unit 5 MCQ

Consolidation can be described as the process of

long-term memories being formed from short-term memories Consolidation is the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories.

Which of the following describes the concept of schema?

Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. or way of thinking, about what should happen in a restaurant.

An example of a failure of source monitoring is

Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story Source monitoring refers to the ability to track the origin of a piece of information.

Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory?

A young child's memory of a day at the beach People are much more susceptible to false memories about their childhood than about memories formed later in life.

Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal?

Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree Inter-rater reliability refers to having all people scoring the test in the same way, which will be more likely to happen if they are highly trained.

Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true?

Automatic processing requires little mental effort. Automatic processing requires little mental effort, whereas effortful processing requires mental effort and use of short-term memory.

Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence?

Creative intelligence Sternberg defined creative intelligence as using one's prior experiences to help solve new problems

Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory?

Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by memorizing nonsense syllables and seeing how many he could remember

Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence?

Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests Being able to remember a long list of instructions is a measure of working memory capacity (related to executive function).

Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess?

Logical-mathematical

An example of divergent thinking is

Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period Divergent thinking involves brainstorming as many potential solutions as possible.

An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is

Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory

Self-reference This refers to the fact that information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant information.

Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior?

She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. Chomsky described children's errors in using irregular past tense forms as overregularizing past tense forms.

Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect?

Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. which refers to having a better memory for items occurring earliest in a list.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly. Long-term potentiation is the mechanism behind memory formation.

An example of state-dependent memory is

Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam which occurs when someone is more likely to remember something when they learn it in the same mental state they need to remember it in.

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as

an algorithm An algorithm is a procedure that can be systematically applied to solve a problem.

The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into

an association network An association network representation predicts that activation of a concept will also activate related concepts.

Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of

behaviorism In this example, the initial behavior (repeating the word) may have been spontaneous, but the cookie was a reward that reinforced the behavior.

Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of

confirmation bias Patrick is choosing to focus on things that confirm his theory and ignore those that do not, which is confirmation bias.

Explicit memories are

created in the hippocampus damage to the hippocampus inhibits the ability to create explicit memories

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using

maintenance rehearsal Simple thinking of words over and over again is a form of maintenance rehearsal.

Short-term memory is best described as

memory that can hold only a small amount of information

A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is

test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice Test-retest reliability refers to when repeated administration of the same test yields consistent results, which this test did not.

If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember?

the arm position to throw the ball in Skills such as how to hold one's arm to throw a ball are implicit memories.

Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is

the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules the first-generation language tends to have very little grammatical structure; this is called a pidgin language.

a mental set is

an established way of thinking about or perceiving something A mental set is based on previous experience and may or may not be helpful solving problems.

For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be

believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years This is an example of predictable-world bias, which occurs when people see patterns in things that are random.

Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember?

seven Short-term memory capacity is roughly seven (plus or minus two).

John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through

the availability heuristic Because this information is fresh in his mind, he is hesitant to get in the water for fear of encountering a shark.

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using

the method of loci

Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was

within the 68% of people who take the test About 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation below the mean, and about 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean