Unit 4 TEST (Lesson 11-14)

Who did not like the idea of patriotism?

A surge of patriotism following the War of 1812 helped forge a new national identity. Because many Federalists had been opposed to the war—a stance their opponents described as disloyal—the Federalist Party struggled to survive in the face of this growing patriotism.

What happened to the treaty with Tripoli?

After a year of U.S. attacks and a blockade, Tripoli signed a peace treaty with the United States in 1805. Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute payments, and in return, the United States paid a $60,000 ransom for the crew of the Philadelphia. This was a bargain compared to the $3 million first demanded. Pirates from other Barbary States, however, continued to raid ships in the Mediterranean. By the mid-1800s, piracy in the Barbary States finally ended.

What are some symbols of the new nation?

After the British burned Washington, D.C., during the War of 1812, Congress hired architects to rebuild the White House and the Capitol using Greek and Roman architectural styles. Although Another national symbol was born during this period: Uncle Sam. White American men saw themselves as devoted to individualism and equality, but their commitment to these values did not always extend to enslaved African Americans, American Indians, or women.

When did the Jay's Treaty happen? What happened after?

After the outbreak of war between Great Britain and France in 1793, the British Navy began to attack U.S. merchant ships headed for France. In the treaty signed in 1794, known as the Jay Treaty, the British finally agreed to pull their troops from the Ohio Valley and halt attacks on U.S. shipping. France, still at war with Great Britain, viewed the Jay Treaty not only as a violation of its own treaty with the United States, made back in 1778, but as an alliance between the United States and Great Britain. In July 1796, the French navy began attacking U.S. merchant ships bound for Great Britain, and over the next year, French warships seized several American ships.

What were the results of 1812?

Although both sides claimed victory, neither Great Britain nor the United States really won the War of 1812. The Treaty of Ghent settled none of the issues that had led to the fighting. Instead, the problems of impressment and ship seizures faded away as peace settled over Europe. Still, the war had important effects. First, the war severely weakened Indian resistance in the Northwest Territory. Over the next 20 years, the U.S. government would force most of the American Indians who fought with Tecumseh out of the Ohio Valley and west of the Mississippi River. Second, national pride in the United States surged. Many Americans considered the War of 1812 "the second war of independence." They felt that by standing up to the British, the United States had truly become a sovereign nation. Third, the war had political effects. The Federalists were badly damaged by their opposition to the war, and their party never recovered. Two of the war's heroes—William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson—would later be elected president.

How did America face piracy?

American ships faced a different threat from the Barbary States of North Africa: piracy, or robbery at sea. For years, pirates from Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli had preyed on merchant ships entering the Mediterranean Sea, so that they could seize the ships and hold the crews for ransom. Presidents Washington and Adams both paid tribute to Barbary State rulers in exchange for the safety of American ships. While Americans were shouting "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute" during the XYZ Affair, the United States was quietly sending money to the Barbary States. By the time Jefferson became president, the United States had paid the Barbary States almost $2 million. The ruler of Tripoli, however, demanded still more tribute, and to show that he was serious, he declared war on the United States. Jefferson hated war, but he also hated paying tribute. The question was, which was worse?

Where did Americans get art traditions. What type of are did some artist create?

Americans had brought European art traditions with them to the colonies, but by the 1800s they were expressing their national identity by developing styles all their own. Not all artists were professionals, and ordinary people produced many kinds of folk art. Typically, untrained artists created signs, murals, and images of national symbols like the American flag. Such folk art was simple, direct, and often very colorful.

Where were songs most commonly sung?

Americans' national identity was also expressed through music. Until the 1800s, music in the United States was performed and heard mostly in church, and the songs that were performed outside church usually were old tunes with new lyrics. The music for "The Star-Spangled Banner," for instance, came from an English tune.

Jackson's thoughts on a bank

Andrew Jackson saw himself as the champion of the people, and never more so than in his war with the Bank of the United States. Jackson thought that the bank benefited rich eastern depositors at the expense of farmers and workers, as well as smaller state banks. The bank's charter, or contract, was due to come up for renewal in 1836. Jackson vetoed the recharter bill. Even though the Supreme Court had held that the bank was constitutional, Jackson called the bank an unconstitutional monopoly that existed mainly to make the rich richer. The voters seemed to agree, and a large majority elected Jackson to a second term in 1832.

Andrew Jackson's early life

Andrew Jackson was born in 1767, on the South Carolina frontier. After the war, Jackson decided to become a lawyer. Jackson entered politics in Tennessee, serving in both the House and Senate. However, he did not become widely known until the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, in which his defense of the city made "Old Hickory" a national hero. In 1824, Jackson ran for president against three other candidates: Henry Clay, William Crawford, and John Quincy Adams. Jackson won the most popular votes as well as the most electoral votes, but he did not have enough electoral votes for a majority. Clay, who had come in fourth, urged his supporters in the House to vote for Adams. That support gave Adams enough votes to be elected president. Jackson's supporters used the time between elections to build a new political organization that came to be called the Democratic Party, the name it still uses today. This new party, they promised, would represent ordinary farmers, workers, and the poor, not the rich and upper class who controlled the Republican Party. In the election of 1828, Jackson's supporters worked hard to reach the nation's voters. The result was a great victory for Jackson, but it was also a victory for the idea that the common people should control their government. This idea eventually became known as Jacksonian Democracy.

What did composers write?

As demand for popular songs grew, composers answered with a stream of patriotic anthems. White composers from the South created a type of music known as minstrel songs that mimicked African American songs.

Who was John Marshall?

Both nationalism and commerce had a friend in the Supreme Court's chief justice, John Marshall. Marshall's decisions had two major effects. First, they strengthened the role of the Supreme Court itself and the federal government's power over the states. Second, they encouraged the growth of capitalism, as a few specific cases show.

Who was Daniel Webster and what did he support?

Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, served several terms in both the House and Senate. Unlike Clay, who was a War Hawk, Webster bitterly opposed the War of 1812. After the war, however, he voiced strong support for Clay's American System. "Let us act under a settled conviction, and an habitual feeling, that these twenty-four states are one country," Webster urged in 1825. Later, he would strongly challenge Calhoun's claim that states had the right to defy the federal government.

What did Davy Crockett do?

Davy Crockett was a real-life frontiersman who spun tall tales about his life as a hunter, soldier, and explorer.

Jackson's Indian policy

Despite the treaties, American Indians continued to be pushed off their land. By the time Jackson became president, only 125,000 American Indians still lived east of the Mississippi River. War and disease had greatly reduced their number in the East, while others had sold their lands for pennies an acre and moved west of the Mississippi. Jackson was determined to remove the remaining American Indians to a new Indian Territory in the West. Most of the eastern Indians lived in the South and belonged to one of five groups, called tribes by whites: the Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole. In 1830, urged on by President Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. This law allowed the president to make treaties in which American Indians in the East traded their lands for new territory on the Great Plains. The law did not say that they should be removed by force, and in 1831 the Supreme Court held that American Indians had a right to keep their lands. An angry Jackson disagreed, however, and groups that refused to move west voluntarily were met with military force, usually with tragic results. Two years later, under President Martin Van Buren, more than 17,000 Cherokees were forced from their homes in Georgia and herded west by federal troops.

Who was the first President?

George Washington (1789-1797)

What did George Washington do when France declared war with Great Britain?

In 1793, however, France declared war against Great Britain, presenting President Washington with the difficult problem of deciding which side to take. During its own revolution, the United States had signed a treaty of alliance with France in 1778. Alliances are agreements made with other nations to aid and support each other. In that treaty, the United States had promised to aid France in time of war, and many Americans were eager to honor that pledge, even if it meant going to war with Great Britain again. Knowing that the United States was not prepared for war, Washington decided to ignore the treaty and announced a policy of neutrality.

What events happened during The War of 1812?

In 1812, 1813, and again in 1814 U.S. forces crossed into Canada, but each time British forces drove them back. By 1814, Napoleon had been defeated in Europe, and Great Britain was able to send thousands of troops across the Atlantic. American plans to conquer Canada came to an end. Meanwhile, in August 1814, another British army invaded Washington, D.C. The British burned several public buildings, including the Capitol and the White House. President Madison had to flee for his life. Next the British attacked the port city of Baltimore, Maryland. On September 13, an American lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched as the British bombarded Fort McHenry, which guarded the city's harbor. The bombardment went on all night. When dawn broke, Key was thrilled to see that the American flag still waved over the fort, proving that the fort had not been captured. He expressed his feelings in a poem that was later put to music as "The Star-Spangled Banner."

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

In 1823, Monroe announced in his annual message to Congress a policy that became known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe stated that the nations of North and South America were "free and independent" and were "not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." In the years ahead, the Monroe Doctrine joined isolationism as a basic principle of U.S. foreign policy. The doctrine asserted that the United States would not accept European interference in the affairs of the Americas. It also contained another, hidden message. By its very boldness, the Monroe Doctrine told the world that the United States was no longer a weak collection of quarreling states. It was becoming a strong and confident nation—a nation to be respected by the world.

The nullification crisis

In 1828, Congress passed a law raising tariffs, or taxes on imported goods such as cloth and glass. The idea was to encourage the growth of manufacturing in the United States. Higher tariffs meant higher prices for imported factory goods, which would allow American manufacturers to outsell their foreign competitors. While Northern states, humming with new factories, favored the new tariff law, southerners opposed tariffs for several reasons. Tariffs raised the prices they paid for factory goods. High tariffs also discouraged trade among nations, and planters in the South worried that tariffs would hurt cotton sales to other countries. In addition, many southerners believed that a law favoring one region—in this case, the North—was unconstitutional. Led by Calhoun, they proclaimed South Carolina's right to nullify, or reject, both the 1828 and 1832 tariff laws. Such an action was called nullification. South Carolina took the idea of states' rights even further. The state threatened to secede if the national government tried to enforce the tariff laws. Faced with such firm opposition, South Carolina backed down and the nullification crisis ended. However, the tensions between the North and the South would increase in the years ahead.

Who was John C. Calhoun and what did he support?

In Congress, Calhoun supported the national bank, a permanent road system, and a tax on imports. Yet in other ways he resisted federal power. By the 1830s, he would become the leading spokesman for states' rights, largely to protect slavery in the South. His career illustrates the tensions between nationalism and the pull of regional differences.

Mexico vs. Spain

In Mexico, the revolt against Spanish rule was inspired by a Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo. In 1821, Mexico finally won its independence from Spain.

What happened to the treaty made between France and the United States in 1800?

In a treaty made between France and the United States in 1800, Napoleon agreed to end France's 1778 alliance with the United States. In exchange, the Americans agreed not to ask France to pay for all the ships it had seized, which meant that the U.S. government would have to pay American ship owners for their lost property. To Adams, this seemed a small price to pay for peace with France. Choosing the olive branch cost Adams political popularity. His pursuit of peace with France created strong disagreements within the Federalist Party, ultimately losing Adams and the Federalists votes when he ran for reelection in 1800. Jefferson defeated Adams in the election, and the Federalist Party lost much of its support. Over the next few years, Adams would watch his Federalist Party slowly fade away.

What were the regional differences in America?

In part because of geographical differences, distinct regional lifestyles developed, which led to stereotypes, or exaggerated images, of different groups. The "Yankees" of the Northeast, with its growing cities and bustling trade, were seen as enterprising, thrifty, and—in the eyes of southerners—quick to chase a dollar. The rich plantation owners of the South were seen as gracious, cultured, and—in the eyes of northerners—lazy. The frontier settlers who sought their fortunes in the West were seen as rugged, hardy, and—in the eyes of people on the East Coast—crude.

What music did the North play?

In the North, orchestras played classical music from Europe, and provided the music for the cotillion, in which groups of four couples danced together with elegantly coordinated movements.

What did the South and West play?

In the South, slaves combined the hymns of white churchgoers with African musical styles to create spirituals. They also entertained themselves—and sometimes slave owners—with folk songs accompanied by violin, drum, and banjo. In the South and West, square dances became common, which were less formal versions of the popular cotillion. As fiddles played, a "caller" told dancers which steps to perform.

Jackson's approach to governing

Instead of relying only on his cabinet for advice, Jackson made most of his decisions with the help of trusted friends and political supporters. Because these advisers were said to meet with him in the White House kitchen, they were called the "kitchen cabinet." Most of these civil servants viewed their posts as lifetime jobs, but Jackson disagreed. Rotating people in office was more democratic than lifetime service, he said, because it gave more people a chance to serve their government. Jackson believed that after a few years in office, civil servants should go back to making a living as other people do. Jackson's opponents called the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs the spoils system.

What did Great Britain do to American soldiers?

It became even harder when Great Britain began impressing American sailors—kidnapping them and forcing them to serve in the British navy. The British claimed that the men they impressed were British deserters. This may have been true in some cases, as some sailors may well have fled the terrible conditions on British ships, but thousands of unlucky Americans were also impressed.

How did The War of 1812 start?

James Madison chose to abandon isolationism. At his request, Congress declared war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812.

Who became president in 1817?

James Monroe became president in 1817.

What nations supported/did not support Latin America's independence?

Many Americans were excited by independence movements in Latin America. The British also supported the revolutions—for their own reasons. Spain had not allowed other nations to trade with its colonies. Once freed from Spanish rule, the new Latin American nations were able to open their doors to foreign trade, including trade with Great Britain. Other European leaders were not so pleased. They feared that revolutions, even on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, threatened their rule, and some even began to talk of helping Spain recover its lost colonies. In 1823, Great Britain asked the United States to join it in sending a message to these leaders, telling them to leave Latin America alone. President James Monroe asked former presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for advice. Should the United States do something to support the new Latin American nations?

What was the Embargo Act

Meanwhile, Jefferson tried desperately to convince both France and Great Britain to leave American ships alone. Unfortunately, all of his diplomatic efforts failed, and between 1803 and 1807, Great Britain seized at least a thousand American ships, with France capturing about half that many. When diplomacy failed, Jefferson proposed an embargo— a complete halt in trade with other nations. Under the Embargo Act passed by Congress in 1807, no foreign ships could enter U.S. ports and no American ships could leave, except to trade at other U.S. ports. Jefferson hoped that stopping trade would prove so painful to France and Great Britain that they would agree to leave American ships alone. The embargo, however, proved far more painful to Americans than to anyone in Europe, and some 55,000 sailors lost their jobs. In New England, newspapers pointed out that embargo spelled backward reads "O grab me," which made sense to all who were feeling its pinch. Congress repealed the unpopular Embargo Act in 1809. American ships returned to the seas, and French and British warships continued to attack them.

What did professional artist create?

Most professional artists during this period made a living doing portraits, which tried to capture the personalities and emotions of the subjects.

What did Henry Wadsworth do?

New England's Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was one of the first serious American poets. He wrote an American epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha, based on stories of American Indians, while other poems, like his famous "Paul Revere's Ride," touched on patriotic themes. In "The Building of the Ship," Longfellow celebrated the growing importance of the United States to the world

Jackson's inauguration

On March 4, 1829, more than 10,000 people, who came from every state, crowded into Washington, D.C., to witness Andrew Jackson's inauguration. Until the 1820s, only white men with property were thought to have the education and experience to vote wisely, and so the right to vote had excluded many poorer citizens. With the western states leading the way, voting laws were changed to give the "common man" the right to vote. Many of these new voters did believe they had rescued the country from disaster because, in their view, the national government had been taken over by corrupt "monied interests"—that is, the rich. Jackson had promised to throw the rich out and return the government to "the people." His election reflected a shift in power to the West and to the farmers, shopkeepers, and small-business owners who supported him.

What did Washington Irving do?

One of the first to achieve literary fame was Washington Irving. He drew on German folklore for his colorful tales of "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," but he set them in the wilds of upstate New York. Irving's enchanted stories were an immediate hit.

What did James Fenimore do?

One of the nation's first novelists was James Fenimore Cooper. In books such as The Pioneers and The Last of the Mohicans, Cooper wrote about the adventures of settlers in the wilderness.

What did John James create and what did he publish?

Other artists portrayed more particular aspects of nature. John James Audubon painted finely detailed portraits of birds. In some respects, Audubon was more a naturalist than an artist, choosing to make accurate, realistic studies of the species he observed in the fields and woods. No one in the United States would print his four-volume book, so he found a publisher in England. The Birds of America made him one of the country's first internationally famous artists.

What did George Catlin create?

Philadelphia's George Catlin turned his eye on the natives of the American West. He saw that American Indians' traditional ways were disappearing. For years, Catlin crisscrossed the West, drawing the native people and capturing in rich colors their villages, hunts, and rituals.

What was the XYZ affair/ what happened after?

President Adams sent three envoys, or representatives, to France to ask the French to end the attacks. French foreign minister Talleyrand refused to speak to the Americans. Instead, they were met by secret agents, later identified only as X, Y, and Z. The agents said that no peace talks would be held unless Talleyrand received a large sum of money as a tribute, or money given to someone in exchange for that person's protection. Shocked by the request, the American envoys refused. Meanwhile, Congress authorized U.S. warships and privately owned ships, called privateers, to launch a "half war" on the seas. During this undeclared war, American ships captured more than 80 French vessels.

What did President James Madison do when he took office in 1809?

President James Madison took office in 1809. He tried a new approach to protecting Americans at sea by offering France and Great Britain a deal: If you agree to cease your attacks on American ships, the United States will stop trading with your enemy. Napoleon promptly agreed to Madison's offer. At the same time, Napoleon's navy continued seizing American ships headed for British ports. Madison, who desperately wanted to believe Napoleon's false promise, cut off all trade with Great Britain. Meanwhile, the British continued seizing ships and impressing American sailors. Madison saw only one way to force Great Britain to respect American rights. He began to think about abandoning George Washington's policy of isolationism and going to war with Great Britain. New Englanders and Federalists generally opposed going to war. Merchants in New England knew that war would mean a blockade of their ports by the British navy and preferred to take their chances with the troubles at sea. Many people in the South and to the west, however, supported going to war. Like all Americans, they resented Great Britain's policy of impressing U.S. sailors, and they also accused the British of stirring up trouble among American Indians in the states and territories to the northwest.

The Battle of New Orleans

The Battle of New Orleans was the greatest U.S. victory of the War of 1812. It was also unnecessary. Two weeks earlier, American and British diplomats meeting in Ghent (GHENT), Belgium, had signed a peace treaty ending the war.

The Great Seal of the United States

The Great Seal is used as our national coat of arms. The Great Seal is used officially as decoration on military uniform buttons, on plaques, and above the entrances to U.S. embassies and consulates. Both the seal and the reverse, which is never used as a seal, appear on the one-dollar bill. The Secretary of State is the official custodian of the Great Seal. Thirteen is an important number used in the Great Seal. It represents the original colonies and first 13 states: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia. There are also 13 stars in the crest above the eagle; 13 stripes in the shield; 13 arrows in the eagle's left claw; 13 olives and leaves in the eagle's right claw; and 13 letters in the motto E Pluribus Unum.

What did Gilbert Stuart paint?

The best-known portrait artist was Gilbert Stuart. The image of George Washington on a dollar bill is adapted from a Stuart painting.

President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy

The first U.S. president, George Washington knew that the young nation was unprepared for war. George Washington established a policy of isolationism to avoid alliances with other countries which could draw the country into wars abroad.

Who was Henry Clay and what did he support?

The swelling of nationalist spirit was reflected in proposals that the federal government take a more active role in building the national economy. One of the leading supporters of such measures in Congress was Henry Clay of Kentucky. Clay was a persuasive speaker, full of charm and intelligence. Clay believed that America's future lay in capitalism, an economic system in which individuals and companies produce and distribute goods for profit. Clay supported an economic plan called the American System. This plan called for taxes on imported goods to protect industry as well as federal spending on transportation projects like roads and canals. A third part of Clay's plan was a new national bank to standardize currency and provide credit. Congress adopted this idea in 1816 when it created the second Bank of the United States. (The first national bank had lapsed in 1811.) The bank was a private business, but the U.S. government deposited federal funds there, and two-thirds of the bank stock was held by British interests.

What threats did America face as a new nation?

To the north, the British controlled Canada and refused to abandon their forts in the Ohio Valley, even though this region now belonged to the United States. To the south and west, Spain controlled Florida and Louisiana. Events in Europe also threatened the new nation. In 1789, the French people rose up against their king and fought to make France a republic.

What happened with the Indians?

Trouble with the Indians was growing as settlers moved into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and pushed Indians off their lands. On November 7, 1811, a militia force led by Indiana governor William Henry Harrison fought against Shawnee warriors at Tippecanoe Creek. Although Harrison defeated the Indian forces, after the battle, Harrison's men discovered that the Indians were armed with British guns. Americans were outraged. Several young congressmen from the South and West, including Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, were so eager for war with Great Britain that they were nicknamed "War Hawks." They argued that to make the northwestern frontier safe for settlers, the United States needed to drive the British out of Canada. Once that was done, Canada could be added to the United States.

When did Great Britain and France go back to war/what happened during the war?

Unfortunately, the peace that John Adams achieved with France did not last long. In 1803, France and Great Britain were again at war. As the conflict heated up, both nations began seizing American ships that were trading with their enemy. President Thomas Jefferson, who took office in 1801, complained bitterly that "England has become a den of pirates and France has become a den of thieves." Still, like Washington and Adams before him, Jefferson tried to follow a policy of neutrality.

What did Washington's policy of avoiding alliances with other countries become known as?

Washington's policy of avoiding alliances with other countries became known as isolationism. For the next century, isolationism would be the foundation of U.S. foreign policy.

What did Thomas Cole like to create?

When Thomas Cole arrived from England in 1818, he fell in love with the immense and varied American landscape. His most famous works feature both storm clouds and sunny skies over broad stretches of land, the glowing light making a striking contrast to the stormy darkness.