Unit 7 review

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the __ effect

Serial position

While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of

Deja vu

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

Motivated forgetting

You took spanish during your sophomore year, and french during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing spanish helped you learn french. This phenomenon is best explained by

Positive transfer

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used

Recall

Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression

Repression rarely occurs as it us difficult to forget emotional material

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of

Semantic encoding

The use of acronyms to improve ones memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of

Semantic encoding

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called __ memory

Short-term

Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve

Synaptic changes

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of

Visual imagery

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, daniel schacter suggests that encoding failures results from the sin of

Absent-mindedness

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

Adrenal glands

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

Automatic processing

Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as

Automatic processing

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as

Connectionism

Walking into the bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen" when you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

Context effects

For a moment after hearing his dogs high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dogs yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ___memory

Echoic

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to failure in

Encoding

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

Encoding

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in

Encoding

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

Essentially unlimited

Conscious memory of factual information is called __ memory

Explicit

The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between

Explicit memory and implicit memory

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of

Priming

James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the peace corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it. This illustrates that

Priming allows us to retrieve specific memories from a web of associations

Professor maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professors difficulty best illustrates

Proactive interference

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info is called

Proactive interference

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

Proactive interference

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially

Rapid and subsequently slows down

Fill in the blank test questions measure __; matching concepts with their definitions measures __.

Recall; recognition

Storage is to encoding as __ is to __

Recognition; recall

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

Rehearsal

Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates

Repression

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she cramps for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

The spacing effect

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

The spacing effect

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short time as

12 seconds

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly __ bits of information

7

The effortful processing of information

Can become automatic through practice

Based on Herman ebbinghaus forgetting curve how will your memories for psychological concepts change

I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the info I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each day for oln a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have __ memory

Iconic

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the tv screen, by the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates __memory

Iconic

Cerebellum is to __ memory as hippocampus is to __ memory

Implicit; explicit

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and supplies, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of

Hierarchical organization

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his

Hippocampus

The misinformation effect refers to the

Incorporation of misleading info into ones memory of an event

The finding th at people who sleep afyer learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

Interference

Rats given a drug that enhances LTP will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that

LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called __ memory

Long-term

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

Long-term potentiation

A mnemonic device is a

Memory aid

Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates

Mood congruent memory

When bryans girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryans experience provides an example of

Mood congruent memory

When loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they smashed into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

Portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of

Priming

Reading a romantic novel caused consuela to recall some old experiences with a junior high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on consuela memory retrieval is an illustration of

Priming

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as

Priming

The fact that life people are often less able than younger adults to recall recently learned info can be best explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with

Retrieval

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

Retrieval cues

After learning the combination for hus new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

Retroactive interference

The inability to remember events in ones life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as

Retrograde amnesia

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of

Semantic encoding

Deep processing is most closely associated with the concept of

Semantic encoding

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires

Semantic encoding

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called

Semantic encoding

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

The body's release of stress hornones

Which one of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature

When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry test she had just completed, Shortly knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the test was that it was difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates

The misinformation effecting

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate

The recency effect

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as __ memory

Working