Unit 8 APUSH

Dry Farming

A farming practice that helped compensate for the lack of rainfall, loosened the soil and slowed evaporation. Hardier wheat from Europe was also imported to survive harsh Western climates.

Florence Kelly

A Cornell grad who devoted herself to the problem of child labor. She pushed through the Illinois Factory act of 1893, which mandated an 8 hour work day for women in factories and children under the age of 14.

Jay Gould

A corrupt robber baron owned much of the western railroads which he used for his own economic gain, any money he gained he took and did not reinvest in the company. He engaged in stock watering (raising the value of stock beyond what it was actually worth), which resulted in raising the rates on his trains and engaging in ruthless competition in order to pay off the exaggerated financial obligations. Earlier, he tried to corner the market in loose gold, leading to the Panic of Black Friday.

Melting Pot/Israel Zangwill

A fairly unsuccessful play which depicted the nation as a melting pot, written by Zangwill. The metaphor caught on, however, so good for him.

Homestead Act (1862)

A law of great significance, gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay a $30ish registration fee and pledge to live on it and cultivate it for five years. It offered land at $1.25 an acre if people pledged to live 6 months on the land. It set off a mass immigration of Europeans who wanted land. Between 1862 and 1900 600,000 families claimed free homesteads under it. Unfortunately, the land was too arid and the grants were not large enough for dry farming. Corruption also occurred in which corporations had people claim lands and then give them to the corporations, so they could amass large amounts of valuable land. In addition, 5 times as many families purchased lands from railroads than from the Act. Would later be supplemented by the Timber Culture act, which would allow homesteaders an additional 160 acres if they planted trees on a quarter of it within four years. This was successful, providing forestation and giving homesteaders enough land for farm successfully. It would also be supplemented by the Desert Land Act, which was lobbied for by cattle ranchers, and allowed individuals to obtain 640 acres of land in the arid states for $1.25 an acre provided they irrigated part of it within three years. This invited fraud, as ranchers used hired hands to claim large tracts, and irrigation often was not done enough. This act was supplemented by the Timber and Stone Act as well, which applied to lands unfit for cultivation, whose assets were mainly timber or stone. Permitted anyone in CA, NA, OR, or WA to buy up to 160 acres of forest land for $2.50 an acre, lumber companies used employees to file false claims, others paid to make claims for others;corruption.

American Protective Association

A midwestern anti-Catholic organization that expanded in the 1890s and worked to limit or end immigration.

Consumerism in 19th Century

A new market of goods that were previously unavailable changed America into a community of consumers. Shopping became a pastime.

Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives

A photographer who showed the evils of tenants and privies in the city.

Pinkerton Detectives

A private army (mercenaries)

Ghost Dance/Wovoka

A set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of a Paiute messiah named Wovoka. Performing the dances would reverse everything whites had done since 1492. Whites were afraid of the dance, and the army tried to stop the dance, touching off violence that killed Sitting Bull and other warriors. Frightened native americans fled to the southwest to join other dancers under chief Big Foot, where they would be massacred.

Open Range

A vast fence-less are extending from the Texas Panhandle north into Canada. Cattle ranching dominated this from 1865 to 1885, however, with the invention of barbed wire this would be cut into separate ranches.

Pullman Strike

A very large strike by laborers under Pullman Palace Car Company after depression led to a cut in wages by 1/3rd. Eugene Debs helped organize 150,000 railroad workers in the strike which paralyzed railroad traffic and was stopped when President Cleveland sent federal and state troops to stop the strike, and a court injunction was passed to prevent the workers from striking. This use of an injunction led to a outcry by laborers.

Susan B. Anthony

A veteran of many reform campaigns who tried to vote in the 1872 presidential election and was fined $100 which she refused to pay. Helped form National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked for the enfranchisement of women.

William Rauschenbusch

A young baptist minister who became a professor at Rochester Theological seminary and began to expound on the responsibility of organized religion to advance social justice. Denounced the traditional view of religion towards poverty and reflected the attitude of new urban missionaries who grew impatient with the religious doctrines that endorse the status quo and strove to help those in city slums.

William James

AP PSYCH YO. A leading American psychologist and philosopher, who laid the foundations for behavioral psychology. His most famous work, Pragmatism, described America's greatest contribution to the history of philosophy

George Pullman

An American engineer who created the Pullman sleeping cars, which became very popular. He created a company town for his laborers as a capitalist venture, and after a large wage cut during a depression these laborers would strike in the Pullman Strike, which would cripple railway traffic across the nation, and would eventually be stopped by federal troop intervention and a court injunction ruling the strike as criminal.

Oklahoma Land Rush

April 22, 1889, People lined the OK borders, and rushed in once the starting flag dropped, because apparently its a Nascar race. By the end of the day, settlers claimed 12 thousand homesteads, and all 1.92 million acres of OK were settled.

Edward Bellamy/ Looking Backward

Bellamy became a national reform figure virtually overnight after publishing Looking Backward, which depicted a protagonist who wakes up in 2000 and finds a socialist utopia in which the government owns the means of production and citizens share the material rewards. Promoted cooperation over competition. Had a dramatic effect on many readers, who formed nationalist clubs which wanted to work towards the society depicted in the novel, calling for the nationalization of public utilities and a wider distribution of wealth.

Buffalo Soldiers

Black Cavalrymen who made up 1/5th of the U.S cavalry, mostly in the 9th and 10th regiments. They had a 2nd class status, as racism was widespread, food was poor,and black units were given poor horses. They joined the army despite these conditions because it offered some advancement in a closed society, and paid good money. They had they fewest number of desertions while the other regiments saw heavy desertion. Several buffalo soldiers won the Congressional Medal of Honor in several campaigns

Chief Joseph/Nez Perce

Chief Joseph: Led the Nez Perce tribe on a flight to Canada lasting 75 days and covering 1321 miles. They defeated the pursing army continuously until they ran out of supplies 30 miles from the border. They surrendered and sent to barren land in Oklahoma, where 1/3rd died from disease.

Sand Creek Massacre/ Chivington (1864)

Colorado militia attacked a sleeping group of Indians, and kept attacking when the Indians tried to surrender, even though they were promised protective custody by the government. Chivington led the militia that performed the Massacre.

Court Injunctions/Use of State/Federal Troops

Court Injunction was first used to break a strike during the Pullman Strike. It forbid workers to interfere with their employer's business, and made striking a crime in the case of the Pullman Strike. Federal and state troops sent to quell the Pullman Strike as well, resulting in the loss of 34 lives.

Battle of Little Big Horn/Custer

Custer foolishly attacked the main Lakota camp, thinking the force was much smaller than it actually was, and all 265 of them died, along with about 150 Lakota. This led to public outrage and demand for revenge, depicted the battle as Custer's Last Stand, not Custer's Military Folly. Within a few months, the Lakota were surrounded and beaten, many surrendered in 1876, and Sitting Bull and a few followers fled to Canada and eventually had to return and surrender in 1881.

Dumbbell Tenements

Designed by James E. Ware, rose 7-8 stories, packed 30 four room apartments on a lot 25 by 100 feet. It was designed to allow for spacious but modest apartments for a family, however, often landlords cramped entire families into single rooms. There was little light and ventilation, and was a notorious fire trap. In 1890, nearly half the dwellings in NYC were tenements.

100th Meridian

Divided the Prairie Plains and High Plains, the prairie plains to the east of it, having better soil and more rainfall, and the High plains to the west of the it, having poorer soil and less rainfall.

Edison/Eastman/Field/Westinghouse/Bell/Duke

Edison: Built the first modern research lab at Menlo Park, NJ, which created the phonograph, and the incandescent lamp. Electricity brought about a technological revolution. Eastman: Created a process that led to celluloid film and motion pictures Field: Improved the transatlantic cable linking the telegraph networks of Europe and U.S Westinghaus: Invented railroad aribrake, and demonstrated advantages of high-voltage alternating current for transmission over great distances Bell: Invented Telephone, which spread rapidly across the nation in a few years Duke: Tobacco Business leader

Blacklisting

Employers would do this to employees that gave them trouble, such as union leaders. This list of names was distributed among employers associations/ many companies, and would make it difficult for blacklisted employees to find work.

Reasons/Impact of Industrialization

Factors that contributed to Industrialization: New Technological innovations helped create new industries and foster a firm agricultural base, an abundance of natural resources were available, labor was in abundance from immigrants, U.S market was large due to its large population and a railroad network that connected different regions, Government promoted economic growth through land grants and other incentives like few legal barriers on American manufacturers and corporations. Impact: America had the largest output of steel of any country by 1900, the standard of living raised, as did life expectancy. Labor situations, while still unsavory, improved over time, and the national wealth quadrupled from 1860 to 1900. America became largest manufacturer of goods for decades.

Safety Valve Theory

False theory that stated that the west acted as a safety valve for social tensions and unemployment in the urban cities. In fact, most people migrated in good economic times

Thomas Nast

Famous political cartoonist who was part of the Mugwumps

National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act 1902)

Financed irrigation projects in the arid states. Over the next decades, dams, canals, and irrigation systems created a "hydraulic" society that was rich in corps and cities, but was in danger of outrunning its supply of water.

Frederick Jackson Turner/"Frontier Thesis"

Frederick Jackson Turner - A history instructor at the University of WI. Examined the importance of the Census in his influential paper, The Significance of the Frontier in US History. "Frontier Thesis" - The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of US settlement westward explain US development. It shaped customs and character, gave rise to independence, self-confidence, and individualism, and fostered invention and adaptation. Modern Appraisals of Turner's Thesis? - Historians have modified thesis by pointing to frontier conservatism and imitativeness, the influence of varying racial groups, and the persistence of European ideas and institutions. They have shown that family and community loomed as large and individualism on the frontier; men women, and children played very much the same roles as they had back home.

Carlisle Indian School

Founded In Pennsylvania by army officer Pratt, educated fifty students from various tribes initially, later other Indian schools opened. They would be taught to fix machines and farm, and they would be stripped of all facets of their native culture.

Samuel Gompers/ American Federation of Labor

Founded in 1886, under leadership of Gompers, it was more succesfull and survived longer than the Knights of Labor. It was an alliance of craft unions, and only allowed skilled workers along craft lines. It avoided politics, but persuaded members to vote for pro-union candidates, and worked for specific practical objectives, like higher wages and shorter hours. It would use strikes and boycotts occasionally, but did not oppose monopolies and trusts. It was the most important labor group in the country. It included nearly 1/3rd of nation's skilled workers by 1901, and did not let women workers join and made it difficult for blacks to join.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Gave grants of large grants of land to the states for support of education, led to the creation of many big state schools like U of Wisconsin. Was supplemented by the Hatch act which promoted innovations in agriculture and the mechanic arts

Horatio Alger

Gave hope to working class by writing dime novels telling of rags to riches stories like Carnegie's, and saying that hard work would be rewarded. This hope helped, but not very significantly. Many climbed the socioeconomic ladder, but not as drastically as the novels depicted, and social stratification reached an all time high in 1900.

Joseph Glidden/Barbed Wire

Glidden invented barbed wire, a cheap and effective fencing material, which quickly became incorporated into ranches and farms, as it was bought up faster than glidden could produce

Boss Tweed

Head of the Tweed Ring in New York, provided a model for all of the previous political machines. Heading a ring that plundered NY for tens of millions of dollars. He built the NY County Courthouse, which ended up costing millions of dollars more than expected. Satirical depictions of him by Mugwump and political cartoonist Thomas Nast helped show his corrupt nature to the immigrants he pandered to and brought about his demise.

Henry George/ Progress and Poverty

Henry George: A self educated economist disturbed by the depression of the 1870s and labor upheavals, saw society as flawed. His book, Progress and Poverty, led the way to a more critical appraisal of American society in the 1880s, and jolted traditional thought. It condemned social stratification and wanted to replace all taxes with a single tax that would equalize wealth and raise revenue to aid the poor. The simplistic single tax solution wasn't too successful, but his analysis of the problem was very significant

Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration

Horizontal Integration: A type of organization in which a single company owns and controls an entire aspect of an industry. (ie. Rockefeller's controlling of the refining process for oil) Vertical Integration: A type of organization in which a single company owns and controls the all aspects of an industry. (Carnegie's control of iron mining, steel ... forging or whatever they do to make steel, and marketing of steel)

Transcontinental Railroad/Promontory

In 1862 the Pacific Railway Act was passed, emphasizing the importance of connecting the pacific to eastern states for national security. Two companies were chartered to build the first transcontinental railroad: Union Pacific, and Central Pacific. Construction began in 1865, and Union built from east to west, starting in Omaha, Nebraska, and Central built from west to east, starting in Sacramento, California. They were given large federal loans for each mile of land built, the harder the terrain the larger the loan, Ex: flat land was $16,000 and mountains were $48,000. They were also given 20 square miles for each track of land constructed. Immigrants and ex civil war soldiers were the main laborers for the endeavor, Union using soldiers and Irish immigrants (paddies), and Central favoring Chinese laborers, who would not be pictured in a famous photograph of Promontory Point, despite their significant contribution to the project. The two lines met at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869 (they actually missed each other the first go and had to backtrack a little) with Union Pacific having built 1086 miles of track and Central having built 689 miles of track.

Exodusters

In 1875, 6000 African Americans who left Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas to establish freer lives Kansas, home of John Brown and the Free-soil campaigns. They experienced prejudice, but not as bad as it was in their old homes. They established some self government.

Adjustments to Factory Life

It was a very difficult transition, as there was a different work schedule, different work ours, the work was constant and indoors, and piecework determined wages.

Helen Hunt Jackson/ Century of Dishonor

Jackson wrote a book, Century of Dishonor, which exposed many of the immoral practices of the U.S government towards Native Americans. It had a similar effect on the public as Uncle Tom's Cabins. Inspired a movement to assimilate Native Americans "for their own good".

Jane Addams/Hull House

Jane Addams: One of the first of a generation of college educated women who opened the Hull House in the hear of Chicago slums to share the lives of the poor and humanize the industrial city. Hull House: Stressed education, offering many classes on academic and practical subjects. Had a pragmatic approach in which a problem was identified then attempted to be solved. Many services including libraries, showers, infant welfare clinics, and other were provided. Gradually, the Hull House expanded to occupy a dozen buildings over more than a city block. Became a model for other settlement houses in other cities.

Railheads-Abilene/Dodge City

Joseph McCoy pioneered cattle shipping, and the cows would be brought to these railheads by cowboys along cattle trails and then shipped across the East.

Andrew Carnegie

Man of a poor Scottish background, who later became the master of the steel industry with Carnegie steel. In 1900, Carnegie Steel produced more steel than Great Britain, and was the largest industrial company in the world. In 1901, he sold it to J.P Morgan for almost half a billion, He then followed philanthropic endeavors, and his Gospel of Wealth encouraged other affluent people to do so as well, however, he emphasized that you should only be charitable to people who are able to help themselves (ie, don't just give $100 to a panhandler).Because of this Gospel of Wealth, he was the most liked (by the lower classes) of the captains of industry/robber barons/ successful business men.

Iron Law of Wages

Many employers believed this, it stated that supply and demand dictated wages, not the welfare of their workers.

Sitting Bull

Medicine Man of the Lakota tribe who would later be featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

Mining Bonanza

Mining Bonanza -Mining was the first important magnet to attract people to the West. Not just those looking for gold/silver - Came to provide food, clothing and services to the thousands of miners. Leland Stanford - Later build the Central Pacific Railroad, set up a general store in Sacramento where they sold shovels and supplies.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Nicknamed the Commodore for his success in the shipping industry, which made him very wealthy. He then invested his money in railroads, becoming the owner of the New York Central railroad, which he merged with other lines to provide a track from NYC to Buffalo and Chicago. He popularized the steel track, which was safer and stronger, and amassed a fortune of $100 million.

Comstock Lode

Not to be confused with Comstock Law of 1873. A silver and gold ore jackpot in Nevada which attracted thousands. Produced $306 million, most of which went to corporations and financiers.

Comstock Law of 1873

Not to be confused with the Comstock Lode. Was passed by Congress on Anthony Comstock's request, prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene, lewd, or lascivious articles. The law was not successful, however.

1890 Census

Noted that for the first time in the country's history, a frontier line couldn't be set.

You're done, good job!

Now read through it again!

Old vs/ New Immigrants

Old immigrants were predominantly protestant and from the Northwestern part of Europe-lots of germans and irish, and were more likely to speak english than new immigrants, and new immigrants were predominantly Catholic or Jewish and from the southeastern parts of europe. These new immigrants tried to maintain their culture and language. Characteristics of New Immigrants Culture: Had more children, married later, spoke their native language and practiced their religious faith, read their own newspapers and established their own schools, created immigrant associations to offer fellowship to immigrants. The Church and the School were the most important institutions in every immigrant community. Many of these new immigrants were opposed/resented by nativists/protestants, who formed groups like the American Protective Association, which worked to limit or end immigration, and the Immigration Restriction League which demanded a literacy tests for immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

Concentration Policy/Reservation System

Passed in 1851, defined definite boundaries to each tribe. Only lasted a few years as Native Americans refused to stay within their assigned areas. Later, after the Lakota killed 82 soldiers who were trying to facilitate the creation of the Bozeman trail, which cut through Lakota hunting grounds, gov't changed its policy towards Native Americans. 54,000 Northern Plains Native Americans were moved North of the Black Hills, an area far from white settlement, and 86,000 Southern Plains Native Americans were moved into Oklahoma, an area considered difficult to farm and unattractive to whites. But later, even these areas would be overrun by whites. The reservation system was not peacefully accepted by native americans as it chained them to a situation of poverty and isolation. Warfare would break out again, including the Battle of Little Big Horn, Nez Perce Resistance, and the Wounded Knee Massacre.

Dawes Severalty Act

Passed in 1887, gave each Native American family a 160 acre plot of land.Was the most important legal development in Indian-white relations in more than three centuries. The land was divided tribal land, with any surplus land sold to white settlers, with the profits going to Indian schools. American Citizenship was slowly granted to Native Americans who accepted the land and assimilated. The most fertile lands were sold to white settlers, and few Native Americans new how to farm. The law was designed to cripple Native American tribal life, and it did so.

Knights of Labor/Terrence Powderly

Powderly became head of the Knights of Labor, which grew rapidly under his aggressive recruitment program, and became more successful than the National Labor Union created by Sylvis. Founded in 1869 as a secret society, which continued until 1881 to avoid reprisals by employers. It was anti-monopoly and special privilege, however, it maintained that workers would not strike or engage in violent protests. It had few concrete goals, namely an 8 hour work day and no child labor, but it more often focused on uplifting utopian reform. It strived to make each man his own employer. Many of its members and leadership positions were irish, and it also allowed women and blacks to join. It also allowed unskilled workers as well as skilled workers. It would experience massive increases in membership after winning a victory against Gould's Missouri Pacific railroad, reaching 700,000 members. However, it couldn't sustain this many members, and after losing to Gould on the Texas and Pacific railroad, it revealed the ineffectiveness of its leaders and punctured the Union's growth.

Rebates/Pools

Rebates were special rates and favors railroads gave to certain companies or people. For example, railroads shipped Standard Oil products for less than their usual rates in order to keep Standard Oil's business. Pools were a way to control competition by sharing/dividing up traffic.

Social Gospel

Religious philosophy which focused on society as well as individuals, on improving living conditions as well as saving souls. Sermons called on church members to fulfill their social obligations, and adults met to discuss social and economic problems. Churches under the Social Gospel had gymnasiums, theaters, and dining halls to make the church as social as well as religious center.

Settlement Houses

Social reformers who wanted to eliminate the conditions that underlay dependency of the poor created Settlement Houses in slums and lived in them to experience the problems they were trying to solve. This was originally done in England, in Toynbee hall, but was borrowed by Stanton Coit who opened the Neighborhood Guild on the lower east side of NY. The idea spread swiftly. The most famous of the settlement houses was probably the Hull House founded by Jane Addams. Limitations: Did not manage to reach out to most of the poor community, immigrants sometimes resented the middle class stranger who told the how to live, and few reformers tried to help blacks.

Social Darwinism/Spencer and Sumner

Spencer: Social philospher who pioneered the doctrine of Social Darwinism and invented the term survival of the fittest. Social Darwinism: Combined biology and sociology in a theory of "social selection" that tried to explain human progress. Said that society evolved slowly, adapting to its environment Sumner: Influential follower of Social Darwinism, professor of political and social science at Yale university, was one of the country's best known academic figures and was forceful and eloquent. Argued that government action on behalf of the poor or weak interfered with evolution and sapped the species, and that reform tampered with the laws of nature. Sounds a bit like eugenics. Social Darwinism influenced some people, but became increasingly under attack after 1877.

Lochner V. NY

Supreme Court Struck down a law limiting working hours for bakers to 60 hours a week and 10 hours a day, as the work was seen as not dangerous.

Normal Schools

Teacher training institutions, which had become a field of university study after the civil war.

Significance of the Buffalo

The Buffalo were numbered at around 15 million in 1865, and provided the plains Native American food, shelter, and clothing, and were crucial to their livelihood and culture. Knowing this, and that buffalo hide made good leather, professional hunters decimated the buffalo population, almost driving them to extinction, and hurting the Native American population even more.

The Grange/Farmer's Alliance

The Grange: National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, founded by Kelley, provided social, cultural, and educational activities for its members. Banned involvement in politics, but Grangers often ignored the rules and supported railroad regulations and other members. Grew rapidly during the depression of 1870s, had more than 800,000 members by 1875, most in the Midwest and South. Set up cooperative stores, grain elevators, warehouses, insurance companies, and farm machinery factories. Many failed, but the organization left its mark. Farmer's Alliance: Picked up where the Grange left off, began to attract followers in South and West.

Wounded Knee

The Seventh Cavalry, Custer's old regiment, caught up with Big Foot's band and took them to the army camp on Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. After a shot was fired among the Indian crowd, two hundred Native Americans and 60 white soldiers were killed.

Holden V. Hardy

The Supreme Court Upheld a law limiting working hours for miners, as it was seen as dangerous work and longer hours may increase injuries.

Tammany Hall

The famous democratic party organization that dominated city politics from the 1850s to 1930s, led by Kelly, Croker, and Murphy

John D. Rockefeller

The head of Standard Oil, which controlled 90% of the country's oil refining capacity by 1879. He popularized the trust, and later the holding company as trust came under fire. He was ruthless in his competitive tactics, constantly researching how to make better and cheaper products, and spying on his competitors. He also viewed competition as wasteful, and his destruction of competitors showed this philosophy.

J.P. Morgan

The head of the investment house J.P. Morgan and Company which financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He believed that competition was wasteful, and in 1901, after buying Carnegie Steel for almost a half a billion dollars, he created U.S Steel, which was the first billion dollar company, and dominated 3/5ths of the country's steel business. He also took over/morganized half a dozen important railroads between 1894 and 1898 including the Southern Railway, Erie, Northern Pacific, and B ampersand O.

McGuffey's Readers

The period's most popular propaganda/textbook which taught reading and ethics, values, and religion. In it, boys grew up to be heroes and girls to be mothers, and hard work always meant success.

Political Machines

These corrupt groups were possible because of rapid city growth that city governments didn't know how to handle. Political groups that catered to immigrants and poorer classes to garner votes. They were headed by strong, influential leaders called bosses who tied together a network of ward and precinct captains who looked after his local constituents. They dominated city politics in many major cities, and plundered the cities for millions of dollars through corrupt practiced like Honest Graft.

Iron Clad Oaths/ Yellow Dog Contracts

These were contracts that laborers signed with employers stating that they would not join a union, and were used to control the labor force

Foreign Miner's Tax/Chinese Exclusion Act

These were in response to issues Americans had with immigrants, as hostility often surfaced against foreign miners. Foreign Miner's Tax: Passed in 1850 in California, charged foreign miners a $20 licensing fee, drove out many Mexicans and other foreign miners as intended. Chinese Exclusion Act: Passed in 1882, suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years, number of Chinese in U.S fell drastically.

Sears, Roebuck, Macy

They utilized a growing mail order trend to reach customers they previously may not have before, and also made the department store a national institution.

Haymarket Riot

Took place in Chicago, where workers had been campaigning for an 8 hour work day. Police shot and killed two strikers, and laborers responded with a peaceful protest by 3000 people condemning the police brutality. Police ordered the crowd to disperse, and one man (supposedly an anarchist) threw a dynamite bomb that killed 7 policemen. Police then fired into the crowd, killing four people. This led to Americans demanding action against labor radicalism and led to cities strengthening police forces and armories. The Haymarket riot weakened the national labor movement by linking labor and anarchism. Fun Fact, Fort Sheridan was created in response to this in order to strengthen the chicago police force.

Holding Company/Trust

Trust: Stockholders in various smaller oil companies sold their stock and authority to the board of directors of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company. They centralized business empires and became synonymous with monopoly. These would come under fire later in the 1890s, so most trusts would switch over to holding companies. Holding Company: Bought controlling shares of stock in member companies instead of purchasing companies outright. While the "held" companies remained separate businesses on paper, in reality, the holding company controlled them. Holding Companies made trusts unnecessary and permitted actual mergers, which established direct formal control

Homestead Strike

Wages were cut 20% at a steel plant run by Carnegie. The workers were went on strike, then the Frick (Carnegie's partner) locked them out. When the laborers surrounded the plant, preventing scabs from coming in, Frick hired the Pinkerton Detectives to drive them off and allow the scabs in, but the Detectives were fired on and 3 were killed, along with 10 workers. Upon surrender, the detectives were treated brutally by the workers. However, the plant was reopened under military guard and the strikers gave up. This strike demonstrated that a strong employer could break a union if it hired a private police force and gained gov't and court protection.

Crazy Horse

War Chief who lead the Lakota resistance to the reservation system

Mugwumps

Worked to end corruption in politics, drawn mostly from the educated and upper class, included Thomas Nast