unit 5 ap

METHODS TO REDUCE URBAN RUNOFF

-humans can slow their impact on land and water resource through sustainable use -problems related to urban runoff can be reduced through methods that increase water infiltration such as •replacing traditional pavement with permeable pavement planting trees increasing use of public transportation building up, not out

Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built?

A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased Hunting licenses represent a financial gain by the state and county in forested areas, so if a forest is clear-cut, this would eliminate a viable area to hunt. Fewer hunting licenses purchased would be a negative economic consequence.

Which of the following aspects of the design for this new urban development will best help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere?

Access to the mass transit train line will provide inhabitants an alternative to driving personal vehicles. Use of the mass transit train line would lower personal vehicle use, which would decrease the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.

Which of the following statements best describes an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture fish-farm enclosures located in estuaries?

Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries. Parasites such as fish lice can escape into estuaries, negatively affecting young wild fish in breeding areas.

Which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl?

As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease. Lower population densities in suburban areas can help to reduce crime and the spread of disease. Urban sprawl decreases the population density in cities, which would be an advantage in reducing the spread of disease.

problems with poor urban planning

land/biodiversity water pollution energy, air and climate economic effects

pastures

managed grasslands and fences meadows often for grazing livestock

surface mining

removes shallow deposits overburden deposited into soil-waste material

Many farmers are reducing soil erosion by...

soil conservation: terracing: planting @ different levels contour planting/plowing: shaping fields strip cropping with cover crop: not bad alley cropping, agroforestry: in between others windbreaks/shelterbelts conservation-tillage farming

Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons?

Burning fossil fuels for energy production Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases and other atmospheric pollutants. This degrades the atmosphere, which is a commons.

Concentrated animal feeding operations

Concentrate the animals, reducing the area needed to produce the same amount of livestock. The data show the average number of animals per operation increasing dramatically, indicating that the feeding operations are becoming more concentrated.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Coordinate: cultivation, biological controls, and chemical tools to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level Reduces pollution and pesticide costs disadvantages: requires expert knowledge high initial cost gov opposition

Various nations have adopted policies designed to combat overfishing. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to combat the problem of overfishing?

Enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species Minimum-size limits have been placed on species like bluefish and striped bass, which allows fish of a certain size or reproductive age to remain in the population. This helps to keep fish population sizes higher.

Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture?

Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location. Excess food and the waste of many organisms can contaminate local waters.

Aquaculture or fish farming can be used to increase the availability of species like salmon and shrimp for consumption. Although fish farming can have a number of negative environmental effects, it does offer a number of advantages. Which of the following is a valid reason for promoting the use of fish farms?

Fish production is constant, and fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks. Fish farms are controlled and can produce a constant supply of fish. Also, if more fish are raised on farms, fewer will need to be caught in the wild.

Plant selection is important for a rain garden. Which of the following best describes the types of plants that would be most effective to use in the rain garden in this experimental design to reduce the impact of urban runoff?

Flood-tolerant plant species so that the plants can withstand large pulses of water from storms Plants should be both tolerant of occasional flooding as well as dry periods. Runoff from a roof and the parking lot could move large volumes of water into the rain garden during and after storm events.

Which of the following is an unintended consequence associated with waterlogging caused by flood irrigation?

Higher water tables If the water table rises to a point that the water inundates the crops' roots, then the crops would be unable to draw in enough oxygen through their roots. The air spaces in the soil are filled with water, which carries less oxygen than the air.

Feedlots

Highly concentrated animal populations and require grain production to provide animal feed. The production of animal feed requires high levels of pesticides and energy; the data support this claim.

Current agricultural practices are effective enough to feed the global population, but improvements in technology will help crops such as cotton and tobacco. why?

If farmers could use traditional methods to feed the human population, only crops like cotton and tobacco would be genetically modified.

Biocapacity increased because of improved farming techniques on existing farmland, and the ecological deficit increased because of a growing population and more demand for goods.

Improved farming techniques and a growing population demanding goods have the largest impact on how biocapacity and the ecological deficit change.

After intensive logging, most of the trees along a stream have been removed. Which of the following water quality changes would most likely occur downstream after logging?

Increased water temperature Increased erosion would occur when the soil is no longer held in place by the tree roots. This will increase the turbidity of the stream and cause the temperature to increase. Additionally, the lack of trees around the stream would most likely increase the amount of solar insolation on the stream, leading to higher temperatures.

Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons?

Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource Historically overfishing specific fish species, like the Atlantic cod or bluefin tuna, to the point of significantly reducing wild populations has led to a tragedy of the commons.

Which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture?

Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean. Relieving the fishing pressure in the oceans is an environmental benefit of aquaculture.

Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers?

Recycling of organic matter When organic fertilizers such as manure and compost are used, organic matter is recycled and nitrogen fixation by bacteria completes the nitrogen cycle. Synthetic fertilizers add an imbalance to the nitrogen cycle by creating additional nitrogen products that would not have been produced otherwise.

An urban planner is designing a new urban housing development in a currently rural area near an existing city. The urban development will have five 10-story apartment buildings, two basketball courts, a playground with permeable foam pavers, a 10-acre green space with a small man-made pond, one 5-story parking deck, and direct access to the mass transit train line. Which of the following aspects in the design for this new urban development would most likely have the greatest negative environmental impact?

The five apartment buildings The five apartment buildings would significantly reduce the permeable ground coverage for water infiltration, which would increase the chances for flooding. The buildings would also contribute to air pollution (as compared to other options) because of ventilation needed for heating and cooling.

The green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production. why?

The green revolution used selective breeding so that ideal traits, such as biomass in wheat kernels rather than wheat stems (which are inedible to humans), increased the amount of food produced.

Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an aquifer?

The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table. Increased withdrawal of water leads to lowering the water table when discharge exceeds recharge. This practice is not sustainable.

Which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming in tropical rain forests?

The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use. Slash-and-burn farming results in temporary fertility of soils that dissipates after about two years.

Which of the following would be the best measure to use to determine the effectiveness of the rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff?

The speed and volume of the water exiting the gardens One impact of urban runoff is the amount and velocity of water running off of impervious surfaces. An effective rain garden would reduce the amount and speed of the water moving through the garden as storm water infiltrates the vegetation and soil.

Which of the following environmental effects would most likely result from the clear-cutting of boreal forests by industrial logging operations?

There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change. Trees absorb and store large amounts of carbon dioxide, and their removal also releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, will enhance the effects of climate change.

Humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand. why?

This has allowed farmers to feed the growing global population.

Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation?

This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use. Drip irrigation that delivers water directly to plant roots is very efficient, up to 90%, with much less wasted water. Cost is decreasing but remains too high for some farmers, especially in developing countries.

Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion?

Tilling Tilling is the practice of plowing crops after each harvest, exposing the soil and reducing ground cover after harvest. This practice leads to high soil erosion and degradation.

Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout

Use of large-mesh nets reduces capture of smaller specimens. This technique would reduce the impacts of harvesting fish as fewer unintended species would be caught in the nets.

by-catch

any other species of fish, mammals, or birds that are caught that are not the target organism.

Rangeland

unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that provide forage for animals

tailings

waste material

pesticide

chemicals used to kill or control population of pests

huge economical footprint

consume 75% of the worlds resources

drip irrigation

costly less water waste useful for shallow, sandy soil