Unit 5 AP Psych - Memory

Which of the following statements is true of Hermann Ebbinghaus and his research?

he memorized and later recalled hundreds of nonsense syllables to document memory decay.

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?

how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

Which of the following is an example of metacognition?

knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas

When Sophie reads her history assignments, she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying to relate the new information to things she has experienced, been told about by others, or seen in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than Sophie's due to differences in

levels of processing

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

priming

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?

primacy

A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates

priming

When Lois looks at her wedding pictures, she has vivid memories of the early years of her marriage. The pictures serve as

retrieval cues

A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher's memory problem most likely results from

retroactive interference

An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena?

self-reference effect

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

semantic encoding

Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order?

serial

The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts?

serial position effect

Studying by focusing on the facts and not the meaning of information that has to be remembered involves

shallow processing

The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur?

there will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

they will be unable to learn a maze.

Metacognition refers to

thinking about thinking

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?

amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing

anterograde amnesia

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe

anterograde amnesia

If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that

appeared in the middle of the list

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?

attention

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance?

elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?

elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect?

emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

encoding

During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to

encoding failure

In memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the

enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

episodic memory

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve?

erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories?

Elizabeth Loftus

Hermann Ebbinghaus' research would most likely predict that

a student who only studies the night before a test will very rapidly forget most of the information studied after the test is over

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference?

carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.

According to research by Fergus I. M. Craik and Endel Tulving on levels of processing, which of the following would most improve the ability to recall the word "umbrella"?

deciding whether an umbrella would be useful to pack for a trip

When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to

implicit memory

Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of

insight

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions?

long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus?

memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Which of the following occurs during long-term potentiation?

memory improves because neural pathways are strengthened.

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates

proactive interference

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

procedural

Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period?

rehearsal

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names?

she never encoded the names into long-term memory

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall?

steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

In legal cases, Elizabeth Loftus' research on the misinformation effect is most often used to cast doubt on which of the following?

the memory of eyewitnesses

A few people witness an assault. Before the police arrive, one witness confidently tells the others that the assailant was wearing a green shirt, though in fact the shirt was blue. Later, when the police interview each witness individually, almost all of them state that they remember a green shirt. The memory error is referred to as

the misinformation effect

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following?

the serial position effect