Unit 4 Test HBS

Flexion

A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Valves

A bodily structure (as the mitral valve) that closes temporarily a passage or orifice or permits movement of fluid in one direction only.

Ventricle

A chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries

Creatine Phosphate

A compound of creatine and phosphoric acid that is found especially in vertebrate muscle where it is an energy source for muscle contraction

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and characterized especially by weakness, pain, and disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers

Actin

A contractile protein that is part of the thin filaments in muscle fibers

Nerves

A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system

Synovial Joints

A fully moveable joint in which the synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones

Glycogen

A highly branched polymer of glucose containing thousands of subunits; functions as a compact store of glucose molecules in liver and muscle fibers

Heart Rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as number of beats per minute

Circumduction

A movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable

Tropomyosin

A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction

Troponin

A protein of muscle that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin and that when combined with calcium ions permits muscular contraction

Pulse

A regularly recurrent wave of distension in arteries that results from the progress through an artery of blood injected into the arterial system at each contraction of the ventricles of the heart.

Fascicle

A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibers

Which of these forms tendons?

A tendon is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue made up primarily of collagenous fibres. Primary collagen fibres, which consist of bunches of collagen fibrils, are the basic units of a tendon. Primary fibres are bunched together into primary fibre bundles (subfasicles), groups of which form secondary fibre bundles (fasicles). Multiple secondary fibre bundles form tertiary fibre bundles, groups of which in turn form the tendon unit

Myofibril

A threadlike structure, extending longitudinally through a muscle fiber (cell) consisting mainly of think filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin)

Smooth Muscle

A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by the autonomic motor neurons

Cartilage

A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos

Pulmonary Vein

A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Tendons

A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

ABI levels

Above 0.90 = Normal 0.71 - 0.90 = Mild Obstruction 0.41 - 0.70 = Moderate Obstruction 0.00 - 0.40 = Severe Obstruction

Varicose Veins

An abnormal swelling of a superficial vein of the legs.

Goniometer

An instrument for measuring angles (as of a joint or the skull)

Muscle

An organ composed of one of the three types of fibrous tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), specialized for contraction to produce voluntary and involuntary movements of parts of the body

Skeletal Muscle

An organ specialized for contraction, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to bone by a tendon or aponeurosis, and stimulated by somatic motor neurons

Lactic Acid

An organic acid present in blood and muscle tissue as a product of the anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glycogen

Extension

An unbending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that increases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Venules

Any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins

Sarcomere

Any of the repeating structural units of striated muscle fibrils

Arterioles

Any of the small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries

Capillaries

Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules and forming networks throughout the body.

Veins

Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart and have thinner walls than the arteries and often valves at intervals to prevent reflux of the blood which flows in a steady stream and is in most cases dark-colored due to the presence of reduced hemoglobin.

Describe at least three distinguishing features of synovial joints.

Articular cartilage; synovial cavity; articular capsule; synovial fluid; reinforcing ligaments; rich nerve and blood vessel supply

Abduction Movement

Away from the midline of the body

Which nerves come from the neck region?

Cervical plexus

Aerobic Respiration

Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

Ligaments

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Coronary Arteries

Either of two arteries that arise one from the left and one from the right side of the aorta immediately above the semilunar valves and supply the tissues of the heart itself

Sutures of the skull are ___.

FIBROUS - allow for motion depending on length of fibers

The joints at the top of the skull are a type of

Fibrous joint

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces a type of connective tissue found in areas such as the nose, ears, and trachea of the human body. Hyaline cartilage is a glossy, greyish-white tissue with a uniform appearance

Muscle Fatigue

Inability of muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension; may be related to insufficient oxygen, depletion of glycogen, and/or lactic acid buildup

Jeremiah is a 67 year old male who is married to Karen. Karen loves to do water aerobics at the local YMCA with her friends. She is worried about Jeremiah's heart health as his resting heart rate is 85 bpm and wants him to join her at water aerobics. Jeremiah says he is fine and tells Karen to stop nagging him.

Jeremiah's cardiac output: 75 SV X 85BPM = 6,375 B. The volume of blood his heart pumps in 1 hour = 382,500 C. The volume of blood his heart pumps in 1 day = 9,180,000 D. The volume of blood his heart pumps in 1 year = 3.3507e9 E. The volume of blood his heart has pumped in his lifetime 2.24497e11 Note - all answers should be in Liters

Which chamber of the heart is most directly responsible for pumping blood to the tips of your fingers?

Left Ventricle

An ABI of 0.5 could most likely be an indication of

Moderate obstruction

Rotation

Moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Afferent Nerves

Nerve cells that carry impulses towards the central nervous system

Efferent Nerves

Nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system

Plexuses

Network of interlacing blood vessels or nerves

Synovial Fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage. joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulating surfaces. The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart; stimulated by the intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons. Striated Any of the alternate dark and light cross bands of a myofibril of striated muscle

Rigor Mortis

Temporary rigidity of muscles occurring after death

Circumflex Artery

The Circumflex artery branches off the left coronary artery and surrounds the heart muscle. This artery supplies blood to the outer side and back of the heart.

Aortic Valve

The aortic valve closes off the lower left chamber that holds the oxygen-rich blood before it is pumped out to the body. It will open to allow blood to leave the heart. It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Pulmonary Artery

The artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs so the blood can pick up oxygen.

Perimysium

The connective-tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle and forms sheaths for the bundles of muscle fibers

Myosin

The contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers

Endomysium

The delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual muscular fibers within the smallest bundles

Sliding Filament Theory

The explanation of how thick and thin filaments slide relative to one another during striated muscle contraction to decrease sarcomere length

Epimysium

The external connective-tissue sheath of a muscle

Blood Pressure

The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Left Anterior Descending Artery

The left anterior descending artery branches off the left coronary artery and supplies blood to the front of the left side of the heart.

Left Coronary Artery

The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle.

Circulation

The movement of blood through the vessels of the body that is induced by the pumping action of the heart and serves to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste products from all parts of the body.

Systemic Circulation

The passage of arterial blood from the left atrium of the heart through the left ventricle, the systemic arteries, and the capillaries to the organs and tissues that receive much of its oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide and the return of the carbon-dioxide carrying blood via the systemic veins to enter the right atrium of the heart and to participate in the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in the systemic circulation

Joints

The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton whether movable or rigidly fixed together with the surrounding and supporting parts (as membranes, tendons, or ligaments)

Range of Motion

The range through which a joint can be moved

Right Coronary Artery

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, which regulate the heart rhythm.

Which of these is the main functional unit of a muscle cell?

The sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle fiber. The sarcomere itself is bundled within the myofibril that runs the entire length of the muscle fiber and attaches to the sarcolemma at its end. As myofibrils contract, the entire muscle cell contracts.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in one beat

Bicuspid Valve

This valve helps prevent blood from flowing backwards at it moves through the heart. This valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

Tricuspid Valve

This valve is on the right dorsal side of the mammalian heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It prevents back flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

Pulmonary Valve

This valve moves blood toward the lungs and keeps it from flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the heart. It lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

Contraction

To shorten and thicken

Hinge Joint

a common class of synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend. Example: Elbow

Vena Cava

a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.

Saddle Joint

a synovial joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Saddle joints provide stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint Example: Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb that is formed between the trapezium bone and the first metacarpal.

plane synovial joint

a synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement. Example: Joints between the metacarpal bones

Pivot Joint

a type of synovial joint that rotates. Two examples of pivot joints in your body are the pivot joint in your neck that allows your head to rotate.

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

All of the these apply to efferent nerves except

also called motor neurons - are the nerves responsible for carrying signals away from the central nervous system in order to initiate an action. When sensory input is brought to the brain, it sends signals for a motor response to your muscles and glands via the efferent neurons.

Condyloid Joint

an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation. Example: Between metacarpals and phalanx

fluid filled cavity

blastocoel

pubic symphysis joint

cartilaginous

fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

The jugular vein returns blood to the heart from the

head

The renal artery supplies blood to the ____.

kidney

The femoral artery supplies blood to the

leg

Elevation

movement in a superior direction

Depression

refers to movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.

Anaerobic Respiration

respiration (the glycogen - lactic acid system) to make ATP and a byproduct called lactic acid

Ball & Socket Joint

swinging and rotating movements. The articulating bone is received into the cavity of another bone, allowing the distal bone to move around three main axes with a common center. The joint has stabilizing ligaments that limit the directions and extent to which the bones can be moved. Example: Round head of the femur (ball) rests in the cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis.

Dorsiflexion Bending

the foot in the direction of the dorsum (upper surface)

Plantar Flexion Bending

the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole)

Adduction Movement

toward the midline of the body

Flexion and Extension

type of movement when the angle decreases between the articulating bones of a joint such as bending the knee. Extension occurs when the legs is straightened, increasing the angle between the bones.