Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization c. 1750-1900
What are things Britain is bringing to its colonies in West Africa? (6.2)
1. Western education 2. English language 3. Christianity
Summarize the expansion of Russia - where did they go, when? (6.2)
1762-1825; Empress Catherine II ("the Great") and later, grandson Alexander I, part of Poland, land from the Ottoman Empire, Finland, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia
What was the result of Mexico's attempt to overthrow Benito Juarez? (6.3)
Archduke Maximilian (European Noble) became emperor of Mexico but was executed when France withdrew from Mexico and Juarez resumed presidency
How did Britain change its role in governing India after the Sepoy Mutiny? (6.3)
Britain ended the Mughal Empire and became more active in ruling India
Where did Britain start to get their cotton from? What event disrupted this? (6.4)
Britain's Southern colonies in America; the American Civil War
Sepoys (6.2)
British employed Indian soldiers
Describe the problems impacting the Qing government (Taiping Rebellion): (6.2)
Hong Xiuquan, starving peasants, workers, and miners, attempted (and failed) to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
Which country was left independent in South Asia? (6.3)
Siam (Thailand)
Describe the problems impacting the Qing government (Boxer Rebellion): (6.2)
killed many Chinese Christians and some foreigners with support of Qing Empress Dowager Cixi
What was the outcome of the Yaa Asantewaa War? (6.3)
last African war led by a woman; British won; became part of the Gold Coast Colony
How did Spain try to assert their national pride through settlement? (6.1)
leader in 1st wave of colonization (16th and 17th centuries) but lost power and did not have a big role in 2nd wave
By 1900 which countries were unclaimed by Europe? Why were they able to resist? (6.2)
Abyssinia (Ethiopia) fought back and won when Italy tried to conquer in 1895; Liberia - founded by formerly enslaved people from the U.S. and had a dependent relationship with the U.S.
Why were economies among the most influential of the motives behind imperialism? Explain specifically what certain countries were looking for. (6.4)
Britain desired raw materials (copper, cotton, rubber); natural resources, new markets, low-wage labor
How did Britain try to assert their national pride through settlement? (6.1)
Britain needed new land after losing the American Revolution; landed in Australia in 1788; took control of India from the East India Company by 1857 and controlled other areas in Southeast Asia
Explain what led to the Boer War conflict? (6.2)
British replace Dutch in Cape Colony introducing English but allowing them to still speak Dutch; Many Afrikaners moved out of Cape Colony and came into our conflict with indigenous groups; the British and Afrikaners fought over land
Describe the impact of the Dutch in Southeast Asia (6.2)
Dutch East India Company (VOC) took over spice trade corruption ruined company so government took control of the Dutch East Indies; plantations made rubber, tea, and sugar for export, not rice so Indonesian farmers relying on rice struggled; Dutch government tried to have reforms but they didn't do much
Summarize the presence of the French in Africa. (6.2)
France drove Ottomans out of Algeria and it became a settler colony, attracting Spanish, Italian, Maltese, and French immigrants; France also established trading post in Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Niger
Describe the impact of the French in Southeast Asia (6.2)
French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam); imperialized for cash crops (rubber)
What was the significance of the Suez Canal - how did they build it? How did it impact Egypt? (6.2)
It connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, preventing the European need to travel all the way around Africa to get to Asia, many Egyptian's building; allowed Britain to seize control of Egypt
How did the Treaty of Paris lead to the Philippine-American War? (6.3)
Philippines transferred from Spain to US, not given independence
Describe how science was used as proof that colonization was a right of stronger nations. (6.1)
Phrenology: a smaller skull size proved the mental feebleness of Africans, indigenous Americans, and Asians
Explain how Charles Darwin's idea of selection/fittest species was used to justify imperialism. (6.1)
Social Darwinism: biological competition had "weeded" out the weaker race/species
Why did Japan end its isolation in 1853 - what impact did this have on the country? (6.2)
U.S. Matthew Perry made treaty opening up Japanese ports to trade; rapidly industrialized to gain power to protect distinct Japanese culture
What was the outcome of the Anglo-Zulu War? (6.3)
Zulu lands became part of the British colony of South Africa
Describe the British Colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa (1787): (6.2)
a home for freed people from throughout the British Empire who had been enslaved
In general, summarize the relationship Europe had with Africa prior to this point (6.2)
a long-standing relationship due to the slave trade when slavery ended Europeans still went to Africa for palm oil, gold, ivory, diamonds, exported guns, alcohol
Describe how the Dutch East India Company is an example of economic imperialism (6.1)
a monopoly on trade between Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa) and straits of Magellan (tip of South America); corruption and debt caused government to take control in 1799, creating the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
What is Guano? why was it mined? (6.4)
a natural fertilizer (bat and seabird excrement (poop)) mined and exported to other places
What did Cecil Rhodes want to build? (6.4)
a railroad that stretched from Cape Town, South Africa, to Cairo, Egypt
Describe how the East India Company is an example of economic imperialism (6.1)
a royal charter from England gave the it a monopoly on England's trade with India; It expanded power from Persian Gulf to East Asia became Britain's managing agency In India in 1834
Describe the British Colony of Ghana and the Gold Coast in West Africa (1874): (6.2)
acquired in stages; Gold Coast became a crown colony is 1874, but the Asante Empire to the north did not come under British control until 1901
How did the Cherokee Nation assimilate to white settler culture? (6.3)
adopted methods of farming, weaving, and building; developed a syllabi alphabet, adopted a constitution
Explain Pan-Africanism (6.3)
an identity and nationalism shared by Western educated Africans
Describe the British Colony of Lagos in West Africa (1861): (6.2)
become a crown colony in 1861; served as a base for the annexation of much of the rest of what is now Nigeria
Describe the problems impacting the Qing government (Plague): (6.2)
bubonic plague
How did Japan try to assert their national pride through settlement? (6.1)
by incursions into Korea which angered China and lad to the Sino-Japanese War; Japan won, gaining control of Korea and Taiwan
Describe transportation before the introduction of railroads to colonies. (6.4)
by water or roads
Explain the difference between subsistence farming and cash crops. (6.4)
cash crops purpose was money while subsistence farming was people raising enough food to live on
Describe the resistance movements that occurred in Australia and New Zealand. (6.3)
colonial governments did not recognize indigenous land ownership caused resistance (example: Maori Wars)
How did colonizing countries force their culture on the places they took over? (6.1)
combined several cultures into 1 colony for administrative purposes; introduced their own languages and political, religious and educational institutions; exerted their beliefs on architecture and recreational activities
Who was Tupac Amaru II - what was his role in refusing imperialism? (6.3)
descendant of Inca ruler that had a formal Jesuit education; arrested and executed a colonial administrator, causing the last general Indian revolt against Spain
Afrikaners (6.2)
descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers
Explain how Britain expanded its empire in West Africa (6.2)
diplomacy and warfare
Why were steamships important in trad? (6.4)
efficient engines made them practical
What was the role of the East India Company? (6.2)
encroached on the land of the weak Mughal Empire allowing Britain to gain control of India; employed sepoys
How did Europeans use railroads to justify imperialism? Who did railroads actually help the most? (6.4)
evidence that they helped the people of Asia and Africa; served the interests of the colonizers
How did France try to assert their national pride through settlement? (6.1)
expanded to compensate for losing the Franco-Prussian War
How did Italy and Germany try to assert their national pride through settlement? (6.1)
for economic and strategic reasons and for prestige as they were newly formed states but neither began acquiring an empire until the mid 1800s
What was the outcome of Samory Toure's War? (6.3)
fought and failed to keep France from annexing West Africa
Who was Cecil Rhodes? (6.4)
founder of De Beers Diamonds and enthusiastic investor in a railroad project
Even though the Cherokee Nation assimilated, they were negatively impacted by expansion - how? (6.3)
gold was discovered in their territory causing the Indian Removal Act of 1830
Why was King Leopold's (of Belgium) rule of the Congo different or unique compared to other colonies? (6.2)
he owned the colony personally, using colonial officials against indigenous Congolese and a ruthless system of economic exploitation that allowed to keep profits
How did British rule impact Australia and New Zealand? (6.2)
housed convicts, war boke out when encroaching on Maori land
Who were those in the Balkan Peninsula inspired by? Who won independence from Ottoman rule? (6.3)
inspired by the French Revolution; Greece (1832) and Serbia (1815)
Describe the British Colony of Gambia in West Africa (1816): (6.2)
it and Sierra Leone were used as bases to try to stop the export of enslaved people from the region
Describe the problems impacting the Qing government (Yellow River): (6.2)
it changed course, flooding farmland and leaving others open to drought (causing famine)
China had a different experience than South Asia or Africa - describe how they were imperialized. (6.2)
it maintained its own government; European nations carved out spheres of influence within China over which they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources
How does the poem at the beginning of 6.1 reflect the ideas of imperialism? (6.1)
it urged the whites of Western countries to establish colonies for the good of the "inferior" people of the world
Why was the Proclamation of 1763 significant? (6.3)
it was the first time a European government had recognized the territorial rights of indigenous peoples
Hos did the Monroe Doctrine give the US power in the Americas? (6.2)
keeping Europeans out of the Americas and implied USA desire to be an imperial power in the Americas
What was the outcome of the Mahdist Revolt? (6.3)
leader, Muhammed Ahmed, was great but movement fell apart after his death
How did the introduction of railroads impact transportation of raw materials to Europe and markets in colonies? (6.4)
lowered the cost of transporting raw materials for shipment to Europe and helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods
What was the impact or result of the Boer Wars? (6.2)
many Afrikaners and Africans were forced into refugee/concentration camps where they lived in poor conditions; British and Afrikaners and black Africans in the Southern tip of Africa made by the Congo Free State
How did enlightenment ideals help leaders push against colonization? (6.3)
many nationalist movements leaders' had European style education and understood Enlightenment ideals such as natural rights, sovereignty, and nationalism
Describe the impact of Siam (6.2)
modernized, reformed, industrialized which prevented European imperialism
Explain how the telegraph impacted communications. (6.4)
news could now travel instantly
What major products did the use of steamships impact? (6.4)
people, mail, goods, compression refrigeration: meat, dairy
What characterized most of the 1800s - why are countries wanting colonies? (6.1)
revolutions, rise of nationalism, creation of nation-states; to assert their national identity in the global arena
Where is rubber obtained from? Describe the difficulties with this product/conditions. (6.4)
rubber trees in the Amazon in South America; Latex vines in Central Africa
What began the Philippine Revolution? Why were they upset and why did they expect freedom? (6.3)
several revolts broke out in provinces around Manila (1896); they expected freedom based on US sympathy for Philippine Indpendence
Describe Leopold's treatment of the Congolese. What was the impact of his leadership? (6.2)
slavery-like; brutal conditions, no pay, spouses held captive to prevent worker, from running away, 8 million died
What items do Europeans want from South Asia? How does this lead to the Seven Years' War? (6.2)
spices, gems, trade with regions to the east; France established trading ports but French loss to Britain in the war drove the French out of India
How did the US imperialize American lands? (6.2)
taking land from indigenous peoples; Indian territory in Oklahoma; Trial of Tears
What are some examples of cash crops? (6.4)
tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, coffee
Describe the 'new imperialism' at the end of the Industrial Revolution. Who is involved? Where are they taking over and why? (6.1)
the British established colonies that supplied raw materials for its factories , and the colonies also provided markets for Britain manufactured goods
How does Manifest Destiny connect to imperialism? (6.2)
the belief that white Americans should expand the Pacific caused them to imperialize the west (example: transcontinental railway)
Explain what the 'Scramble for Africa' was. (6.2)
the competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa
Why did the Xhosa people kill their cattle? (6.3)
they believed that doing so would cause the spirits to remove the British settlers from their land
Why did Britain ban cotton textiles from India? (6.4)
they competed with the native wool industry
How did treaties and company charters lead European powers to take over the other countries? How did this impact other nations? (6.1)
they gave Europeans the right to establish trading post and forts to protect their industries but they had the power to raise armies and conquer territories to form colonies
Explain how the British office tried to obtain more rubber? (6.4)
they got rubber tree seeds from Brazil and planted them in other places
Who were the Aboriginal people? (6.3)
they have been in Australia for about 50,000 years and have the oldest continuous culture on Earth
Explain how religious motives were part of the rationale for imperialism. (6.1)
they persuaded people to give up their traditional belief s and adopt Christianity, paving the way for those focused on imperialism for economic gain
Why were steamships limited at first? (6.4)
they required huge quantities of coal as fuel for long distances
How did Vietnam try to resist French rule? (6.3)
they resisted under the rule of Ham Nghi
Why did imperial attention focus on tropical climates? (6.4)
they were conductive to the presence of raw materials
Why did the British decide to colonize Australia? (6.2)
to make a penal colony (prison); later found it had gold and copper and was good for producing fine wool
What was the Great Game? (6.2)
unsuccessful rivalry between Russia and Britain for dominance in Afghanistan (both lost)
Settler Colony (6.2)
where a country sends its people to live there permanently rather than just temporarily
List the overseas locations of places imperialized by the US (6.2)
1. Hawaii 2. Guam 3. Cuba 4. Puerto Rico
Why did Cecil Rhodes's plan not work? (6.4)
Britain never gained control over all the land on which the railroad was to be built
Explain what happens at the Berlin Conference - who is involved? Who isn't? (6.2)
European powers met to provide for the orderly colonization of Europe, no Africans were invited
European presence was specifically limited in Africa at first. Why did this change? (6.2)
Europeans got better military tech, enabling them to expand their presence in Africa
Where is Japan imperializing/setting up colonies?/ How could this help them successfully colonize further? (6.2)
Hawaii, Guam, Mexico, Latin America, Chine, Korea, Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, provided resources to allow growth
Who were the Sepoys? (6.3)
Indian soldiers under British employ
Who benefited from the disruption of American Cotton to Britain? (6.4)
Mostly Egypt but also cotton farmers in India
What changed and led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 aka Sepoy Mutiny? (6.3)
Sepoys (mostly Hindus and Muslims) were convinced that the British wanted to convert them to Christians as their bullets were mad of cow and pigs (sacred animals)
Describe the impact of the British in Southeast Asia (6.2)
controlled part of Singapore (most popular seaport in Southeast Asia cause of Chines immigrants), Malay Peninsula, Burma (Myanmar), north Burneo; wanted minerals (gold and tin), cash crops (rubber)
Who was Charles Goodyear and what products did he impact? (6.4)
created vulcanization; prevented rubber from softening when warm and hardening when cold; tires (bikes at the time but cars later on), hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, shoe soles
Explain Ghost Dance. (6.3)
dancing and song rituals to hasten the dead coming back and driving out the whites and restoring native land