Unit 6: Learning Take Home Review

Because Coach Foss frequently yells at his runners for swearing, the players now become anxious when they are near Coach Foss. Coach Foss is a(n)_______ for their anxiety. A.Conditioned stimulus B.Unconditioned stimulus C. Conditioned response D.Secondary reinforcer

a

Brandon is trying to get out of his crib. He tries sticking his legs through the bars, hitting the bars with his arms, and butting them with his head. He realizes that he is getting nowhere. Then suddenly Brandon tries climbing over the top of the bars, and he breaks free. This illustrates A.insight. B. escape conditioning. C. use of cognitive maps. D. vicarious conditioning.

a

David buys his cookies from Cookie Center because for every ten cookies he buys, he gets two free. David's behavior is an example of A.the law of effect. B. classical conditioning. C. the principle of generalization. D. systematic desensitization.

a

Hailey thinks that it doesn't matter how hard she studies for her classes. Sometimes she studies and other times she doesn't, but her grades are always the same. Soon, Hailey never studies because she doesn't seem to see any reason to do so. Hailey is experiencing A. learned helplessness. B. social learning. C. latent learning. D. observational learning.

a

Monica doesn't return Newt's phone call right away. In fact, she always waits until he calls two times before she returns his call. Monica is using a _____________ reinforcement schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval

a

Psychologists have defined learning as A.the modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding. B.the systematic organization of information that facilitates later recall and use. C. a temporary change in behavior that results from past experience. D.the adaptation of instinctual responses to new environments.

a

Snoop, the dog, learns that when he barks as strangers approach his house, he is rewarded with praise from his owner. However, if Snoop barks when no one is approaching, he is scolded by his owner. Soon Snoop only barks when strangers approach his house. Snoop has learned A.stimulus discrimination. B. avoidance conditioning. C. operant habituation. D. stimulus generalization.

a

Every time Shamir sees pistachio nuts, he feels queasy. This is because he once vomited after eating mass quantities of the nuts. This illustrates __________. When Shamir initially became ill, the vomiting was the __________. A.classical conditioning; conditioned response B. classical conditioning; unconditioned response C. operant conditioning; reinforcer D. operant conditioning; punishment

b

Hugo has learned to fear the bell on his phone because every time the phone rings a prank caller starts shouting at him. He now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Hugo is affected by stimulus A. control. B. generalization. C. degradation. D. discrimination.

b

Josh is a first-grader and when the bell rings at 11:15 on the first day of school he doesn't know what it means. He quickly learns that the 11:15 bell signals that it is lunchtime. Soon, when he hears the 11:15 bell he feels hungry and starts salivating. The 11:15 bell has become a/an A.unconditioned stimulus. B. conditioned stimulus. C. unconditioned response. D. conditioned response.

b

Systematic desensitization, which is used to treat phobias, is based on which learning paradigm? A. Operant conditioning B. Classical conditioning C. Social learning D. Instrumental learning

b

Tommy, John, and Brian decide to go to Pizza Barn for lunch. Tommy and John have the Meat Special and Brian tries the new Steak Pizza. Later that evening, Brian becomes very sick and has to be treated for food poisoning. What concept best explains why it is very unlikely that Brian will order the Steak Pizza again? A. Delayed conditioning B. Taste aversion learning C. Backward conditioning D. Extinction learning

b

When Greg comes home really late one night, his parents are really angry with him and take away all his phone and car privileges for a week. Greg's parents are using A.avoidance conditioning. B. punishment. C. negative reinforcement. D. positive reinforcement

b

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A.Not stealing cookies for fear of being spanked B.Learning to take aspirin for headaches C. Sewing a quilt to make your parents happy D.Studying for an exam to earn an A

b

A learned association between a response and a stimulus is to _______as a learned association between two stimuli is to _________. A. latent learning, observation learning B. generalization, discrimination C. operant conditioning, classical conditioning D. secondary reinforcement, primary reinforcement

c

After Maria drank coffee for the first time, she felt more awake. She then drank coffee every morning. Now when she even smells coffee, she feels more awake. Feeling more awake after just smelling the coffee is the A.conditioned stimulus. B. unconditioned stimulus. C. conditioned response. D. unconditioned response.

c

After Nadia does a great job on her painting, her first grade art teacher gives her some M&M'. The next time art class meets, Nadia tries to do an even better job. The M&M's acted as A.negative reinforcers. B. an activity preference. C. positive reinforcers. D. secondary reinforcers

c

In # 6 Pavlov trained Sparky, When Pavlov returned two weeks later, he accidentally knocked the bell off the table, causing it to ring. He noticed that Sparky was salivating in a response to the ringing bell. This illustrates A.reconditioning. B. stimulus generalization. C. spontaneous recovery. D. higher-order conditioning.

c

It is easier for a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of __________in learning. A. primary reinforcement B. generalization C. biological predispositions D. negative reinforcement

c

The first time Elizabeth went to the local mall, she had a difficult time finding her way around, but after several visits, she finds it very easy to get where she is going. Elizabeth has A. insight into the layout of the mall. B. experienced observational learning. C. developed a cognitive map of the mall. D. experienced social learning.

c

You want to train your cat so that she no longer claws at the furniture, but instead claws at the scratching post you just bought. You decide to first reward her when she gets near the scratching post, then reward her when she touches the scratching post and finally reward her when she scratches at the scratching post. This method of training is known as A.stimulus approximation. B. classical conditioning. C. shaping. D. second-order conditioning.

c

_______takes place in classical conditioning when the NS is paired with the UCS and in operant conditioning when the consequence is presented after the behavior. A. discrimination B. extinction C. acquisition D. generalization

c

Eric hates the Spice Girls. In order to encourage Eric to clean his room, Eric's mom plays the Spice Girls CD at top volume. She tells him that she will turn it off only after he has cleaned his room. Eric's mom is using A.positive reinforcement. B. punishment I. C. just punishment. D. negative reinforcement.

d

Pavlov trained his dog Sparky, to salivate when he heard a bell. Before leaving on his Jamaican vacation, Pavlov repeatedly sounded the bell without presenting any food. Eventually, _____would occur. A.Negative reinforcement B. Shaping C. Stimulus discrimination D. Extinction

d

Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. On the average, Russell is given a treat every twenty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom utilizing? A.Fixed-ratio B. Variable-ratio C. Fixed-interval D. Variable-interval

d

What kind of reinforcer is money? A. Primary B. Discriminative C. Negative D. Secondary

d

When Imelda was young she used to be fascinated by the shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. spontaneous conditioning. D. observational learning

d

When she was young, Nadia's father told her about a method of traveling in a straight line through a forest so she could find a way out if lost. Since she was always with her father when hiking, she never had a need to use this information. Many years later, while hiking alone, she did become lost but was able to escape the forest using her father's technique. This demonstrates A. a cognitive map. B. avoidance conditioning. C. insight. D. latent learning.

d

Which of the following are activated when we pick up a spoon after watching another person pick up a spoon. A. extrinsic motives B. intrinsic motives C. cognitive maps D. mirror neurons

d