. a. ablation; accumulation b. accumulation; ablation c. calving; advance d. formation; sublimation

accumulation; ablation when more accumulate -> advances when more ablation -> retreats

Which of the following is true about atmospheric CO2 concentration? a. Concentrations have been much higher at some times in the geological past b. the present rate of increase is unprecedented in the geological record c. is thought to help determine if Earth's climate is in a "greenhouse" or "icehouse" period d. all of the above

all of the above

overpumping of groundwater can lead to a. failure of nearby wells b. reversal of groundwater flow direction c. subsidence of the ground surface d. all of the above

all of the above

In order for a well to fuction properly it must be drilled below the water table into an: a. aquifer b. aquitard c. geyser d. spring

aquifer

The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the _____. a. water table b. base level c. stream gradient d. floodplain

base level

Gently sloping deposits on coastlines that consist mostly of sands: a. tidal flats b. lagoons c. inlets d. beaches

beaches

the portionn ofo the sediment carried by a stream that is likely tro move the least between periods of flood: a. bed load b. dissollved load c. suspended load d. turbidity current

bed load - Larger particles roll, slide and bounce along < large> suspend load - fine particles (silt, clay) carried in flow dissolved load - ions from mineral weathering (dissolution)

the presence of crevasses indicates: a. the glacier is retreating b. brittle deformation near the glaicer surface c. plastic deformation of the glacial ice d. basal slip

brittle deformation near the glacier surface

Glacial ice exhibits ________ behavior near the top but ________ behavior beneath a depth of 60 m. a. plastic; brittle b. brittle; plastic c. plastic; elastic d. solid; liquid

brittle; plastic b >= 60m (has cracks) p < 60m

A terminal, or end moraine is formed: a. by deposition off fine, wind-blown rock flour transported by strong winds off the glacier b. from rock and soil pushed ahead of a glacier as it advanced c. where meltwter streams suddenly slowo at the toe of the glacier, depositing sediment d. by glacial sediment transported to the end(toe) of the glacier by the flow of the ice

by glacial sediment transported to the end(toe) of the glacier by the flow of the ice

In glcaically modified landscaes, straitifed sorted sand and gravel are deposited a. by meltwater in glacial outwash streams b. in lateral morains of moutians glaciers~ c. in terminal morains of continental glaciers d. by strong katabatic winds

by the meltwater in glacial outwash streams

If a material is porous, it a. is likely to be impermeable b. will also be permeable c. is considered to be an aquitard d. can be permeable or impermeable

can be permeable or impermeable

The ____ cycle helps us understand how the concentration of greenhouse gases changes in the atmosphere a. carbon b. rock c. hydrologic d. supercontinent

carbon - greenhouse

Whcih of hese is the longest-lasting sink for carbon dioxide a. biomass b. atmosphere c. carbonate rocks such as limestone d. bicarbonate ion in seawater

carbonate rocks such as limestone - carbon rocks

As a wave passes through the open ocean, the water molecules move a. horizontally b. straight up and down c. in a circular path d. in the direction of the wind

circular path

Which type of aquifer is least likely to be contaminated by pollution from the surface? a. perched aquifer b. unconfined aquifer c. confined aquifer d. all have the same risk

confined aquifer - confined p > uc > c

Braided streams ______ a. consists of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment b. have flowing water either episodically or only during a portion of the year c. have a channel that is highly sinuous (curvy) d. are antecedent with respect to geologic structures

consists of a series of intertwined channeled that are overloaded with sediment

The broad, relatively shallow areass of the ocean addjacent to the continents are called: a. active margins b. continental shelf c. continental slope d. abysall plains

continental shelf shelf - 0 to 500m slope - 500 to 4km rise - 4km to 4.5km abysall - below 4.5

what variabels are considered when calculating the discharge of a stream a. velocity and depth b. width and depth c. cross-sectional area and length d. cross-sectional area and velocity

cross sectional area and velocity

This type of drainage network forms in areas with gentle slope and mostly uniform substrate a. trellis b. rectangular c. radial d. dendritic

dendritic - tree from substrate shallow slope radial - point uplift (mts.) rectangular - joint/fractures trellis - parallel to valley and ridges

Which aaprt of the sediment carried by a stream cosnist of ions dervived from weathering? a. bed load b. dissolved load c. suspend load d. runoff

dissolvedd load

Growht of continental glaciers has which of the following effects? a. uplift ofo the lithosphere by elastic rebound b. drop in sea level c. decrease of Earth's albedo d. All of the above

drop in sealevel

All the water in rivers and streams is derivewf directly ffrom rainfall runoff

false

Longshore currents _______ the shoreline a. not affected by b. flow directly towards c. flow parallel to d. flow directly away from

flow parallel to barrier islands

As a rule, ground water always flows from areas of a. higher water pressure to those of lower water pressure b. lower hydraulic head to those of greater hydraulic head c. greater hydraulic head to those ofo lower hydraulic head d. higher elevation to those of lower elevation

greater hydraulic head to those of lower hydraulic head

Because of wave refraction, erosion along an irregular coastline is___. a. greatest along headlands b. greatest in bayts c. even along the length of the coast d. the same as it would be along a smooth coastline

greatest along headlands - headlands = erosion bays = deposition

As more ice in the Arctic Ocean melts: a. heat absorption increases as the albedo icnreases b. heat absorption increases as the albedo decreases c. heat absorption decreases as the albedo decrease d. no effect on heat absorption

heat absorption increase as the albedo decrease - albedo = light absorption from ice

What type of water is most dense? a. high-salinity, cold water b. high-salinity, hot water c. low-salinity, warm water d. none, all water have the same density

high salinity and cold water -

The competence of a mountain river is _______ than that of a meandering river because: a. lower; the gradient is greater b. lower; there are more boulders c. higher; the gradient is greater d. higher; there is more water

higher; the graident is greater

The ____ cucle describes how water mvoes among reservoirs on Earth a. carbon b. supercontinent c. biogeochemical d. hydrologic

hydrologic - water

The stream gradient of most rivers a. is greater near the source than near the mouth b. is greater near the mouth than near the source c. does not change significantly as a river flows downstream d. is greatest for meandering sections of the river

is greater near the source than near the mouth gradient - slope/drop in elevation mouth is where it stops

Compared to interglacial periods, during ice ages eustatic sea level a. is higher because of subsidence of the crust from the weight of continental glcaiers b. is lower due to the much greater volume of sea ice c. is lower due to transfer of water from the coean to continetnal glaciers d. is higher because of the increased volume of MOR responsible for excess CO2

is lower due to transfer of water from ocean to continental glaciers

Karst landscape from predominately in what kind of rock a. limestone b. fractured granite c. sandstone d. shale

limestone

Rates of groundwater flow are ________ than stream flow because the water ________. a. lower; contains dissolved ions that slow it down b. lower; must make its way through tiny pore spaces c. higher; can flow over the surface of sediment grains d. higher; does not have streamed obstacles to overcome

lower; must make its way through tiny pore spaces

A well that pumps vast quantities of groundwater ___. a. lowers the local water table, forming a cone-shaped depression of the water table b. uniformly lowers the regional water table c. does not affect the water table as groundwater flow rates increase to compensate d. creates a cylindrically shaped unsaturated zone around the well

lowers the lcooal water table, forming a cone-shaped depression of the water table

What would Earth's climate be like today if there were no greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? a. about the same as now b. similar to that of the MEsozoic c. Much warmer than now d. much colder than now

much colder than now

The ratio of Oxygen isotopes in plankton fossils in deap sea sedinents can be used to determine a. the age of the fossils b. past carbon dioxide concentrations c. past temperatures d. seawater Ph

past temperatures

which of the following best decribes the glacial till? a. finely laminated layers of mud b. well-sorted sand c. a broad are of gravel and sandbars d. poorly sorted, unsolidcated sediment

poorly sorted, unsolidicated sediment

The total volume of open space between grains in a rock or sediment a. permeability b. porosity c. aquifer d. discharge

porosity

A type of rock that could be relatively impermable to ground water flow and serve as an aquitard a. shale b. fractured limestone c. well-sorted sandstone d. conglomerate

shale - seal rock sand stone and conglomerate are sediment

Which type of coastline would most likely contain estuaries or fjords? a. convergent b. divergent c. submergent d. emregent

submergent estuary - river flooded/submerged in seawater fjord - U-valley from glaciers

Unidirectioonal changes in Earth's history include all fo the following except: a. formation of continental crust b. oxygenation of the athmosphere c. supercontinent formation d. differentiation and formation fo the core

supercontinent formation

The ultimate base level of a stream can be no lower than a. the average elevation of the continent b. the average elevation of the ocean c. its flood plain d. the water table

the average elevation of the ocean - base level of water

Barrier islands are constantly moving in the direction of a. longshore current b. the tides c. downwelling current d. the prevailing winds

the long shore current

Period of cold climat with continental glaciations have occured at least five times siince the Archean

true

Ocean waves are created by _____ a. tides b. the moon c. the thermohaline circulation d. wind

wind