Unit 5 Progress Check MCQ APUSH Midterm

Which of the following claims is supported by the arguments made by both Levine and Langguth? A Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights. B White southerners accepted racial and political equality. C Republicans permanently changed the balance of political power in the South. D African Americans gained property rights while becoming self-sufficient. "Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013 "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail. "Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014

A Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights Correct. The authors agree that African Americans in the South were denied their newly won rights through intimidation, violence, and local political manipulation during the period.

Which of the following conclusions can best be reached based on the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A Sectional tensions erupted because most Southerners did not support Abraham Lincoln. B Sectional divisions were showing signs of diminishing. C The Compromise of 1850 prevented the outbreak of long-term conflict. D The election of 1860 was a success for the idea that territories should vote whether or not to have slavery. "What fault has there been on the part of the General Government of the United States? Why break up this Union? Will any gentleman be so kind as to particularize a single instance worthy of debate, in which the Federal Government has been derelict [negligent] in the discharge of its duty, or has failed to accomplish the purposes of its organization? . . . "I am not here . . . to defend the election of Abraham Lincoln. I believe that his election was virtually a fraud upon the people of the United States . . . nominated, as he was, by a sectional party, and upon a sectional platform, with no representation in the body which nominated him from the South; but he was nominated and elected according to the forms of law. . . . "Let us look . . . at the evils that must result from secession. The first, in my opinion, would be that our country would not only be divided into a Northern Confederacy and into Southern Confederacy, but, soon or later it would be divided into sundry [several] petty Confederacies. We would have a Central Confederacy, a Confederacy of the States of the Mississippi Valley, a Pacific Confederacy, a Western Confederacy, an Eastern Confederacy, a Northern and a Southern Confederacy. ". . . It is easy perhaps to break down this Government; but, sir, when we break it down it will not be so easy a matter to build it up. . . . Gentlemen cry out against the tyranny of their own government, and yet denounce [those opposed to secession] because we hesitate to allow ourselves to be thrust into the embraces of such a military dictatorship." Waitman T. Willey, addressing the Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861

A Sectional tensions erupted because most Southerners did not support Abraham Lincoln. Correct. The excerpt shows that Virginia was considering following the other Southern states that seceded from the United States after the election of 1860, as Lincoln won the election without any electoral college votes from the South.

Both authors would most likely suggest that the historical situation described in the excerpts contributed to which of the following? A The continued alteration of Native American culture and society B The failure of Reconstruction policies to enforce constitutional amendments C The debate over the rights of states to nullify federal laws D The controversy over the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford "It was not automatically apparent how any of the filibustering targets of the post-1848 period could 'fit' into an American republic, or even into an American empire. . . . While it seemed only logical to some to simply take all of Mexico as booty [spoils] of the war, cut Mexico up, and turn it into new territories and states, most Americans rejected this idea. They did so because central Mexico was densely populated. . . . Many Americans feared the result of the integration of Mexico's people into the United States. Critics also doubted whether Americans could be happy in the alien landscape of central and southern Mexico." Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005 "American settlers had eclipsed the Mexicans in Texas and, with ample aid from southern Whites, had rebelled and won their independence. . . . A small band of Americans, many of them merchants, lived in Mexican California when war broke out in 1846. This dispersion of hardy migrants inspired observers to insist that pioneers and not politicians won the West. . . . "Pioneers played a role in expansion, but the historical record points to politicians and propagandists as the primary agents of empire. Racial, economic, social, and political factors coalesced [combined] to make territorial and commercial expansion enticing to American leaders. . . . "Denying any parallels between earlier empires and their own, expansionists insisted that democracy and dominion were complementary, not contradictory. Since leaders intended to transform [territorial] cessions into states and their inhabitants (at least Whites) into citizens, they scoffed at misgivings about governing a vast domain." Thomas Hietala, historian, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, 2003

A The continued alteration of Native American culture and society Correct. The United States victory and territorial gains as a result of the Mexican-American War increased conflict between Americans and Native Americans and put increased pressure on Native American culture and society by further taking their land.

The speech given by Calhoun relates to which of the following? A The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making B The ways in which immigration changed American culture C The efforts by national leaders to expand the Pacific trade D The widespread support for the immediate end of slavery "Mr. President, it was solemnly asserted on this floor, some time ago, that all parties in the non-slaveholding States had come to a fixed and solemn determination upon two propositions. One was that there should be no further admission of any States into this Union which permitted, by their constitutions, the existence of slavery; and the other was that slavery shall not hereafter exist in any of the territories of the United States, the effect of which would be to give to the non-slaveholding States the monopoly of the public domain. . . . The subject has been agitated in the other House [of Congress], and they have sent up a bill 'prohibiting the extension of slavery . . . to any territory which may be acquired by the United States hereafter.' At the same time, two resolutions which have been moved to extend the compromise line from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, during the present session, have been rejected by a decided majority. "Sir, there is no mistaking the signs of the times; and it is high time that the Southern States—the slaveholding States—should inquire what is now their relative strength in this Union, and what it will be if this determination is carried into effect hereafter." John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847

A The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making Correct. The excerpt depicts arguments about the expansion of slavery and how regional attitudes had a profound effect on the implementation of government policies and an eventual, but temporary, compromise in 1850.

Which of the following developments was most directly connected to the collapse of the Whig Party in United States politics during the 1850s? A The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions B Abraham Lincoln's debates with Stephen Douglas over popular sovereignty C The rejection of Manifest Destiny by a growing percentage of American people D Disagreement over the constitutionality of federal internal improvements funding

A The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions Correct. The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions within the United States created internal strife in the Whig Party, leading directly to its collapse as a political force in the 1850s. By the end of the decade, most party leaders and voters abandoned the Whig Party in favor of the Democrats or the newly founded Republican Party.

People who shared the views expressed in the image most likely supported which of the following? A The extension of political opportunities to formerly enslaved people B The rejection of suffrage rights for women C The expansion of the power of Southern Democrats D The enforcement of temperance laws in the North Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Courtesy of the Library of Congress

A The extension of political opportunities to formerly enslaved people Correct. In addition to the voting rights extended to African American men following the Fifteenth Amendment, supporters of the argument presented in the image most likely would have favored allowing those men to exert their new political power.

Which of the following can be concluded based on the situation in which Calhoun gave this speech? A The United States attempted to establish trade with western American Indian nations. B Americans debated how to integrate conquered territories into the United States. C Americans wanted to access natural resources in the western North America. D The United States sought to gain markets for its manufactured goods in East Asia. "Mr. President, it was solemnly asserted on this floor, some time ago, that all parties in the non-slaveholding States had come to a fixed and solemn determination upon two propositions. One was that there should be no further admission of any States into this Union which permitted, by their constitutions, the existence of slavery; and the other was that slavery shall not hereafter exist in any of the territories of the United States, the effect of which would be to give to the non-slaveholding States the monopoly of the public domain. . . . The subject has been agitated in the other House [of Congress], and they have sent up a bill 'prohibiting the extension of slavery . . . to any territory which may be acquired by the United States hereafter.' At the same time, two resolutions which have been moved to extend the compromise line from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, during the present session, have been rejected by a decided majority. "Sir, there is no mistaking the signs of the times; and it is high time that the Southern States—the slaveholding States—should inquire what is now their relative strength in this Union, and what it will be if this determination is carried into effect hereafter." John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847

B Americans debated how to integrate conquered territories into the United States. Correct. Calhoun's speech discussing the status of slavery in territories provides evidence to help conclude that Americans debated how the United States could integrate territories conquered from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.

Which of the following arguments about the Mexican-American War do the excerpts best support? A It resulted in the first efforts at western expansion. B It generated debates over citizenship. C It ended sectional tensions between the North and South. D It contributed to the elimination of the domestic slave trade. "It was not automatically apparent how any of the filibustering targets of the post-1848 period could 'fit' into an American republic, or even into an American empire. . . . While it seemed only logical to some to simply take all of Mexico as booty [spoils] of the war, cut Mexico up, and turn it into new territories and states, most Americans rejected this idea. They did so because central Mexico was densely populated. . . . Many Americans feared the result of the integration of Mexico's people into the United States. Critics also doubted whether Americans could be happy in the alien landscape of central and southern Mexico." Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005 "American settlers had eclipsed the Mexicans in Texas and, with ample aid from southern Whites, had rebelled and won their independence. . . . A small band of Americans, many of them merchants, lived in Mexican California when war broke out in 1846. This dispersion of hardy migrants inspired observers to insist that pioneers and not politicians won the West. . . . "Pioneers played a role in expansion, but the historical record points to politicians and propagandists as the primary agents of empire. Racial, economic, social, and political factors coalesced [combined] to make territorial and commercial expansion enticing to American leaders. . . . "Denying any parallels between earlier empires and their own, expansionists insisted that democracy and dominion were complementary, not contradictory. Since leaders intended to transform [territorial] cessions into states and their inhabitants (at least Whites) into citizens, they scoffed at misgivings about governing a vast domain." Thomas Hietala, historian, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, 2003

B It generated debates over citizenship. Correct. As a result of the war, the United States added to its territorial holdings, raising questions about the status of enslaved people, Native Americans, and Mexicans in the newly acquired land.

Which of the following developments most directly led to the activities described in the excerpt? A A prohibition on the northern extent of slavery in territories west of the Mississippi River B The acquisition of significant territory following the Mexican-American War C The vetoing of the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States D The completion of the first transcontinental railroad to the Pacific Ocean "No roads marked the way to the traveler in California then: but, guided by the sun and well-known mountain peaks, we proceeded on our journey. . . . Some forty or fifty men were at work with the cradle machines, and were averaging about eight ounces [of gold] per day to the man. But a few moments passed before I was knee deep in water, with my wash-basin full of dirt, plunging it about endeavoring to separate the dirt from the gold. After washing some fifty pans of dirt, I found I had realized about four bits' worth of gold. Reader, do you know how [one] feels when the gold fever heat has suddenly fallen to about zero? I do. . . . The Indians who were working for Capts. Sutter and Weber gave them leading information, so that they were enabled to know the direction in which new discoveries were to be made. . . . "The morals of the miners of '48 should here be noticed. No person worked on Sunday at digging for gold. . . . We had ministers of the gospel amongst us, but they never preached. Religion had been forgotten, even by its ministers, and instead of their pointing out the narrow way which leads to eternal happiness . . . they might have been seen, with pick-axe and pan, traveling untrodden [untraveled] ways in search of . . . treasure . . . or drinking good health and prosperity with friends." James H. Carson, describing life in the early California gold fields, 1848

B The acquisition of significant territory following the Mexican-American War Correct. The United States gained control of California from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War, which enabled Americans, primarily, to profit from the gold rush activities described in the excerpt.

The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was intended to resolve debates about which of the following issues in the 1850s? A The increase in immigration B The expansion of slavery C The fate of the Second Party system D The growth of low-wage factory labor

B The expansion of slavery Correct. The United States Congress intended the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 to resolve the national debates about the expansion of slavery by allowing popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery in the newly established territory. Ultimately, the law only further increased sectional tensions and strife by overturning the precedent set by the Missouri Compromise.

Rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following? A The creation of societies to send formerly enslaved people to Africa B The immediate end to the practice of slavery through legal reform C The expansion of slavery in new territories through popular sovereignty D The encouragement of enslaved people to take up arms and revolt "I know not how to thank you for the deep and lively interest you have been pleased to take in the cause of . . . the emancipation of a people, who, for two long centuries, have endured, with the utmost patience, a bondage, one hour of which . . . is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in rebellion to oppose. "It is such indications on the part of the press—which, happily, are multiplying throughout all the land—that kindle up within me an ardent hope that the curse of slavery will not much longer be permitted to make its iron foot-prints in the lacerated [deeply cut] hearts of my . . . brethren. . . . I am called, by way of reproach, a runaway slave. As if it were a crime—an unpardonable crime—for a man to take his inalienable rights! "But why [you,] a New-York editor, born and reared in the State of Maine, far removed from the contaminated . . . atmosphere of slavery, should pursue such a course [supporting abolition], is not so apparent. I will not, however, stop here to ascertain the cause, but deal with fact. . . . "The object . . . is simply to give such an exposition of the degrading influence of slavery upon the master and his [supporters] as well as upon the slave—to excite such an intelligent interest on the subject of American slavery—as may react upon that country, and tend to shame her out of her adhesion to a system which all must confess to disagree with justice. . . . "I am earnestly and anxiously laboring to wipe off this foul blot from the . . . American people, that they may accomplish in behalf of human freedom that which their exalted position among the nations of the earth amply fits them to do." Frederick Douglass to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, 1846

B The immediate end to the practice of slavery through legal reform Correct. In the excerpt Douglass advocates for bringing to light the issues surrounding slavery as a means to convince both Northerners and Southerners to end the system. Douglass' language in the excerpt does not call for mass rebellion or bloodshed to end the system of slavery, but rather appeals to sentiments that slavery was immoral and unjust, indicating his arguments better aligned with bringing about an end to slavery through legal means.

Which of the following arguments about Reconstruction policies would both authors most likely disagree with? A White Southerners across all economic classes rejected Reconstruction policies. B With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies. C Reconstruction policies failed to prevent the spread of violence against formerly enslaved people. D Unfair labor conditions in the South persisted despite Reconstruction policies. "Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013 "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail. "Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014

B With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies. Correct. In the excerpts, both authors argue that declining Republican influence resulted in the dismantling of gains made during Reconstruction. Neither author supports the claim that Southern Democrats began to support Reconstruction policies in the vacuum created by Republican withdrawal.

The excerpt best serves as evidence that, in 1861, A citizens in the Northern states did not want Abraham Lincoln as president B citizens in the Southern states were deeply divided over secession C citizens in the Northern states were prepared to accommodate slavery D citizens in the Northern states would not accept a Confederate government What fault has there been on the part of the General Government of the United States? Why break up this Union? Will any gentleman be so kind as to particularize a single instance worthy of debate, in which the Federal Government has been derelict [negligent] in the discharge of its duty, or has failed to accomplish the purposes of its organization? . . . "I am not here . . . to defend the election of Abraham Lincoln. I believe that his election was virtually a fraud upon the people of the United States . . . nominated, as he was, by a sectional party, and upon a sectional platform, with no representation in the body which nominated him from the South; but he was nominated and elected according to the forms of law. . . . "Let us look . . . at the evils that must result from secession. The first, in my opinion, would be that our country would not only be divided into a Northern Confederacy and into Southern Confederacy, but, soon or later it would be divided into sundry [several] petty Confederacies. We would have a Central Confederacy, a Confederacy of the States of the Mississippi Valley, a Pacific Confederacy, a Western Confederacy, an Eastern Confederacy, a Northern and a Southern Confederacy. ". . . It is easy perhaps to break down this Government; but, sir, when we break it down it will not be so easy a matter to build it up. . . . Gentlemen cry out against the tyranny of their own government, and yet denounce [those opposed to secession] because we hesitate to allow ourselves to be thrust into the embraces of such a military dictatorship." Waitman T. Willey, addressing the Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861

B citizens in the Southern states were deeply divided over secession Correct. In the excerpt, Willey argues that despite his severe disagreements with developments in the Northern states, he does not see how Virginia seceding from the Union would bring a better outcome. He warns that secession would likely be disastrous.

Lincoln's rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following arguments? A Allowing slavery to exist was still a political option. B Maintaining the blockade of Southern states was difficult. C Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause. D Achieving the Confederacy's unconditional surrender was the Union's main objective. "There are those who are dissatisfied with me. To such I would say: You desire peace; and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we attain it? . . . "But to be plain, you are dissatisfied with me about the Negro. . . . You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the Constitution invests its commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it, helps us, or hurts the enemy? . . . "You say you will not fight to free Negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you. . . . I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. . . . Why should they do anything for us, if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they must be prompted by the strongest motive—even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept." President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

C Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause. Correct. After a series of victories by the Confederate armies in the first two years of the war, Northern support was beginning to wane. Lincoln, realizing he needed more troops and looking to redefine the purpose of the war, issued the Emancipation Proclamation in part to encourage enslaved people and free African Americans to join the Union army and fight for the permanent abolition of slavery.

The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? A What prevented European powers from supporting the South B What motivated African Americans during the war C How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy D How Confederate strategy prevented a rapid Union victory "There are those who are dissatisfied with me. To such I would say: You desire peace; and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we attain it? . . . "But to be plain, you are dissatisfied with me about the Negro. . . . You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the Constitution invests its commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it, helps us, or hurts the enemy? . . . "You say you will not fight to free Negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you. . . . I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. . . . Why should they do anything for us, if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they must be prompted by the strongest motive—even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept." President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

C How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy Correct. As Lincoln explains in the excerpt, he believed the Constitution gave the president broad powers during wartime. Lincoln sought to use these powers to frame the Emancipation Proclamation as necessary to achieving victory in the Civil War.

Levine's argument about Reconstruction in the excerpt differs from that of Langguth in that Levine argues A African Americans were held in a perpetual state of slavery B White Southerners willingly worked alongside the emancipated population C Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies D White plantation owners conceded to Republican policies in the South "Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013 "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail. "Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014

C Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies Correct. According to Levine, the Southern Republicans retreated under the campaign of terror and intimidation in the South, while the Northern wing of the Republican Party abandoned Reconstruction and its many gains as the party became more focused on economic development.

Which of the following developments resulted most directly from the gold rush described in the excerpt? A An anti-Catholic movement arose in western mining communities. B Plantation agriculture spread from the South to the Pacific coast. C People from America, Europe, and Asia migrated to the region. D The West Coast became a major industrial center for the United States. "No roads marked the way to the traveler in California then: but, guided by the sun and well-known mountain peaks, we proceeded on our journey. . . . Some forty or fifty men were at work with the cradle machines, and were averaging about eight ounces [of gold] per day to the man. But a few moments passed before I was knee deep in water, with my wash-basin full of dirt, plunging it about endeavoring to separate the dirt from the gold. After washing some fifty pans of dirt, I found I had realized about four bits' worth of gold. Reader, do you know how [one] feels when the gold fever heat has suddenly fallen to about zero? I do. . . . The Indians who were working for Capts. Sutter and Weber gave them leading information, so that they were enabled to know the direction in which new discoveries were to be made. . . . "The morals of the miners of '48 should here be noticed. No person worked on Sunday at digging for gold. . . . We had ministers of the gospel amongst us, but they never preached. Religion had been forgotten, even by its ministers, and instead of their pointing out the narrow way which leads to eternal happiness . . . they might have been seen, with pick-axe and pan, traveling untrodden [untraveled] ways in search of . . . treasure . . . or drinking good health and prosperity with friends." James H. Carson, describing life in the early California gold fields, 1848

C People from America, Europe, and Asia migrated to the region. Correct. The gold rush drew migrants from the United States, Mexico, Europe, and Asia, dramatically increasing the population of California and setting the territory on a rapid path to statehood in the United States.

The Fourteenth Amendment emerged from which of the following contexts? A Abolitionists' fears that African Americans would be barred from voting B Expectations that formerly enslaved people would run for political office C Republican concerns that African Americans would be denied citizenship rights D Former Confederate leaders' support for multiple new amendments to the Constitution

C Republican concerns that African Americans would be denied citizenship rights Correct. The Fourteenth Amendment specifically grants African Americans citizenship, ensuring their equal protection under the law. It was deemed necessary by Radical Republicans and abolitionists, who feared that Southern white politicians would pass local laws restricting African American rights.

Which of the following groups would most likely have supported secession from the United States after the 1860 presidential election? A Northern abolitionists B Members of the Free Soil Party C Southern Democrats D Northern Democrats

C Southern Democrats Correct. Southern Democrats would have been most likely to support secession from the United States owing to their support for maintaining and expanding slavery, which was in opposition to the Republican goal of limiting slavery. Southern Democrats strongly influenced South Carolina's decision to secede in 1860 following the election of Abraham Lincoln.

Evidence in the excerpt most strongly suggests which of the following? A Southern opinions regarding slavery were changing. B Southern businesses rejected paying federal taxes. C Southern voters viewed the presidential election with contempt. D Southern politicians were anxious to form alliances with European countries. "What fault has there been on the part of the General Government of the United States? Why break up this Union? Will any gentleman be so kind as to particularize a single instance worthy of debate, in which the Federal Government has been derelict [negligent] in the discharge of its duty, or has failed to accomplish the purposes of its organization? . . . "I am not here . . . to defend the election of Abraham Lincoln. I believe that his election was virtually a fraud upon the people of the United States . . . nominated, as he was, by a sectional party, and upon a sectional platform, with no representation in the body which nominated him from the South; but he was nominated and elected according to the forms of law. . . . "Let us look . . . at the evils that must result from secession. The first, in my opinion, would be that our country would not only be divided into a Northern Confederacy and into Southern Confederacy, but, soon or later it would be divided into sundry [several] petty Confederacies. We would have a Central Confederacy, a Confederacy of the States of the Mississippi Valley, a Pacific Confederacy, a Western Confederacy, an Eastern Confederacy, a Northern and a Southern Confederacy. ". . . It is easy perhaps to break down this Government; but, sir, when we break it down it will not be so easy a matter to build it up. . . . Gentlemen cry out against the tyranny of their own government, and yet denounce [those opposed to secession] because we hesitate to allow ourselves to be thrust into the embraces of such a military dictatorship." Waitman T. Willey, addressing the Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861

C Southern voters viewed the presidential election with contempt. Correct. As shown in the excerpt, Southern voters, including Willey, did not vote for Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1860 and often viewed his victory as a fraud. Willey, however, argued that despite their differences, Virginia must not secede from the Union.

Which of the following describes a trend in sectional development by 1860 reflected in the data in the graph? A The South was becoming less dependent on exports to foreign markets than the North. B The North and the South were becoming more connected through railroads. C The North was becoming more diverse in its economic activities than the South.

C The North was becoming more diverse in its economic activities than the South. Correct. The North's predominance in railroad mileage, iron and steel production, and number of factories, as indicated in the graph, reflects the trend of economic diversification by 1860.

Which of the following developments most likely influenced the argument expressed in the image? A The Mexican-American War resulted in the expansion of United States territories. B The continued westward movement of settlers increased agricultural production. C The conclusion of the Civil War stirred debates over citizenship. D The invention of new sailing technologies made international trade easier. Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Courtesy of the Library of Congress Which of the following developments most likely influenced the argument e

C The conclusion of the Civil War stirred debates over citizenship. Correct. Through its depiction of people from around the world gathering at a Thanksgiving table, the image indicates the artist's support for the expansion of citizenship rights in the period immediately following the Civil War.

The artist who created the image would have most likely opposed which of the following developments? A The creation of the Republican Party B The construction of canals and railroads C The ending of Reconstruction D The passage of laws promoting economic development in the West Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Courtesy of the Library of Congress

C The ending of Reconstruction Correct. Because the end of Reconstruction resulted in the undoing of many policies advocated in the image such as the protection of civil rights, the artist most likely would have disapproved of that development.

Greenberg's argument most differs from Hietala's in that Greenberg claims that A race was a defining factor in the tensions leading up to the Mexican-American War B pioneers, not politicians, were a major factor in building the American empire C most Americans believed that Mexicans in the new territories could not assimilate D the granting of citizenship to people in the territories was welcomed by many Americans after the war "It was not automatically apparent how any of the filibustering targets of the post-1848 period could 'fit' into an American republic, or even into an American empire. . . . While it seemed only logical to some to simply take all of Mexico as booty [spoils] of the war, cut Mexico up, and turn it into new territories and states, most Americans rejected this idea. They did so because central Mexico was densely populated. . . . Many Americans feared the result of the integration of Mexico's people into the United States. Critics also doubted whether Americans could be happy in the alien landscape of central and southern Mexico." Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005 "American settlers had eclipsed the Mexicans in Texas and, with ample aid from southern Whites, had rebelled and won their independence. . . . A small band of Americans, many of them merchants, lived in Mexican California when war broke out in 1846. This dispersion of hardy migrants inspired observers to insist that pioneers and not politicians won the West. . . . "Pioneers played a role in expansion, but the historical record points to politicians and propagandists as the primary agents of empire. Racial, economic, social, and political factors coalesced [combined] to make territorial and commercial expansion enticing to American leaders. . . . "Denying any parallels between earlier empires and their own, expansionists insisted that democracy and dominion were complementary, not contradictory. Since leaders intended to transform [territorial] cessions into states and their inhabitants (at least Whites) into citizens, they scoffed at misgivings about governing a vast domain." Thomas Hietala, historian, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, 2003

C most Americans believed that Mexicans in the new territories could not assimilate Correct. According to Greenberg's excerpt, many Americans opposed Mexican integration because they were fearful of the influence of foreign cultures and believed that assimilation would be difficult or impossible.

Ideas in the excerpt would most likely have influenced which of the following? A Arguments supporting defining slavery on the grounds of states' rights B Claims that the United States should occupy all Mexican territory C Attempts to convince plantation owners to stop farming cash crops D Efforts at assisting enslaved people in escaping from the South "I know not how to thank you for the deep and lively interest you have been pleased to take in the cause of . . . the emancipation of a people, who, for two long centuries, have endured, with the utmost patience, a bondage, one hour of which . . . is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in rebellion to oppose. "It is such indications on the part of the press—which, happily, are multiplying throughout all the land—that kindle up within me an ardent hope that the curse of slavery will not much longer be permitted to make its iron foot-prints in the lacerated [deeply cut] hearts of my . . . brethren. . . . I am called, by way of reproach, a runaway slave. As if it were a crime—an unpardonable crime—for a man to take his inalienable rights! "But why [you,] a New-York editor, born and reared in the State of Maine, far removed from the contaminated . . . atmosphere of slavery, should pursue such a course [supporting abolition], is not so apparent. I will not, however, stop here to ascertain the cause, but deal with fact. . . . "The object . . . is simply to give such an exposition of the degrading influence of slavery upon the master and his [supporters] as well as upon the slave—to excite such an intelligent interest on the subject of American slavery—as may react upon that country, and tend to shame her out of her adhesion to a system which all must confess to disagree with justice. . . . "I am earnestly and anxiously laboring to wipe off this foul blot from the . . . American people, that they may accomplish in behalf of human freedom that which their exalted position among the nations of the earth amply fits them to do." Frederick Douglass to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, 1846

D Efforts at assisting enslaved people in escaping from the South Correct. Douglass' argument asserts that enslaved people maintained inalienable rights and that one of those included the right to attempt to obtain their freedom by running away.

The excerpt best provides evidence about which of the following historical situations in the late 1840s? A Increased conflict between urban immigrants and nativists B Compromises between the Supreme Court and national leaders C The expanding influence of the Northern abolitionist movement D Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War "Mr. President, it was solemnly asserted on this floor, some time ago, that all parties in the non-slaveholding States had come to a fixed and solemn determination upon two propositions. One was that there should be no further admission of any States into this Union which permitted, by their constitutions, the existence of slavery; and the other was that slavery shall not hereafter exist in any of the territories of the United States, the effect of which would be to give to the non-slaveholding States the monopoly of the public domain. . . . The subject has been agitated in the other House [of Congress], and they have sent up a bill 'prohibiting the extension of slavery . . . to any territory which may be acquired by the United States hereafter.' At the same time, two resolutions which have been moved to extend the compromise line from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, during the present session, have been rejected by a decided majority. "Sir, there is no mistaking the signs of the times; and it is high time that the Southern States—the slaveholding States—should inquire what is now their relative strength in this Union, and what it will be if this determination is carried into effect hereafter." John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847

D Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War Correct. The aftermath of the Mexican-American War led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories, which increased sectional tensions between the North and the South.

The phrase in the excerpt "Some of them seem willing to fight for you" could most likely be interpreted as having which of the following purposes? A Authorizing the policy of total war by Union generals in fighting in the South B Addressing the difficulties of feeding runaway enslaved people at military encampments C Acknowledging the shuffling of commanding officers in the Union army D Highlighting the enlistment of formerly enslaved people into the Union army "There are those who are dissatisfied with me. To such I would say: You desire peace; and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we attain it? . . . "But to be plain, you are dissatisfied with me about the Negro. . . . You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the Constitution invests its commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it, helps us, or hurts the enemy? . . . "You say you will not fight to free Negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you. . . . I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. . . . Why should they do anything for us, if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they must be prompted by the strongest motive—even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept." President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

D Highlighting the enlistment of formerly enslaved people into the Union army Correct. With the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sought to redefine the purpose of the Civil War. Lincoln defended the proclamation's aims and supported the enlistment of tens of thousands of African Americans into the Union army.

The industrial resources of the North during the Civil War most likely accounted for which of the following? A The Southern reliance on cotton production and export, along with the system of enslaved labor B The Confederate strategy that focused on the western theater of operations during the war C The willingness of African Americans to fight for the Union cause in the conflict D The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies

D The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies Correct. The industrialization of the North allowed for greater production of war materials for the Union army. In contrast, the Southern economy was more agrarian and did not have the resources to mobilize and adequately supply the Confederate army.

The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? A The development of new transportation technologies B The emergence of nativist political parties C The relocation of Native Americans from the South D The growth of the abolition movement in the United States "I know not how to thank you for the deep and lively interest you have been pleased to take in the cause of . . . the emancipation of a people, who, for two long centuries, have endured, with the utmost patience, a bondage, one hour of which . . . is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in rebellion to oppose. "It is such indications on the part of the press—which, happily, are multiplying throughout all the land—that kindle up within me an ardent hope that the curse of slavery will not much longer be permitted to make its iron foot-prints in the lacerated [deeply cut] hearts of my . . . brethren. . . . I am called, by way of reproach, a runaway slave. As if it were a crime—an unpardonable crime—for a man to take his inalienable rights! "But why [you,] a New-York editor, born and reared in the State of Maine, far removed from the contaminated . . . atmosphere of slavery, should pursue such a course [supporting abolition], is not so apparent. I will not, however, stop here to ascertain the cause, but deal with fact. . . . "The object . . . is simply to give such an exposition of the degrading influence of slavery upon the master and his [supporters] as well as upon the slave—to excite such an intelligent interest on the subject of American slavery—as may react upon that country, and tend to shame her out of her adhesion to a system which all must confess to disagree with justice. . . . "I am earnestly and anxiously laboring to wipe off this foul blot from the . . . American people, that they may accomplish in behalf of human freedom that which their exalted position among the nations of the earth amply fits them to do." Frederick Douglass to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, 184

D The growth of the abolition movement in the United States Correct. The excerpt addresses the actions and writings of those, like Douglass, who had been formerly enslaved, aimed at ending the practice and institution of slavery in the United States. The excerpt also highlights the participation of people like Greeley in the abolition or antislavery movement.

Which of the following developments most directly related to the increased sectional strife immediately prior to the election of 1860? A The addition of territory to the United States through the annexation of California B The rise of nativist political groups in Northern urban areas C The differing viewpoints over the use of the tariff to protect domestic industry D The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship

D The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship Correct. The 1857 Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case ruled that enslaved people were property and that African Americans did not have a Constitutional claim to rights of citizenship. This ruling further inflamed sectional tensions prior to 1860 by overturning earlier laws that had banned the expansion of slavery into certain territories and allowing slavery to stand as an institution in any territory in the United States.

Which of the following differences between the North and the South during the Civil War is depicted in the graph? A The South engaged in more international trade than the North. B The South relied more on plantation agriculture than the North. C The North had less developed transportation infrastructure than the South. D The North had fewer people available for labor and the military than the South.

The South relied more on plantation agriculture than the North. Correct. The graph indicates that the South had more large farms (84 percent) than the North (16 percent) which was because it relied more on plantation agriculture.

The excerpt best reflects the development of which of the following? A The emergence of an abolitionist movement in the western territories B The widely held belief that the United States had a right to expand westward C The increasing importance of cotton exports to the United States economy D The debates about Native Americans and Mexican nationals dispossessed of land in California "No roads marked the way to the traveler in California then: but, guided by the sun and well-known mountain peaks, we proceeded on our journey. . . . Some forty or fifty men were at work with the cradle machines, and were averaging about eight ounces [of gold] per day to the man. But a few moments passed before I was knee deep in water, with my wash-basin full of dirt, plunging it about endeavoring to separate the dirt from the gold. After washing some fifty pans of dirt, I found I had realized about four bits' worth of gold. Reader, do you know how [one] feels when the gold fever heat has suddenly fallen to about zero? I do. . . . The Indians who were working for Capts. Sutter and Weber gave them leading information, so that they were enabled to know the direction in which new discoveries were to be made. . . . "The morals of the miners of '48 should here be noticed. No person worked on Sunday at digging for gold. . . . We had ministers of the gospel amongst us, but they never preached. Religion had been forgotten, even by its ministers, and instead of their pointing out the narrow way which leads to eternal happiness . . . they might have been seen, with pick-axe and pan, traveling untrodden [untraveled] ways in search of . . . treasure . . . or drinking good health and prosperity with friends." James H. Carson, describing life in the early California gold fields, 1848

B The widely held belief that the United States had a right to expand westward Correct. As part of the idea of Manifest Destiny, many Americans in the nineteenth century believed that the United States had the right and responsibility to expand control across the North American continent to the Pacific.

Which of the following developments in labor systems in the United States before the Civil War is reflected by the data in the graph? A Indentured servants replaced wage laborers in the North. B Women laborers performed less industrial work in the North. C Large numbers of immigrants moved to urban areas in the South. D An internal trade in enslaved people spread throughout the South.

D An internal trade in enslaved people spread throughout the South. Correct. The export economy and number of large farms engaged in agriculture in the South, as indicated by the graph, reflect the growth of an internal slave trade to supply labor for plantations producing cotton for export.