Unit 5(ch. 12-14 : Agriculture)(Student Name)

Subsistence Agriculture

Definition: Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Subsistence agriculture. Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. (Subsistence Agriculture) Example: growing of fruits , vegetable, rice

Commercial Agriculture

Definition: Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. (Commercial Agriculture) Example: Cereal Grain is mass-produced and is used in many different industries: from bread to beer

Commodity Chain

Definition: Commodity chains include flows of goods and information among different points or nodes, varying labor relations across the length of the chain, and different constellations of production and governance at each segment. Such tools are useful in dissecting (Commodity Chain) Example:for example, the spatiality of transnational corporations

Pastoral Nomadism

Definition: Pastoral Nomadism is a form of subsistence agriculture (farming to eat) based on the herding of domesticated animals. The word pastoral means sheep herding. (Pastoral Nomadism) Example:Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze. ... The herded livestock include cows, buffalos, yaks, llamas, sheep, goats, reindeer, horses, donkeys or camels, or mixtures of species.

Terrace Farming

Definition: Terrace farming is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. (Terrace Farming) Example: The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (hills and mountains) is a World Heritage Site.

Agriculture

Definition: The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. (Agriculture) Example: Growing Crops. Application: Agriculture has been a developing activity over the past several thousand years

Animal Domestication

Definition: The process whereby a population of animals through a process of selection, becomes accustomed to human provision and control. Aquaculture. (Animal Domestication) Example: cattle in Africa, goats in the Middle East, and llamas in South America

First Agricultural Revolution

Definition: There were three agricultural revolutions that changed history. The First Agricultural Revolution was the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining. ... Commercial farming involves the sale of agricultural products off the farm. Von Thunen's model of agricultural land use focuses on transportation. (First Agricultural Revolution) Example: The earliest examples of this behavior appeared in fertile areas around rivers primarily.

Slash-and-burn

Definition: relating to or denoting a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, typically used as a method for clearing forest land for farming. (Slash-and-burn) Example:often used by tropical-forest root-crop farmers in various parts of the world and by dry-rice cultivators of the forested hill country of Southeast Asia. The ash provides some fertilization, and the plot is relatively free of weeds.

Desertification

Definition: the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. (Desertification) Example: Europe's Adriatic Sea, the Middle-East's Saharan desert, and China's Taklamakhan Desert. Sand dunes are formed in the Sahara Desert in the image above.

Irrigation

Definition: the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels. (Irrigation) Example: the river supplies water for irrigation of agricultural crops

Enclosure Acts

Definition:"Enclosure" refers to the consolidation of land, usually for the stated purpose of making it more productive. The British Enclosure Acts removed the prior rights of local people to rural land they had often used for generations. (Enclosure Acts) Example:During the 18th century, enclosures were regulated by Parliament; a separate Act of Enclosure was required for each village that wished to enclose its land. In 1801, Parliament passed a General Enclosure Act, which enabled any village, where three-quarters of the landowners agreed, to enclose its land

Feed Lots

Definition:, notably beef cattle, but also swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens or ducks, prior to slaughter. (Feed Lots) Example:A feedlot or feed yard is a type of animal feeding operation (AFO) which is used for the efficient raising and finishing of livestock, notably beef cattle, but also swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens or ducks, prior to slaughter.

Luxury Crops

Definition:A "luxury crop" is a crop that is grown to serve some purpose other than sustaining human life. All of these crops are consumed for reasons other than nutrition and so are called "luxury crops. (Luxury Crops) Example:Luxury crops. Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

Dispersed rural settlement

Definition:A dispersed settlement, also known as a scattered settlement, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world. Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. (Dispersed rural settlement) Example:a dispersed settlement: Brülisau, Switzerland is an example of a linear settlement.

genetically modified organisms(GMO)

Definition:A genetically modified organism is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (genetically modified organisms(GMO)) Example:Some examples include: hydrolyzed vegetable protein corn syrup, molasses, sucrose, textured vegetable protein, flavorings, vitamins yeast products, microbes & enzymes, flavors, oils & fats, proteins, and sweeteners. How do GMOs affect farmers

bid-rent curve

Definition:A line or curve that shows the relation between the rent economic activities are willing to pay for land (bid-rent) and the distance of the land from the point of attraction (such as the cent of a city). (bid-rent curve) Example:amount that a household could pay for rent at different location (with differing transportation costs) such that the same level of satisfaction is achineved; i.e., the household is on the same indifference curve

Truck Farming

Definition:A market garden is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants (Truck Farming) Example:truck farming, horticultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets. ... Among the most important truck crops are tomatoes, lettuce, melons, beets, broccoli, celery, radishes, onions, cabbage, and strawberries.

Ranching

Definition:A ranch is an area of land, including various structures, given primarily to the practice of ranching, the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep most often applies to livestock-raising operations in Mexico, the Western United States and Western Canada, though there are ranches in other areas. (Ranching) Example:Ranching is the practice of raising herds of animals on large tracts of land. Ranchers commonly raise grazing animals such as cattle and sheep. Some ranchers also raise elk, bison, ostriches, emus, and alpacas. The ranching and livestock industry is growing faster than any other agricultural sector in the world

Agribusiness

Definition:Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. The term is a portmanteau of agriculture and business and was coined in 1957 by John Davis and Ray Goldberg. It includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales (Agribusiness) Example:seed and agrichemical producers like Dow AgroSciences, DuPont, Monsanto, and Syngenta; AB Agri (part of Associated British Foods) animal feeds, biofuels, and micro-ingredients, ADM, grain transport and processing; John Deere, farm machinery producer; Ocean Spray, farmer's cooperative

Blue Revolution

Definition:Blue Revolution refers to the time of intense growth in the worldwide aquaculture industry from the mid-1960s to present. The aquaculture industry has been growing at an average rate of 9% a year. Worldwide aquaculture production has now reached 50 million tons, up from two million in 1950 (Blue Revolution) Example:Several fishing harbours were established during the blue revolution, e.g Tuticorin, Porbandar, Honavar, Vishakhapatnam, Dharmara, Kochi, Kandla, Port Blair etc.

Dairy

Definition:Dairy products or milk products are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of mammals. They are primarily produced from mammals such as cattle, water buffaloes, goats, sheep, camels and humans. Dairy products include food items such as yogurt, cheese and butter. (Dairy) Example:Dairy products or milk products are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of mammals. They are primarily produced from mammals such as cattle, water buffaloes, goats, sheep, camels and humans. Dairy products include food items such as yogurt, cheese and butter.

Extensive Farming

Definition:Extensive farming or extensive agriculture (as opposed to intensive farming) is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed (Extensive Farming) Example:The most obvious example of modern extensive farming is, in fact, grain and corn production in the great plains of the US. ... Another good example is diary farming in New Zealand, where cows are pastured almost exclusively, don't get any corn feed, vitamin supplements and energy supplements.

Fair Trade Movement

Definition:Fair trade is an institutional arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions. Members of the fair trade movement advocate the payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as improved social and environmental standards. (Fair Trade Movement) Example:Under a fair trade system, developing countries get an opportunity to export goods such as coffee, bananas, tea, chocolate, gold, sugar, handicrafts, and flowers to developed countries thus promoting international trade

Spring Wheat

Definition:In cereal processing: Wheat: varieties and characteristics. Spring wheats, planted in the early spring, grow quickly and are normally harvested in late summer or early autumn. Winter wheats are planted in the autumn and harvested in late spring or early summer. (Spring wheat) Example:Barley and wheat are sown in autumn or winter, and reaped in spring. ... When sown on spring crops, as spring wheat, barley and oats, the seed cannot, of course, be sown until these crops are sown.

Intensive Farming

Definition:Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is a kind of agriculture where a lot of money and labour are used to increase the yield that can be obtained per area of land. The use of large amounts of pesticides for crops, and of medication for animal stocks is common. (Intensive Farming) Example:Intensive agriculture is the practice of using large amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, and labor to increase per acre yield of the crop being grown. ... Intensive agriculture can also be used to increase meat or poultry production. Feeding chickens growth hormones, high nutrition feeds, keeping the chicken houses

Isotropic

Definition:Isotropy is uniformity in all orientations; it is derived from the Greek isos and tropos. Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix an, hence anisotropy (Isotropic) Example:Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials. Common anisotropic materials include wood, because its material properties are different parallel and perpendicular to the grain, and layered rocks such as slate.

Market Gardening

Definition:Market gardening is the commercial pro- duction of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a scale larger than a home garden, yet small enough that many of the principles of gardening are applicable. The goal, as with all farm enterprises, is to run the operation as a business and to make a profit. (Market Gardening) Example:An example of a market garden operation in North America might involve one farmer working full-time on two acres (8,000 m²). ... Harvesting is done at least weekly, by hand, sometimes with part-time help, and produce is sorted, washed and sold fresh at the local farmers' market, and from an on-farm stand.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Definition:Mediterranean Agriculture is simply a form of agriculture, found in a Mediterranean type climate. Started in Asia and Europe, Mediterranean farming has been going on for over 230,000 years. The four main aspects are orchard farming, viticulture, cereal and vegetable cultivation (Mediterranean Agriculture) Example:Subsistence agriculture occurs side by side with commercial farming. Many crops such as wheat, barley and vegetables are raised for domestic consumption, while others like citrus fruits, olives, and grapes are mainly for export. The Mediterranean lands are also known as 'orchard lands of the world'

metes and bounds

Definition:Metes and bounds is a system or method of describing land, real property or real estate. Newer systems include rectangular, lot and block and Torrens. The system has been used in England for many centuries, and is still used there in the definition of general boundaries (metes and bounds) Example:Metes and bounds are the limits or boundaries of a piece of property as identified by its natural landmarks. Examples of metes and bounds landmarks include rivers, roads, stakes, or other such natural or manmade markers.

Milk Shed

Definition:Milkshed is a region producing milk that may be supplied to the area of demand. It is an area geographically demarcated for the collection of milk or milk products. Due to increases in technology the milk shed has grown. Thus, nearly every farm in the U.S. Northeast and Northwest Europe are in at least one milkshed. (Milkshed) Example:The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. Example: A milkshed could be 100 miles around a city

Monoculture

Definition:Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time. Polyculture, where more than one crop is grown in the same space at the same time, is the alternative to monoculture (Monoculture) Example:refers to the growth of a single plant species over a large area of land. Examples of monocultures in farming include Russet potatoes, certain types of corn, and soybeans. Monoculture is also seen in lawns, ornamental plants, and even forest that are replanted after mining or other activity

winter wheat

Definition:On average, winter wheat yields 49 bushels per acre. Wheat is a member of the cereal family of crops that also includes rye, oats and rice (winter wheat) Example:Examples of an ounce include one slice of bread, one cup of cereal or a half cup cooked rice

organic food

Definition:Organic food is food produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming. Standards vary worldwide, but organic farming features practices that cycle resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity. (organic food) Example:The difference between organic and non-organic (conventional) food has to do with how food is produced. For example, organic food like vegetables, fruit, eggs, milk and meat is produced without: Synthetic (human-made) pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers

shifting cultivation (swidden agriculture)

Definition:Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which a person uses a piece of land, only to abandon or alter the initial use a short time later. This system often involves clearing of a piece of land followed by several years of wood harvesting or farming until the soil loses fertility. (shifting cultivation) Example:an example of arable, subsistence and extensive farming. It is the traditional form of agriculture in the rainforest. This case study will focus on the Amazonian Indians in South America. Indians in tribes such as the Quicha and the Kayapo clear small areas of vegetation.

Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution

Definition:The Green Revolution, or Third Agricultural Revolution, is a set of research technology transfer initiatives occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s. (Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution) Example:The First Agricultural Revolution, also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming. This transition occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Definition:The Second Agricultural Revolution, also known as the British Agricultural Revolution, took place first in England in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. (Second agricultural revolution) Example:It involved the introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, and led to a marked increase in agricultural production.

French long-lot system

Definition:The early French government tried to transplant a vestigial form of feudalism, the seigneurial system, to its possessions in Canada. ... Long lots can be found in many parts of Canada, where the French influence is strong, and near Detroit (for the same reason). (French long-lot system) Example:

Double-Cropping

Definition:The practice of consecutively producing two crops of either like or unlike commodities on the same land within the same year. (Double-Cropping) Example:An example of double cropping might be to harvest a wheat crop by early summer and then plant corn or soybeans on that acreage for harvest in the fall.

township

Definition:a division of a county with some corporate powers. (township) Example:a unit of local government in some northeastern and north central states usually having a chief administrative officer or board. c : an unorganized subdivision of the county in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.

economies of scale

Definition:a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production (economies of scale) Example:For example, Wal-Mart's "everyday low prices" are due to its huge buying power. Managerial economies of scale occur when large firms can afford specialists. They more effectively manage particular areas of the company. For example, a seasoned sales executive has the skill and experience to get the big orders

Subsidy

Definition:a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive. (Subsidy) Example:When the government gives money to a farmer to plant a specific farm crop, this is an example of a subsidy

Clustered rural settlement

Definition:an agricultural- based community in which a number of families. live in close proximity to each other, with fields. surrounding the collection of houses and farm. (Clustered rural settlement) Example:McDonalds

Plantation

Definition:an estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor. (Plantation) Example:a colony

Overgrazing

Definition:excessive grazing which causes damage to grassland. (Overgrazing) Example:Overgrazing can, for example, lead to desertification; and overexploitation, to the collapse of fisheries and other resource systems

Suitcase farm

Definition:has a farm without buildings, and does much of the farming by hired custom operators. (Luxury corps) Example:a grower of wheat or other crops who lives outside the community except during the plowing, seeding, and harvesting seasons, often has a farm without buildings, and does much of the farming by hired custom operators

comparative advantage

Definition:the ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity. (comparative advantage) Example:Comparative advantage is when a country produces a good or service for a lower opportunity cost than other countries. ... But the good or service has a low opportunity cost for other countries to import. For example, oil-producing nations have a comparative advantage in chemicals

Deforestation

Definition:the action of clearing a wide area of trees (Deforestation) Example: the action of clearing out a forest to build houses.

Transhumance

Definition:the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer. (Transhumance) Example:Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. ... It is often important to pastoralist societies, as the dairy products of transhumance flocks and herds (milk, butter, yogurt and cheese) may form much of the diet of such populations.

Horticulture

Definition:the art or practice of garden cultivation and management (Horticulture) Example:The definition of horticulture is the art or practice of gardening and cultivating plants and trees. When you grow lilac bushes and orchids, this is an example of horticulture.

Infrastructure

Definition:the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. (Infrastructure) Example:Infrastructure is the term for the basic physical systems of a business or nation—transportation, communication, sewage, water, and electric systems are all examples of infrastructure. These systems tend to be high-cost investments and are vital to a country's economic development and prosperity.

Carrying Capacity

Definition:the number or quantity of people or things that can be conveyed or held by a vehicle or container. (Carrying Capacity) Example: think of the deer in the forest again. If only ten deer are in the forest, they can eat as much food as they want, stay healthy, and have lots of baby deer. During this time, their population can grow exponentially.

Von Thunen Model

Definition:von Thunen's Model of Land Use. Early in the 19th century Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) developed a model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used. Von Thünen was a skilled farmer who was knowledgable in economics. (Von Thunen Model) Example:The first zone, according to von Thünen, will be used to produce products that spoil quickly, like fresh fruit, vegetables, and dairy. These have to be close to market because they can't be transported very far. The land closest to the city is most expensive, but these products also make the most money.

Supply Chain

Definition:A supply chain is a network between a company and its suppliers to produce and distribute a specific product to the final buyer. This network includes different activities, people, entities, information, and resources. (Supply Chain) Example:activities include farming, refining, design, manufacturing, packaging, and transportation.

Aqualture

Definition:Aquaculture is the cultivation of the natural produce of water (such as fish or shellfish, algae and other aquatic plants) (Aqualture) Example:Some examples of aquaculture include raising catfish and tilapia in freshwater ponds, growing cultured pearls, and farming salmon in net-pens set out in a bay.

Intercropping

Definition:Intercropping is a multiple cropping practice involving growing two or more crops in proximity. In other words, intercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field (Intercropping) Example:elay crops are cassava, cotton, sweet potato and sesban with corn; chickpea, lentil and wheat with upland rice

Plant Domestication

Definition:genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention. root crops. crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants. (Plant domestication) Example:wheat and barley in the Middle East, the potato in South America, and millet and rice in China.

Biodiversity

Definition:the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. (Biodiversity) Example:The definition of biodiversity refers to the amount of diversity between different plants, animals and other species in a given habitat at a particular time. The different varieties and types of animals and plants that live in the ocean is an example of biodiversity.