UNIT 6

potential flooding of 25 percent of the U.S. population

10 meter rise in sea level

About what percentage of the energy in one level is passed on to the next higher level? 99 percent 1 percent 90 percent 10 percent

10 percent

. How much pressure would this anemone be subjected to at the deepest part of the ocean—a depth of 37,000 feet (about seven miles)? 129.2 pounds per square foot 37,000 pounds per square foot 2,390,200 pounds per square foot 57,275,541 pounds per square foot none of the above

2,390,200 pounds per square foot

One type of deep sea fish is the angler fish. If the pressure in pounds per square foot outside the fish is 675,000 lbs/sq ft, what is the pressure inside the cells of the fish? 10,448 lbs/sq ft 43,605,000 lbs/sq ft 64.6 lbs/sq ft 675,000 lbs/sq ft

675,000 lbs/sq ft

How much pressure is the anemone subjected to at a depth of 10,500 feet. 129.2 pounds per square foot 10,500 pounds per square foot 678,300 pounds per square foot 1,356,600 pounds per square foot none of the above

678,300 pounds per square foot

Which labeled point or arrow shows the crest? A B C D

A

reverse osmosis

A desalinization process that involves forcing salt-water through a membrane permeable to water but not to salt

Desalination

A process of removing salt from ocean water

Which statement is false about the intertidal zone? It is a food- and nutrient-poor place, which makes it hard for creatures to survive there. It is a place where both land and sea predators can feed. It is covered in water once or twice a day and is often exposed to strong wave action. It is a rather narrow zone between the high tide and low tide regions along the shore.

It is a food- and nutrient-poor place, which makes it hard for creatures to survive there.

What is desalination? It is the measurement process used to find the concentration of salt in sea water It is a process of removing salts from sea water so it can be used by humans for drinking and other purposes It is the opposite of reverse osmosis It how cells extract salt from the water they need.

It is a process of removing salts from sea water so it can be used by humans for drinking and other purposes

Which of the following is true of the volume of water in the oceans? It is static and has not changed significantly since the earth was formed. It is changing slowly over geologic time scales. It changes on a monthly basis, as evidenced by the rise and fall of tides.

It is changing slowly over geologic time scales.

What impact does the Gulf Stream have on the climate of Europe? It makes the climate cooler that it otherwise would be. It opposes the El Niño so that conditions can return to normal. It blocks the cold Peru Current, causing El Niño. It makes the climate warmer that it otherwise would be.

It makes the climate cooler that it otherwise would be.

Why aren't abyssal animals crushed by the high pressures of the deep sea? They can inflate themselves with air, which acts like a shock absorber and keeps them from being crushed. They are usually small, so pressure can't exert much force on them. They have thick, bony plates covering their bodies instead of scales like surface fish have. Their internal body pressure is equal to the external water pressure.

Their internal body pressure is equal to the external water pressure.

Most of these animals are small, less than a foot long. What is one possible reason that abyssal animals tend to be small? The pressure smashes them. Tiny size means they do not feel the pressure. It takes so much energy to make the internal pressure equal to the outside pressure that they cannot grow very big. There is a limited food supply for most of these creatures.

There is a limited food supply for most of these creatures.

During periods of glaciation (ice ages), which of the following was true of the amount of water in the ocean reservoir? There was more water in the ocean reservoir then than there is today. The amount of water in the ocean reservoir during periods of glaciation is the same as the amount of water in the ocean reservoir today. There was less water in the ocean reservoir then than there is today.

There was less water in the ocean reservoir then than there is today.

In order to further study the effect of salt on living tissue, a group of students performed the following experiment. They placed potato pieces of uniform size in a series of different salt solutions from 0% to 20%. After half an hour, they measured the loss or gain of weight in grams. Their results are shown graphically below. Use this graph to answer the following questions. Why did potato chunks A, B, and C gain mass here? Salt entered the potato cells and made them heavier. Water moved out of the cells of the potato. All of these potato chunks weighed less than three grams. Water entered the potato cells and increased their mass.

Water entered the potato cells and increased their mass.

What most likely happened to cause the change in mass and volume? Salt moved into the cells placed in the fresh water and out of the potato cells placed in salt water. Water moved into the cells placed in the fresh water and out of the potato cells placed in salt water.

Water moved into the cells placed in the fresh water and out of the potato cells placed in salt water.

potential of eight meter rise in sea level in the future

West Antarctic ice cap collapse and melt

The maximum wave height for wave trains is reached when which of the following is true of wave crests? a) they are moving much more slowly than the speed of the wind b) they are moving at right angles to the wind speed c) they are moving at nearly the same as the speed as the wind d) they are moving at at least twice the speed of the wind

c) they are moving at nearly the same as the speed as the wind

Most waves are formed by which of the following? a) volcanoes b) earthquakes c) wind d) tsunamis

c) wind

Animals like a zooplankton and small fish can occupy which trophic level? producer consumer decomposer all of the above

consumer

What direction do gyres in the Northern Hemisphere circulate? counterclockwise clockwise

counterclockwise

What direction do gyres in the Southern Hemisphere circulate? clockwise counterclockwise

counterclockwise

The rise and fall of the tides do not impact human activities. true false

false

The rise and fall of the tides do not impact organisms that are not permanent residents of the intertidal zone. true false

false

Which of the following has the greatest influence on the tides? temperature of the currents the fetch of the wind gravity of the sun gravity of the moon

gravity of the moon

Did water move into or out of the piece in freshwater? out of into

into

What is the salinity of freshwater? less than 1000 ppm between 10,000 and 3000 ppm between 30,000 and 10,000 ppm greater that 35,000 ppm

less than 1000 ppm

What are photophores ? light-producing organs none of these pressure-reducing organs reproduction organs

light-producing organs

A potato piece placed in a 25% salt solution would most likely do which of the following? lose more weight than sample F behave like sample D and neither gain nor lose weight We cannot predict what would happen given only the information we have. gain more weight than sample A

lose more weight than sample F

autotrophs

means "self-feeders"

potential rise in sea level of 80 meters

melting of all ice caps

A student wrote the following answer to this question: Question: How do the currents around Antarctica help keep it ice-covered?Answer: The currents around Antarctica help moderate the climate. Thus, the continent of Antarctica will have the most moderate climate of any of the continents, because it is totally surrounded by the Antarctic circumpolar current Is he correct? yes no

no

decomposer

organisms, fungi, and bacteria

Did water move into or out of the piece in saltwater? into out of

out of

What does the unit ppm stand for? the same salinity as ‰ parts per milliliter parts per million all of the above

parts per million

. Green plants in the sea occupy which trophic level? producer consumer decomposer all of the above

producer

wave cut terraces on San Clemente Island California

sea level erosion when ocean levels were as much as twenty meters higher than today

worldwide shrinkage in mountain glaciers

temperatures warming because of the end of the little ice age and the greenhouse effect

Fetch

the distance that the wind has blown over the oceans surface

rise in sea level during the last 100 years

the melting of glaciers and ice caps and the thermal expansion of ocean water

Which potato piece had the greatest change in mass? the saltwater piece the freshwater piece

the saltwater piece

Why do some of these deep sea animals have light organs? (Select all that apply.) to attract prey to find mates as a form of defense to cope with intense pressure

to attract prey to find mates as a form of defense

kilocalorie

unit used to measure food energy in food chains

producer

usually green plants

falling sea level during glacial epochs

water is evaporated from ocean and stored as ice on land

A student wrote the following answer to this question: Question: Sargassum is the seaweed that drifts with the currents. This region has large mats of this floating seaweed. Also, sailing ships avoided sailing in the Sargasso Sea. Why? Answer: In the middle of the gyre there are few currents. Sailing ships depended on currents to help them make it across the sea. Without currents there was a danger of the ship sitting for days and not moving forward. They would then face running out of water or food or both. Because there are few if any currents the mats of sea weed just sits there too. Is she correct?(Note: The Sargasso Sea is centered in the middle of the North Atlantic gyre at sixty degrees west longitude and thirty degrees north latitude. Notice the current patterns in this region.) yes no

yes

A student wrote the following answer to this question: Question: Greenland is covered in ice. Nearby Iceland is not. What roles do the currents around these two islands play in explaining this?Answer: Greenland is surrounded by cold currents. Thus, the climate is colder than normal and the ice cap is a result of the colder climate. But Iceland is surrounded by warm currents, so it is not ice-covered. Is she right? yes no

yes

Consider the following food chain: phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, squid, human. If there are 1,000 Calories of energy in the producer level, how many calories will be in the third consumer level? 100 0.1 10 1,000 1

1

Match the term with its description. 1. Currents 2. Gyres 3. Coriolis effect 4. El Niño a. circular current patterns that circumscribe an entire ocean basin b. the deflection of currents, winds, and so forth because of the rotation of the earth c. rivers of seawater that circulate along the surface of the ocean d. a warm ocean current that forms off the coast of South America and alters weather and climate

1-c 2-a 3-b 4-d

Which labeled point or arrow shows the trough? A B C D

B

Which labeled point or arrow shows the wavelength? A B C D

C

How are currents an important part of the earth's heating and air conditioning system? Currents cause the earth to rotate faster at the equator, thus cooling it. Currents make the wind blow, thus heating and cooling Earth. Currents carry warm and cool waters over the earth to help moderate the climate. Currents bring nutrients from deep in the ocean to the ocean's surface.

Currents carry warm and cool waters over the earth to help moderate the climate.

Which labeled point or arrow shows the wave height? A B C D

D

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

potential of 6.5 meter rise in sea level in the future

Greenland ice melting

If there were no change in the weight of a potato after immersion in salt solution it most likely means: Water could not leave the cells of the potato. Water could not enter the cells of the potato. Osmosis caused water to enter and leave the cells at the same rate The potato cell membrane was impermeable to salt.

Osmosis caused water to enter and leave the cells at the same rate

were asked to write a short answer about the question, "What is the energy that powers the earth's surface currents?". Which student is most correct? Currents flow because of the friction waves feel with the bottom of the ocean. This makes waves become breakers near the shore and the friction makes currents flow across whole oceans. The spin of the earth causes the Coriolis effect, which is the force that causes the currents to flow. The surface currents flow because of the gravity of the earth. Gravity pulls warm water to the North and South Poles more strongly than it pulls cold water, so warm currents flow toward the poles and cold currents flow away from them. Since the sun is the power behind the wind , and winds drive currents, the sun is the original source of much of the power that moves the surface currents.

Since the sun is the power behind the wind , and winds drive currents, the sun is the original source of much of the power that moves the surface currents.

Organisms are adapted to survive in the intertidal zone in several ways. Which of the following is a false statement about adaptation in this zone? Some seaweed is flexible and tough to withstand the pounding waves and to slow water loss at low tide. Some organisms have hard shells to protect them from predators and form drying out. Some organisms are able to seek shelter in pools that do not drain out or dry up at low tide. Some organisms are able change from cold-blooded to warm-blooded, so they are not too cold when they are underwater at high tide.

Some organisms are able change from cold-blooded to warm-blooded, so they are not too cold when they are underwater at high tide.

What is one difficulty mentioned in the text with using seawater as a source of freshwater? Most places are too far from the ocean. The freshwater it produces from seawater is more expensive than water from other sources Only California and Florida have the technology to do it. No one yet knows how to do reverse osmosis without harming the environment.

The freshwater it produces from seawater is more expensive than water from other sources

When a deep sea submarine dives to the bottom of the ocean, the crew quarters are kept at normal air pressure. Why isn't the sub crushed by the water pressure? The submarine must descend to the bottom very slowly so the pressure can't build up too fast. Otherwise, the pressure would instantly crush the sub. "Slow and steady as she goes," is the sailor's motto. All of these are reasons why submarines are not crushed by pressure. The hull of the submarine is very strong and protects it from the pressure. One crack in the steel/titanium walls of the submarine would be disastrous. The air pressure inside the submarine must be equal to the outside pressure, or it would be crushed.

The hull of the submarine is very strong and protects it from the pressure. One crack in the steel/titanium walls of the submarine would be disastrous.

When the ice caps covering the continents were melting, what happened to the amount of water in lakes surrounding the ice? The lakes grew. The lakes got smaller. The lakes stayed the same size.

The lakes grew.

During an ice age, so much water is frozen into ice on land that the sea level drops significantly. Based on this fact, what would happen to sea level during warm periods between ice ages? The sea level should drop. The sea level would remain unchanged. The sea level should rise.

The sea level should rise.

What does it mean when the text says, "The worldwide availability of renewable energies and the availability of mature technologies make it possible to couple desalination plants with renewable energy production in order to ensure the production of water in a sustainable and environmentally friendly scheme for the regions concerned"? Modern ways of doing desalination using mature technologies will not hurt the environment. Both freshwater and renewable energy can desalinate seawater, but only if the process uses the best technology. Desalination is a sustainable and environmentally friendly process, because it uses only renewable energies and cannot be done with harmful energy like nuclear and fossil fuel power. Wind and solar energy can be used to power desalination plants and produce freshwater, a process that can be continued indefinitely and that will not hurt the environment.

Wind and solar energy can be used to power desalination plants and produce freshwater, a process that can be continued indefinitely and that will not hurt the environment.

Tsunami

a sea wave created by a quake volcano or landslide under the ocean

Ocean Swell

a wave train that has organized into series of rolling ocean waves

Breaker

a wave whose top has fallen forward because the bottom has slowed due to friction with the sea bed

Waves do not move water across the sea, but they do move which of the following? a) energy b) sand c) fetch d) wind

a) energy

Steep, rocky shorelines are evidence of powerful waves carrying a lot of energy. a) true b) false

a) true

. Match each drawing to the correct term, either "spring tide" or "neap tide." 1.A 2.B

a.spring tide b.neap tide

Potato piece D was placed in a solution with a salinity of which of the following? greater than 20% exactly 0% about 12% less than 10%

about 12%

What effects did the glaciers of the last ice age have on North America? Much of the rich soil of the Midwest was formed. The Great Lakes were formed. Rainfall increased in the areas surrounding the ice. all of the above

all of the above

What were some of the environmental effects of El Niño of 1983? drought flooding the death of coral reefs dust storms all of the above

all of the above

Which factor affects the paths of surface currents in the earth's oceans? wind continental coastlines the rotation of the earth all of the above

all of the above

food web

all of the food chains in an ecosystem

omnivore

an animal that eats both plants and animals

carnivore

an animal that eats mainly or exclusively meat

herbivore

an animal that eats only plants

consumer

an organism that eats other organisms

. How much did the sea level fall during the last ice age? as much as 440 feet as much as 125,000 feet as much as 18 feet as much as 165 feet

as much as 440 feet

In which beaker will osmosis cause water to move into the cells? Select all that apply. Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C

b & c

The longer the fetch length, the _________ the wave height will be. a) shorter b) taller

b) taller