Unit 4 Sociology Exam

demedicalization

A related process is demedicalization, in which "sick" behavior is normalized again -affect who responds to the patient, how people respond to the patient, and how people view the personal responsibility of the patient

How would a researcher study medical sociology based on the conflict theory?

They might look at the lack of quality health care access for lower paid workers.

What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common?

They recruit top teachers.

religious/redemptive movements

"meaning seeking," and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals -ex: Heaven's Gate or the Branch Davidians

social placement

Education also provides one of the major methods used by people for upward social mobility. This function is referred to as --------. -College and graduate schools are viewed as vehicles for moving students closer to the careers that will give them the financial freedom and security they seek. As a result, college students are often more motivated to study areas that they believe will be advantageous on the social ladder. A student might value business courses over a class in Victorian poetry because she sees business class as a stronger vehicle for financial success.

stigmatization of illness

Goffman (1963) suggests we might view illness as a stigma that can push others to view the ill in an undesirable manner. The --------- often has the greatest effect on the patient and the kind of care he or she receives. Many contend that our society and even our healthcare institutions discriminate against certain diseases—like mental disorders, AIDS, venereal diseases, and skin disorders

hidden curriculum

The cycle of rewarding those who possess cultural capital is found in formal educational curricula as well as in the ------------, which refers to the type of nonacademic knowledge that students learn through informal learning and cultural transmission. This --------- reinforces the positions of those with higher cultural capital and serves to bestow status unequally.

mood disorders

The second most common mental disorders in the United States are ------ -Major mood disorders are depression, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder.

universal access

This term refers to people's equal ability to participate in an education system. On a world level, access might be more difficult for certain groups based on class or gender (as was the case in the United States earlier in the nation's history, a dynamic we still struggle to overcome). -global concern=people with disabilities and free education (ex: Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia)

new social movement theory

a development of European social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to analyze using traditional social movement theories. Rather than being one specific theory, it is more of a perspective that revolves around understanding movements as they relate to politics, identity, culture, and social change. -ex: ecofeminism, which focuses on the patriarchal society as the source of environmental problems, and the transgender rights movement

crowd

a fairly large number of people in close proximity -ex: attending a worship service, tailgating a patriots game, or attending a concert

tracking

a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced versus low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. -While educators may believe that students do better in tracked classes because they are with students of similar ability and may have access to more individual attention from teachers, conflict theorists feel that tracking leads to self-fulfilling prophecies in which students live up (or down) to teacher and societal expectations

value-added theory

a perspective within the functionalist tradition based on the idea that several conditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur -Each condition adds to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur -includes structural conduciveness, Structural strain, growth and spread of a generalized belief, mobilization for action, and social control -ex: fatal police shooting of black teenager Michael Brown -functionalist perspective

legitimation

a physician must certify that the illness is genuine.

mass

a relatively large number of people with a common interest, though they may not be in close proximity -ex: players of the popular Facebook game Farmville, Club Penguin

education

a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

universal healthcare

a system that guarantees healthcare coverage for everyone. Germany, Singapore, and Canada all have universal healthcare. -People often look to Canada's ---------, Medicare, as a model for the system. In Canada, healthcare is publicly funded and is administered by the separate provincial and territorial governments. -The care itself comes from private providers=the main difference from socialized medicine system

grade inflation

a term used to describe the observation that the correspondence between letter grades and the achievements they reflect has been changing (in a downward direction) over time. -Put simply, what used to be considered C-level, or average, now often earns a student a B, or even an A.

feminist theory

aims to understand the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education, as well as their societal repercussions. -Like many other institutions of society, educational systems are characterized by unequal treatment and opportunity for women. Almost two-thirds of the world's 862 million illiterate people are women, and the illiteracy rate among women is expected to increase in many regions, especially in several African and Asian countries

assembling perspective

another system for understanding collective behavior that credited individuals in crowds as rational beings. Unlike previous theories, this theory refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action. Remember that collective behavior is a noninstitutionalized gathering, whereas collective action is based on a shared interest. McPhail's theory focused primarily on the processes associated with crowd behavior, plus the lifecycle of gatherings. He identified several instances of convergent or collective behavior, as shown on the chart below.

A person reports constant and excessive worry about household messes, and experiences strong urges to clean the house on a daily basis. Which category of mental disorders would this person fall under?

anxiety

What are the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders in the United States?

anxiety disorders

contested illnesses

are those that are questioned or questionable by some medical professionals. Disorders like fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome may be either true illnesses or only in the patients' heads, depending on the opinion of the medical professional.

emergent norm theory

asserts that, in this circumstance, people perceive and respond to the crowd situation with their particular (individual) set of norms, which may change as the crowd experience evolves -symbolic interactionist perspective -ex: "looting" during Hurricane Katrine was seen rather as a norm for means of survival

collective gesticulation

body parts forming symbols

personality disorders

cause people to behave in ways that are seen as abnormal to society but seem normal to them -has some overlap with mood disorders -ex: paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality, narcissistic personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

sorting

classifying students based on academic merit or potential. The most capable students are identified early in schools through testing and classroom achievements. Such students are placed in accelerated programs in anticipation of successful college attendance.

collective verbalization

collective and simultaneous participation in a speech or song

The class, race, and gender inequalities in our healthcare system support the _____________ perspective.

conflict

casual crowds

consist of people who are in the same place at the same time but who aren't really interacting -ex: people standing in line at the post office

cultural capital

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency that helps us navigate a culture, alters the experiences and opportunities available to French students from different social classes. -Members of the upper and middle classes have more ------ than do families of lower-class status. As a result, the educational system maintains a cycle in which the dominant culture's values are rewarded. Instruction and tests cater to the dominant culture and leave others struggling to identify with values and competencies outside their social class. -For example, there has been a great deal of discussion over what standardized tests such as the SAT truly measure. Many argue that the tests group students by cultural ability rather than by natural intelligence.

social construction of illness experience

deals with such issues as the way some patients control the manner in which they reveal their diseases and the lifestyle adaptations patients develop to cope with their illnesses.

informal education

describes learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors by participating in a society. This type of learning occurs both through the formal education system and at home. Our earliest learning experiences generally happen via parents, relatives, and others in our community. Through -----------, we learn how to dress for different occasions, how to perform regular life routines like shopping for and preparing food, and how to keep our bodies clean.

formal education

describes the learning of academic facts and concepts through a formal curriculum; used to be available to only the upper class because of access to scholarly materials

impairment

describes the physical limitations, while reserving the term disability to refer to the social limitation

conflict theorist view of education

do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality. Rather, they believe that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise from differences in class, gender, race, and ethnicity. Where functionalists see education as serving a beneficial role, ------------ view it more negatively. To them, educational systems preserve the status quo and push people of lower status into obedience.

credentialism

embodies the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. These certificates or degrees serve as a symbol of what a person has achieved, and allows the labeling of that individual.

resource mobilization theory

explains movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals. Resources are primarily time and money, and the more of both, the greater the power of organized movements. Numbers of social movement organizations (SMOs), which are single social movement groups, with the same goals constitute a social movement industry (SMI). Together they create what McCarthy and Zald (1977) refer to as "the sum of all social movements in a society."

convergence clusters

family and friends who travel together

alternative movements

focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior -ex: transcendental meditation or a macrobiotic diet

acting crowds

focuses on a specific goal or action, such as a protest movement or riot -ex: protesting against Donald Trump president-elect

public healthcare

government-funded -The two main publicly funded healthcare programs are Medicare, which provides health services to people over sixty-five years old as well as people who meet other standards for disability, and Medicaid, which provides services to people with very low incomes who meet other eligibility requirements

convergent orientation

group all facing the same direction

stigmatization

means their identity is spoiled; they are labeled as different, discriminated against, and sometimes even shunned. They are labeled (as an interactionist might point out) and ascribed a master status (as a functionalist might note), becoming "the blind girl" or "the boy in the wheelchair" instead of someone afforded a full identity by society. This can be especially true for people who are disabled due to mental illness or disorders.

China is undergoing a shift in industry, increasing labor specialization and the amount of differentiation present in the social structure. This exemplifies:

modernization

collective behavior

noninstitutionalized activity in which several or many people voluntarily engage -ex: flashmobs, population of teens adopting their favorite singer's hairstyle

Many deaths in high-income nations are linked to __________________

obesity

collective manipulation

objects collectively moved around -ex: holding signs at a protest rally

prognostic framing

offers a solution and states how it will be implemented -2/3 frame of successful social movements

sick role

patterns of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and for those who take care of them.

expressive crowds

people who join together to express emotion, often at funerals, weddings, or the like

Public schools must guarantee that ___________.

per-student spending is equitable

private healthcare

privately funded -The U.S. Census (2011) divides private insurance into employment-based insurance and direct-purchase insurance. Employment-based insurance is health plan coverage that is provided in whole or in part by an employer or union; it can cover just the employee, or the employee and his or her family. Direct purchase insurance is coverage that an individual buys directly from a private company.

social movements

purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal -ex: anti tobacco movement, Arab political movements -local, state, national, global scale

disability

refers to a reduction in one's ability to perform everyday tasks -social limitation

medicalization

refers to the process by which previously normal aspects of life are redefined as deviant and needing medical attention to remedy. -Historically and contemporaneously, many aspects of women's lives have been medicalized, including menstruation, pre-menstrual syndrome, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause.

medicalization of deviance

refers to the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior -affect who responds to the patient, how people respond to the patient, and how people view the personal responsibility of the patient

cultural transmission

refers to the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture -Both informal and formal education include -------. -For example, a student will learn about cultural aspects of modern history in a U.S. History classroom. In that same classroom, the student might learn the cultural norm for asking a classmate out on a date through passing notes and whispered conversations.

individual mandate

requires everyone to have insurance coverage by 2014 or pay a penalty.

No Child Left Behind Act

requires states to test students in designated grades. The results of those tests determine eligibility to receive federal funding. Schools that do not meet the standards set by the Act run the risk of having their funding cut. Sociologists and teachers alike have contended that the impact of the ------- is far more negative than positive, arguing that a "one size fits all" concept cannot apply to education.

reform movements

seek to change something specific about the social structure -ex: antinuclear groups, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), the Dreamers movement for immigration reform, and the Human Rights Campaign's advocacy for Marriage Equality

revolutionary movements

seek to completely change every aspect of society -ex: 1960s counterculture movement, including the revolutionary group The Weather Underground, as well as anarchist collectives. Texas Secede! is a revolutionary movement

resistance movements

seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure ex: Ku Klux Klan, the Minutemen, and pro-life movements fall into this category.

symbolic interactionalist view of education

sees education as one way that labeling theory is seen in action. A ----------- might say that this labeling has a direct correlation to those who are in power and those who are labeled. For example, low standardized test scores or poor performance in a particular class often lead to a student who is labeled as a low achiever. Such labels are difficult to "shake off," which can create a self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton 1968).

Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________.

social promotion

Key predictors for student success include ____________.

socioeconomic status and family background

collective vocalization

sounds or noises made collectively

diagnostic framing

states the problem in a clear, easily understood way -1/3 frame of successful social movements

stereotype interchangeability

stereotypes that don't change and that get recycled for application to a new subordinate group

motivational framing

the call to action: what should you do once you agree with the diagnostic frame and believe in the prognostic frame? -3/3 frame of successful social movements

social change

the change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

commodification of health

the changing of something not generally thought of as a commodity into something that can be bought and sold in a marketplace

social movement industry

the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

collective locomotion

the direction and rate of movement to the event -ex: children running to an ice cream truck

In addition to social movements, social change is also caused by technology, social institutions, population and ______.

the environment

socialized medicine system

the government owns and runs the system. It employs the doctors, nurses, and other staff, and it owns and runs the hospitals (Klein 2009). -The best example of socialized medicine is in Great Britain, where the National Health System (NHS) gives free healthcare to all its residents. And despite some U.S. citizens' knee-jerk reaction to any healthcare changes that hint of socialism, the United States has one socialized system with the Veterans Health Administration.

morbidity

the incidence of disease

anxiety disorders

the most common mental disorders in the United States are ----------. -It is important to distinguish between occasional feelings of anxiety and a true anxiety disorder. Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress that we all feel at some point, but anxiety disorders are feelings of worry and fearfulness that last for months at a time. -Anxiety disorders include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and both social and specific phobias.

existing social movement sector

the multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals

mortality

the number of deaths in a given time or place - rate for blacks was nearly twice that of whites at 13.2 compared to 5.6 per 1,000 live births

modernization

the processes that increase the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society to developed, technologically driven society

Which of the following is not part of the rights and responsibilities of a sick person under the functionalist perspective?

the sick person can take as long as she wants to get better

The Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is an example of ________________

the social construction of health

social epidemiology

the study of the causes and distribution of diseases. ------- can reveal how social problems are connected to the health of different populations

epidemiology

the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases

medical sociology

the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy. --------- study the physical, mental, and social components of health and illness. Major topics for ------- include the doctor/patient relationship, the structure and socioeconomics of healthcare, and how culture impacts attitudes toward disease and wellness.

Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ________.

transmission of moral education

Functionalist view of education

view education as one of the more important social institutions in a society. -contend that education contributes two kinds of functions: manifest (or primary) functions, which are the intended and visible functions of education; and latent (or secondary) functions, which are the hidden and unintended functions. -Also contend that school, particularly in recent years, is taking over some of the functions that were traditionally undertaken by family.

symbolic interactionalist view of healthcare

view that health and illness are both socially constructed -As we discussed in the beginning of the chapter, ------- focus on the specific meanings and causes people attribute to illness.

functionalist perspective of healthcare

view that health is vital to the stability of the society, and therefore sickness is a sanctioned form of deviance.

conflict theorist perspective of healthcare

view that issues with the healthcare system, as with most other social problems, are rooted in capitalist society. -According to -------, capitalism and the pursuit of profit lead to the commodification of health -do not give enough credit to medical advances that would not have been made without an economic structure to support and reward researchers: a structure dependent on profitability -in their criticism of the power differential between doctor and patient, they are perhaps dismissive of the hard-won medical expertise possessed by doctors and not patients, which renders a truly egalitarian relationship more elusive.

Head Start Program

was developed to give low-income students an opportunity to make up the preschool deficit discussed in Coleman's findings. The program provides academic-centered preschool to students of low socioeconomic status.