Unit 5 APES test

36. Which of the following best describes the process known as "mountaintop removal"? (A) The use of trees planted at high elevations to eliminate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (B) The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip mining of coal (C)The placement of hazardous waste disposal sites at high elevations in mountainous regions (D) The shearing away of undersea mountain peaks to improve shipping lanes (E) The reduction of glacial ice resulting from increased global temperatures

(A) The use of trees planted at high elevations to eliminate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

25. It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population as slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend environmentalists remained concerned about the environmental impact of world population, primarily because (A)the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capliause of natural resources (B) people are living longer in developed nations, putting a strain on the economies of those countries (C) life expectancy is still decreasing in Africa due to AIDS the standard of living is poor in many developing countries, leading to a great deal of deprivation and (D) suffering (E) fertility is falling due to exposure to endocrine disruptors released into the environment

(A)the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capliause of natural resources

38. which of the following is the best illustration of the pesticide treadmilly (A) Sequence ofseveral pesticides used by farmers to maximize effectivenes (B) Inereased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests (C)Biomagnification of pesticides in the fatty tissue of primary consumers D) Movement of pesticides following their percolation into the groundwater (E) Process that is used to manufacture pesticides

(B) Inereased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests

21. Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals? (A) No-till cultivation (B) Integrated pest management (C) Contour plowing (D) Crop dusting (E) Use of cover crops

(B) Integrated pest management

11. Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing? (A) Eutrophication (B) Denitrification (C) The pesticide treadmill (D) Soil erosion (E) Soil salinization

(D) Soil erosion

9. A sustainable society would emphasize (A) maintaining the current rates of energy flow and resource use (B) converting the world's high-quality energy resources to low-quality heat (C) recycling both matter and high-quality energy (D) using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter (B) quickly expanding nuclear power, because it is a renewable resource

(D) using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter

12. Which of the following statements best explains the relationship shown on the graph? (A) Increased use of glyphosate herbicides kills more weeds and thus leads to higher crop yields. (B) The use of glyphosate herbicides has decreased because it has been shown to be ineffective in killing weeds. (C) The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations. (D) The use of glyphosate herbicides has decreased because the cost of the herbicides has increased. (E) Increased use of glyphosate herbicides correlates to increased agricultural profit.

?

19. which or the following best achieves the goal of providing wood products for humans while preserving biodiversity? (A) Clear-cutting of large areas of old-growth forest (B) Selective cutting of large areas of old-growth forest (C) Using prescribed burns in large areas of old-growth forest (D) Planting large tree plantations in abandoned farm fields

?

40. Fish landings are defined as the total catch of marine fish that are brought into ports for sale. Bycatch refers to the unwanted fish and other marine organisms that are caught during commercial fishing operations, but are not harvested or sold. Which of the following methods would you use to calculate the percent of the total catch of all fish in 2012 that was bycatch? (A) 6.017 x108 6×10° +6.017 x10° (B) 6x109 6×10° +6.017 x108 (C) 6.017×108 6x109 x 100 (D) 6.017 x108 6x10° + 6.017 x105 X 100

C

33. Which of the following strategies could be used to reduce soil erosion during surface mining of coal? (A) Increasing the use of open pit mining. (B) Adding air filtration systems. (C) Replanting vegetation. (D) Removing only low-grade ores.

C) Replanting vegetation.

14. A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is (A) eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use (B) ozone depletion from fossil fuel use (C) intercropping by traditional farmers D) compaction of soil from adding compost

D

16. If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various parts of the water cycle in the area? (A) (B) (C) (D (E)

D

28. Coal (A) Row A (B) Row B (C) Row C (D) Row D (E)Row E

E.

37. Which of the following is true of the Ogallala Aquifer?

Underlines US plains and is being depleted by overuse

13. Which ofthe following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified? (A) Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop. (B) Genetically engineered plants require greater use of pesticides. (C) Genetically engineered plants require more land to grow on. (D) Genetically engineered plants are more likely to spread disease throughout the crop.

(A) Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.

7. Based on the data, which of the following policies would most likely make the greatest reduction in the ecological footprint for all of the cities shown in the graph? (A) Setting higher fuel efficiency standards for vehicles (B) Increasing the cost to use public transportation (C) Offering tax incentives to individuals who recycle clothing and home goods (D) Subsidizing the cost of solar panel installation for homeowners

(A) Setting higher fuel efficiency standards for vehicles

23. Scientists studied the effects of three different ways to control household pests. They treated one group of pests with a conventional pesticide spray. A second group was treated using Integrated Pest Management (IP Mi) techniques. A third group réceived no treatment method at all. The success of each treatment was measured based on the change in the number of pests in the traps over time. Fewer pests caught indicate fewer pests in the area after application of the technique. The results are shown in the graph above. Which of the following claims would be the best solution to the pest problem, based on the data in the graph? (A) Use of conventional pesticides is the most successful method because the pesticides can be sprayed multiple times until the pest infestation is under control. (B) Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, waler, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area. (C) Use of the control treatment is the most successful method because insects have a short life span and will die (D) Use of the three different treatments are equally effective in controlling pests because a variety of different methods can be successful at eliminating pests.

(A) Use of conventional pesticides is the most successful method because the pesticides can be sprayed multiple times until the pest infestation is under control.

35. Sustainable use of forests in the United States would likely be encouraged by (A) cutting small groups of medium- and large- sized trees in uneven-aged forests (B) clear-cutting old-growth forests to allow for secondary succession (C) allowing road building in wilderness areas so that older, clear-cut forests have time to regenerale (D) logging on steep slopes in designated wilderness areas (E) enforcing all provisions of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

(A) cutting small groups of medium- and large- sized trees in uneven-aged forests

31. Overgrazing of grasslands can lead to reduced range quality. Two of the major effects of overgrazing are (A) erosion and desertification (B) higher fire potential and increased productivity (C) eutrophication and increased methane production (D) higher primary productivity and ammonification (E) soil compaction and subsidence

(A) erosion and desertification

29. According to the information in the graph above, which of the following would most effectively slow the loss of arable land? (A) Increasing the efficiency of desalination processes (B) Reducing urban development (C) Increasing the efficiency of erosion control D) Using more extensive irrigation systems (E) Discovering cheaper energy sources

(B) Reducing urban development

24. liegeled pest management (IP MA) uses a variety of techniques to reduce pest populations while reducing the economic damage caused by pests. Which of the following techniques is a mechanical IP MI method for reducing pests? (A) The use of a predator or parasites to keep the population size of pest species low (B) The use of screens or traps to prevent pests from entering the crop area (C) The use of monocultures to keep the population size of pest species low D) The use of pesticides sprayed on fields to kill pests and keep population sizes low

(B) The use of screens or traps to prevent pests from entering the crop area

8. Which of the following best explains why the maximum sustainable yield for ocean fisheries has been exceeded? (A) Populations of fish-eating birds such as the albatross have increased. (B) Too many fish of reproductive age are harvested. (C) Too many marine fish farms have been created. D) Everything trapped by large bottom trawl nets is used for food. .) For every calorie of fish caught, a ship uses only about 0,5 calorie of fuel energy.

(B) Too many fish of reproductive age are harvested.

34. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following fishing practice solutions would best promote the sustainability of the orange roughy population? (A) A decrease in the minimum size limit of fish that can be caught (B) An increase in subsidies to fishermen that catch orange roughy (C) Establishment of quotas on the number of orange roughy caught (D) Protection of the orange roughy predator through legislation

(C) Establishment of quotas on the number of orange roughy caught

32. Other than potential negative health effects on humans, which of the following is a disadvantage of using chemical pesticides to eliminate crop pests? (A) Pesticides may harm organisms other than the target crop pests through biomagnification in the food web. (B) Extensive use of pesticides accelerates the rate at which succession occurs in agricultural areas. (C) Pests and other organisms affected by the pesticide are permanently removed from the area where the pesticide is applied. (D) Crops grow more quickly without pests present, taking up water quickly and leading to salinization of soils.

(C) Pests and other organisms affected by the pesticide are permanently removed from the area where the pesticide is applied.

20. Based on the diagrams above, which of the following best explains how urban runoff could be decreased? (A) Decrease the number of trees in urban areas to increase ground infiltration. (B) Increase the number of trees to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration. (C) Replace traditional pavement with more porous pavement to increase ground infiltration. (D) Replace more porous pavement with traditional pavement to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration.

(C) Replace traditional pavement with more porous pavement to increase ground infiltration.

26. Which of the following is the most likely unintended consequence of using pesticides in agriculture? (A) Pesticides increase the amount of vegetation available for cattle in free range grazing, which causes the cattle to graze over a larger land area. (B) Pesticides can contaminate water sources near agricultural areas causing an increase in primary productivity that leads to eutrophication. (C) The continual use of pesticides can cause organisms to build a resistance through genetic mutation that then requires more or stronger pesticides. (D) The continual use of pesticides can lead to an increase in soil biodiversity from increased soil quality.

(C) The continual use of pesticides can cause organisms to build a resistance through genetic mutation that then requires more or stronger pesticides.

30. Environmentalists oppose the mining of antarctic mineral resources because (A) territorial claims to Antarctica are unresolved (B) the existence of valuable mineral deposits in the antarctic environment is unlikely (C) the antarctic environment is fragile and extremely vulnerable to the disturbances that would accompany development (D) currently known world reserves of important metals and oils are considered inexhaustible (E) the demand for minerals is expected to decline as the world's nations become more industrialized

(C) the antarctic environment is fragile and extremely vulnerable to the disturbances that would accompany

39. Which of the following is the best example of a tragedy of the commons? (A) Depletion of crude oil on private lands (B) Requiring permits for grazing cattle on United States parklands (C) Eutrophication of a pond on a farmer's land (D) Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

(D) Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

27. Which of the following would be the best way to mitigate deforestation? (A) Grow more diverse timber products to increase economic value in an area. (B) Stimulate intensive agricultural production of native vegetation close to villages. (C) Employ clear cutting harvest techniques that are more sustainable. (D) Replant and protect trees in areas that have been previously cleared.

(D) Replant and protect trees in areas that have been previously cleared.

10. Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity? (A) Selective cutting (B) Clear-cutting (C) Shelter-wood cutting (D) Slash and burn clearing (E) Gleaning

(D) Slash and burn clearing

22. This area is likely to have impervious surfaces that increase runoff to streams during a rain eventand can contibute to the heat island effect. (A) (B) (C) D)

A.

Which of the following techniques is a realistic solution for farmers to decrease the amount of fertilizer and sediment runoff into aquatic ecosystems? (A) Using integrated pest management B) Switching from drip itrigation to furrow irrigation in fields (C) Practicing crop rotation D) Applying manure immediately before precipitation occurs

A.

17. Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon? (A) They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts. (B) They seldom escape from their containment areas. (C) They have no impact on the quality of the water in which they are raised. (D) They are often infected with parasites and sea lice. (E) They are maintained at lower population densities than are wild salmon.

A. They are more genetically diverse than their wild counterparts.

15. Which of the following methods of agricultural irrigation results in the loss of the/ear anomio/nauty evaporation? (A) Conventional center-pivot irrigation (B) Drop irrigation (C) Laser-level irrigation (D) Flood irrigation (E) Gravity-flow irrigation

D.

6. The cities of Edmonton and Calgary are relatively far north and at high elevation. Which of the following best explains the data presented in their ecological footprints? (A) Many of the inhabitants of Edmonton and Calgary must commute to southern cities for work. (B) Products must be shipped large distances from major shipping ports to Edmonton and Calgary. (C) Growing seasons are shorter in Edmonton and Calgary, requiring larger amounts of fertilizers to grow crops. (D) Colder average temperatures and longer nights in Edmonton and Calgary lead to high energy usage to heat and light homes.

D. Colder average temperatures and longer nights in Edmonton and Calgary lead to high energy usage to heat and light homes.

1. The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices? (A) Using hetticides in mechanized, large-scale grain farming ) Usins plant-based insecticidal compounds on vegetable crops TO Growing crops that are genetically modified for increased yields D) Inluding the use of legumes into croprotation protocols D) hospuraling antibiovics into the feedling regimens of densely

Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regiments of densely concentrated livestock