Unit 7

In which situations are increased protein intakes needed?

Recovery from burns Extreme physical exertion When breastfeeding

What is an example of a dish that includes a complementary combination of protein?

Red beans and rice

What cell in the body contains protein?

all cells

Proteins are made up of nitrogen-containing units called _____.

amino acids

Celiac disease is a(n) _____.

autoimmune disease

A _____ protein lacks or contains inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids.

low-quality

Vegetarian diets are often _____ than "Western diets" that contain plenty of red meat.

lower in fat and energy

Convenience foods are generally _____ what it would cost for you to prepare it yourself.

more expensive

Excess amino acids are first stripped of their _____ portion (amino group), which is converted into ammonia.

nitrogen-containing

Proteins

organic nutrients made up of amino acids

A vegetarian eats a(n) _____ diet.

plant-based

Allergens in food are typically _____ that the immune system thinks are harmful.

protein

In the United States, chronically ill, older adults are often at risk for _____ more than young and middle-aged adults

protein deficiency

Amino acids are the basic building blocks of _____.

proteins

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

The amino group of unneeded amino acids is ultimately converted to _____, which is a waste product of amino acid metabolism that is excreted in urine.

urea

If a person with celiac disease consumes something containing gluten, the body responds with an immune response that damages _____.

villi in the small intestines

What is the amount of protein that would meet a 70 kg healthy adult's RDA for protein?

56 70kg x 0.8g/kg = 56g

If the DNA code contains errors, what effect can this have on protein synthesis?

Abnormal proteins will be produced that may cause chronic health conditions

Poorly planned plant-based diets may provide inadequate amounts of which nutrients?

Calcium Vitamin B-12 Vitamin D

_____ is a chronic disease characterized by an autoimmune response in the small intestine to gluten.

Celiac Disease

If _____ is left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems including intestinal cancer, anemia, and infertility.

Celiac disease

Which of the following are typical signs/symptoms of celiac disease?

Chronic Diarrhea Weight loss Abdominal bloating

What is a typical healthy adult's RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg of body weight

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein for healthy adults?

10 - 35%

Eats milk and milk products, but no other animal foods

Lactovegetarian

In what two ways does the release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach impact protein digestion?

Converts the inactive form of pepsin to its active form Causes proteins to unfold, making it easier for pepsin to break apart peptide bonds in proteins

Which foods contain proteins that are at high risk of causing an allergic reaction?

Cow's milk Soy Eggs

_____ contains coded instructions that specify how amino acids should be arranged to make proteins.

DNA

Select common signs and symptoms of food allergies.

Difficulty swallowing Abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea A scaly skin rash (eczema)

What are the types of protein-rich foods that are recommended.

Dried beans Poultry Fish

Vegetarians who do not consume fish can still receive the omega-3 fatty acids by _____.

Eating certain types of algae

Which high-quality protein sources could be substituted for more expensive meat items in order to save money?

Eggs Canned Tuna

Which of the following foods contain high-quality protein?

Fish Milk Eggs

_____ do not involve the immune system but cause negative side effects from consumption of certain foods.

Food intolerances

The carbon skeletons from excess amino acids can be used to form which products?

Glucose Fat Nonessential amino acids

Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates all contain which elements?

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

A good way to save money is to routinely buy foods _____

In bulk

A dietary recommendation for protein intake is to _____.

Include more plant sources of protein

Eats milk and milk products plus eggs, but no other animal foods

Lacto-ovovegetarian

What are the functions of proteins in the body?

Maintain proper fluid balance Produce enzymes, lubricants, and clotting compounds Make antibodies and certain hormones

What foods are considered good non-animal sources of protein?

Nuts Legumes Seeds

Which of these nutrients could potentially be a concern if someone is consuming a poorly planned plant-based diet?

Omega-3 fatty acids

Eats eggs, but no other animal foods

Ovovegetarian

Which food sources contain some of the most common allergenic proteins?

Peanuts Wheat Shellfish

_____ is an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide chains.

Pepsin

Which circumstances are associated with increased protein requirements?

Periods of growth Pregnancy Recovery from serious illness

Vegetarian diets generally provide more _____ than typical American diets.

Phytochemicals

Which vegetarian diets tend to provide more of than the typical American diet.

Potassium Fiber Vitamin C

Which of the following actions would help limit food costs without negatively affecting essential amino acid intakes?

Prepare meals that provide more plant proteins than animal proteins Reduce the serving size of animal sources of protein

_____ are involved in transporting substances, maintaining acid-base balance, making and repairing cells, and building structures in the body

Proteins

With which type of vegetarian diet does a person eat eggs, fish, and dairy foods, but not generally meat?

Semivegetarian

Select the option that accurately describes plant food sources of protein.

The best plant sources of protein include tree nuts and legumes

Select the statement that correctly describes gluten-free diets.

There is currently no evidence that gluten-free diets are useful for healthy individuals

What is one reason chronically ill, older adults in the United States are at risk for protein deficiency?

They have limited incomes to purchase nutritious foods

How do blood proteins help maintain fluid balance

They help counteract the effects of blood pressure by attracting fluid to return it to the bloodstream

Choose the food mixtures that would provide complementary combinations of protein.

Trail mix with peanuts, pecans, cashews, sunflower seeds, and pumpkin seeds Black bean and corn salad

Compared to people who eat meat, being vegetarian has been associated with a lower risk of which of the following disease conditions?

Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Cardiovascular Disease

Eats only plant foods

Vegan

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a(n) _____.

Vegetarian

Food intolerances are common with which foods?

Wine Milk

What are some reasons buying food in bulk may not be the best choice?

You are unable to use all of the food before it spoils. You are not able to safely store the large quantity of food before it spoils.

Common signs and symptoms of _____ include hives, swollen or itchy lips, skin flushing, and/or wheezing and difficulty breathing.

a food allergy

Buying produce that is _____ is typically a good way to reduce food costs.

currently in season

Convenience foods, such as those purchased from vending machines, conveniences stores, and fast food restaurants, are typically _____.

energy-dense

Vegans can obtain many micronutrients, such as vitamin B-12, vitamin D, iron, and calcium, by consuming _____.

fortified soy beverages

People with celiac disease cannot tolerate foods that contain the protein _____.

gluten

Unless a person has celiac disease or a non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a _____ diet is likely not warranted and may even be detrimental to health..

gluten-free

A function of blood proteins, such as albumin, is to _____.

help maintain fluid balance

Animal sources are considered _____ proteins because they are easy to digest and contain all of the essential amino acids in amounts humans need for proper growth and overall health.

high-quality

Allergic reactions to food occur when a protein _____, which results in an immune response.

is not digested and is instead absorbed intact

High-protein intakes may be contraindicated for individuals who have _____.

kidney disease

People who have a history of _____ should check with their physician before eating a high-protein diet.

kidney stones

Produce grown in the United States is usually _____ when purchased in season compared to out of season.

less expensive