Unit 8 FNDH

Minerals in foods can be destroyed from overcooking. True False

False Right! Good job! Minerals cannot be destroyed by any methods other than nuclear fission (which most of us can't accomplish in our kitchens) or at a supercollider (also not in most of our kitchens. :D).

Supplementary magnesium reduces risk of developing cardiovascular disease. True False

False Right! Good job! Review Lecture 7 for the impact of FOODS high in Magnesium on chronic disease risk.

The majority of sodium in the diets of Americans comes from the fact that we use our salt shakers too much when we eat. True False

False Right! Good job! Sodium sources: Processed foods = 77%; Cooking = 5%; At table = 6%; Natural component of foods = 12%

Tap water than contains the mineral ______________ has significantly reduced the amount of dental caries in the United States. This mineral is poorly available in foods so addition to tap water increases its presence in our diets.

Fluoride. Right! Good job! Review Lecture 20 for more information on Fluoride

Deficiency of ______________ is one of the most common nutrient/mineral deficiencies worldwide.

Iron. Right! Good job! Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide. Those at risk for iron deficiency anemia include women in their reproductive years, pregnant women, infants and young children, and teenagers due to elevated needs.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Calcium

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Chloride

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Magnesium

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Phosphorus

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Potassium

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Sodium

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Sulfur

Macromineral

Macromineral or Micromineral. Chromium

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Copper

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Fluoride

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Iodine

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Iron

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Manganese

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Molybendum

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Selenium

Micromineral.

Macromineral or Micromineral. Zinc

Micromineral.

Diets high in sources of phosphorus while being low in _____________ increase risk of ___________.

Calcium Osteoporosis Right! Good job! A persistently high level of parathyroid hormone can result after chronic consumption of a low calcium, high phosphorus diet (like the Standard American Diet). PTH levels that result from this diet typically remain in the normal range in the blood. However, the persistently high levels of PTH which increases bone turnover, reduces bone mass, reduces bone density, and causes excessive reabsorption of trabecular bone sites throughout the skeleton.

Approximately _________ percent of the body's calcium is found in the blood.

1%. Right! Good job! Compared to the amount in bones, the amount of calcium in blood is minimal, but it is so important for bodily functions that you body will use your bones as a "savings account" for blood calcium if you do not get enough in your diet. The other 1% of calcium in our body is present in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. Calcium helps to stabilize blood pressure, stabilizes the smooth muscle cells in the walls of our blood vessels, helps in blood clotting, binds and activates proteins within cells which then regulate muscle contractions, transmission of nerve impulses, secrete hormones, and activates enzyme reactions.

It is recommended that Americans limit their intake of sodium to _____ mg/day. (numerical answer, enter the numeral only, example: "500", not "five hundred")

1500. Right! Good job! Daily needs of sodium are less than 1500 mg/day while the Tolerable Upper Intake Level is set at less than 2300 mg/day. This intake or less should reduce risk of high blood pressure.

What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream? a. Ferritin b. Myoglobin c. Transferrin d. Hemoglobin

d. Hemoglobin Right! Good job! Both hemoglobin and myoglobin are protein complexes which carry oxygen. Myoglobin is found in the muscle cells and hemoglobin in red blood cells. Ferritin and transferrin are actually proteins which carry iron around the body and take it to tissues that need it.

Which of the following is a function of phosphorus? a. Activates fat-soluble vitamins b. Carries oxygen in the blood. c. Aids in blood clotting. d. Involved in energy exchange

d. Involved in energy exchange Right! Good job! Phosphorus is a component of every cell, found in DNA, RNA, ATP, & phospholipids; has a role in pH regulation.

Which of the following is TRUE of physical activity and bone health? a. Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density b. Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women c. Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents d. Working the muscles places stress on bones which promotes bone density

d. Working the muscles places stress on bones which promotes bone density Right! Good job! Exercise can even improve bone density in frail elderly persons so is an important component of osteoporosis prevent and treatment throughout the lifespan.

A goiter is a deficiency of which of the following? a. iron b. zinc c. selenium d. iodine

d. iodine Right! Good job! Iodine deficiency leads goiter which is an enlarged thyroid gland. In women with iodine deficiency who become pregnant, the deficiency can lead to cretinism which is congenital hypothyroidism and results in damage to fetal growth & development.

Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following except a. blood clotting. b. muscle contraction. c. prevention of dental caries. d. production of red blood cells.

d. production of red blood cells. Right! Good job! The majority of magnesium in the body is found in the skeletal system, providing strength to bones and serving as a much-needed reserve used to maintain serum levels when necessary. The remaining magnesium is concentrated in the cells of soft tissue such as muscle, the kidneys and liver, and in intracellular fluids. In these cells and intracellular fluids is where magnesium serves its most critical function as a participant in more than 300 biochemical reactions, with notable roles in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic cycle, beta-oxidation, protein synthesis, muscle contractibility, calcium homeostasis, vitamin D hydroxylation, and ion channel regulation. Magnesium is a regulator of blood glucose, plus it keeps the heart beating regularly and supports immunity.

Brianna is a ballet dancer and very concerned about her bone density. She visits a "naturology" practitioner who takes a blood sample and runs a variety of tests. The "naturologist" tells Brianna that her bone density is fine because her blood calcium levels were normal. This is not a good way for practitioners to determine bone density. True False

True Right! Good job! Blood calcium remains within normal limits in healthy people no matter the status of their bone density. Because the calcium in the blood (1% of all body calcium) is so critical to the body's function, the body will break down bone in order to get this calcium if there isn't enough in the diet. Bone density has to be measured using DEXA scans at multiple sites in the body (and then the scans read by an EXPERT!).

Diets high in both magnesium and chromium may play a role in decreasing the risk of type 2 diabetes. True False

True Right! Good job! Chromium helps insulin in your body by increasing insulin's effectiveness in cells. Diets adequate in chromium may help improve blood glucose control, but no large study confirms this theory. Review the lecture on Magnesium for more information about the impact of foods high in magnesium on health.

Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of potassium. True False

True Right! Good job! Potassium is a nutrient of public health concern due to its role in health and generally inadequate intakes among Americans. However, individuals should not use potassium supplements to meet daily recommendations. High-dose potassium supplements can disrupt heart rhythms and be dangerous to clients who don't know the status of their kidney function. While meat, fish, poultry, beans, nuts, and dairy foods provide potassium, consuming ample fruits and vegetables is the best way to boost intake because they contain potassium citrate, the form that offers greater alkalinity. Plus you get all the other benefits that come along with fruits and vegetables.

Although osteoporosis is often thought of as a condition of the elderly, it has its roots in childhood. True False

True Right! Good job! Two major stages of life are critical in the risk of osteoporosis. The first is how much bone we originally acquire during childhood and adolescence and the second is the amount of bone lost during late adulthood. Bone loss is especially increased in postmenopausal women. In order to maximize the bone development stage, adequate calcium intake is critical along with adequate vitamin D. Even in children, if enough calcium is not provided by the diet, then the body will use the bones to provide adequate blood calcium. Adolescent girls especially are at risk of inadequate bone development because they are less likely to consume calcium containing foods.

Which mineral's absorption into the body is enhanced greatly by vitamin C? a. (nonheme) iron b. chromium c. phosphorous d. manganese

a. (nonheme) iron Right! Good job! If non heme iron is consumed with vitamin C, its absorption is enhanced.

Which of the following is a major function of chloride? a. Helps maintain gastric acidity b. Participates in wound healing c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte d. Protects bone structures against degeneration

a. Helps maintain gastric acidity Right! Good job! Review Lecture 9 for the functions of chloride.

Lacey is considering becoming a vegetarian (lacto-ovo) but learned that she is deficient in iron status. Which food could Lacey continue to incorporate into her diet which would be both lacto-ovo-vegetarian and a source iron? a. Legumes b. Dairy products c. Fatty fish d. None of these

a. Legumes Right! Good job! Vegetarian sources of iron include: Whole grains, Legumes, parsley, potatoes, beans, broccoli, mushrooms, soy, nuts, seeds, dried fruits, fortified cereals, tomato juice. Dairy products are not good sources of bioavailable iron. Since Lacey is thinking of becoming a lacto-ovo-vegetarian, she would not be consuming fish.

All of the following are good plant sources of calcium for the body except a. spinach. b. almonds. c. corn tortillas. d. sesame seeds.

a. spinach. Right! Good job! While spinach does contain calcium, it is unavailable to human digestive enzymes and therefore passes out of the body without being absorbed.

Which mineral is part of vitamin B12? a. Copper b. Cobalt c. Nickel d. Vanadium

b. Cobalt Right! Good job! Another name for Vitamin B12 is cobalamin. Sound familiar?

Which of the following is NOT true of manganese in nutrition? a. Plant foods are a good source. b. Deficiencies are relatively common. c. Absorption can be inhibited by calcium supplements. d. Toxicity is more common from environmental contamination than from the diet.

b. Deficiencies are relatively common. Right! Good job! Manganese deficiency is rare and it is plentiful in foods.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the mineral molybdenum? a. Enhances the activity of insulin b. Deficiency symptoms in people are extremely rare. c. Poor food sources are legumes and cereal grains d. Toxicity symptoms in human beings include damage to red blood cells.

b. Deficiency symptoms in people are extremely rare. Right! Good job! Molybdenum deficiencies have only been seen in people receiving total parenteral nutrition but are otherwise unknown from a normal diet.

Which of the following is not a function of zinc? a. It reduces the risk of age-related macular degeneration. b. It lowers blood pressure. c. It is important for healthy taste buds. d. It is needed for wound healing.

b. It lowers blood pressure. Right! Good job! Zinc is a cofactor for several enzymes. It is also involved in DNA and RNA synthesis. It is critical for a healthy immune system, wound healing, taste acuity, and critical for bone mass

Mrs. Smith and her husband live in an assisted living facility. Mrs. Smith has been trying to watch her husband's sodium intake very closely. Since he doesn't leave their apartment due to debility, she goes down to the dining room every night to get dinner for them both. She makes sure to taste the soup choices before ordering soup to make sure it doesn't contain too much salt. Is this the correct way for Mrs. Smith to determine how much salt is in her husband's soup? a. Yes b. No

b. No Right! Good job! Sodium is pervasive in processed foods. Even foods that don't taste too salty can contain high amounts of sodium. Mrs. Smith would do better to consult with the dietitian and the food service director to get low sodium options for her husband.

Which of the following is not correct regarding selenium/selenoproteins? a. The amount of selenium in foods depends upon the soil where the plants were grown. b. They are proven protection against colon cancer. c. Selenium is necessary for the regulation of thyroid hormones. d. Selenium plays an antioxidant role.

b. They are proven protection against colon cancer. Right! Good job! Review Lecture 18 for the functions of selenium.

The degree to which a nutrient from foods is available for absorption by the body is known as its _____________. a. biodegradability b. bioavailability c. usability index d. half life

b. bioavailability Right! Good job! The bioavailability of those micronutrients found in animal products is generally better than those found in plants due to the potential for fiber to "bind up" micronutrients. However, fruits and vegetables are still a critical source of many micronutrients—some of which are not found in animal products.

Which of the following foods contain(s) heme iron? a. beans b. fish c. dried fruits d. soy products

b. fish Right! Good job! The type of iron present in foods determines how well it is absorbed by the body. Heme iron is found in animal foods and while it only represents about 10% of the total iron eaten by a person during a day, about 25% of it will be absorbed versus 17% of non-heme iron. Besides containing heme iron, animal products also contain MFP factor, a peptide that enhances the absorption of iron. If non heme iron is consumed with vitamin C, its absorption is enhanced. Dietary components such as phytates (found in legumes, whole grains, and rice) can inhibit iron absorption, polyphenols such as tannic acid in tea, coffee, grain products, oregano, and red wine can also interfere

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to a. provide energy for cells. b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. c. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. d. maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.

b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. Right! Good job! Calcium in bones and teeth is where 99% of our body's calcium is stored. It has two major roles: the first is to provide structure to the body, providing a frame for the attachment of muscles and protection of organs. Its second role is a mineral bank for blood calcium, keeping blood calcium levels stable. Only the calcium in teeth cannot be reabsorbed back into the blood stream. The fact that calcium in bones is not stable is the main cause of weakening.

Peak bone mass typically occurs when a person is in his or her a. teens b. twenties c. thirties d. forties

b. twenties Right! Good job! Chapter 8, page 302 (3ed) and page 303 (2ed)

Which of the following has the highest bioavailability for calcium? a. Milk b. Cheese c. Broccoli d. Pinto beans

c. Broccoli Right! Good job! While milk and other dairy products contain calcium, it is actually not as well absorbed as the calcium found in some vegetables such as kale and broccoli.

What is the major source of dietary sulfur? a. Foods containing carbohydrate b. Foods containing fat c. Foods containing protein d. None of these

c. Foods containing protein Right! Good job! Sulfur is part of three amino acids: cystine, cysteine, methionine so any source of these amino acids will provide sulfur in the diet. Sulfer is also an essential component of three vitamins: thiamin, biotin, pantothenic acid.

Which of the following is a characteristic of chromium in nutrition? a. A deficiency leads to hypothyroidism b. Supplements are known to be helpful c. Whole grains represent an excellent source d. In the body, it enhances the action of ceruloplasmin

c. Whole grains represent an excellent source Right! Good job! Review Lecture 21.

Which of the following statements about zinc is false? a. Zinc is involved in the synthesis of proteins. b. Zinc is a component of or required for activation of many enzymes. c. Zinc is absorbed best from plant products. d. Men have a higher requirement than women

c. Zinc is absorbed best from plant products. Right! Good job! Diets with high levels of unrefined cereals and unleavened breads are at risk for inadequate zinc consumption due to the fact that the mineral is bound up in phytates & fiber.

What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries? a. Fluoride increases calcium absorption, which increases crystal formation of teeth b. Decay is inhibited due to neutralization of organic acids produced by bacteria on the teeth c. Decay is reduced due to the inhibitory effects of fluoride on growth of bacteria on the teeth d. Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay

d. Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay Right! Good job! Fluoride is incorporated into the enamel of teeth helping them to become more stable. It also inhibits bacterial enzymes, helping to guard against tooth decay. However, this appears to be fluoride's only role in human health.

Diets high in potassium-rich foods: a. Have the potential to reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes b. Are preferred over supplementary sources of potassium due to a far lower risk of toxicity. c. Have the potential to reduce the risk of developing hypertension. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct. Right! Good job! If individuals increased their potassium intake to recommended levels, hypertension among adults could be reduced by 10%. High potassium intake was associated with a 20% decreased risk of dying from all causes. Diets rich in potassium-containing foods also have the potential to: appear to reduce blood pressure improve insulin sensitivity; decrease oxidative stress & inflammation; protect against age-related losses of muscle mass; possibly protect against osteoporosis; reduce risk of developing kidney stones; High-dose potassium supplements on the other hand can disrupt heart rhythms and could be toxic to those with declining kidney function.

Which of the following are symptoms of iron deficiency? a. Fatigue b. Spoon-shaped nails c. Weakness d. All of these

d. All of these Right! Good job! Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pale skin in light-skinned people, pale tongue and eye lining in dark-skinned people, reduced physical energy and mental alertness (even before the deficiency is severe enough to cause anemia), behavior issues in children (especially restlessness), and PICA.

A major function of copper in the body is: a. it serves as a component of enzymes that help iron and oxygen utilization. b. it helps with brain development. c. it helps with glucose and cholesterol utilization. d. All of these are functions of copper

d. All of these are functions of copper Right! Good job! Copper is a component of several enzymes. It is involved in iron transport and needed for healthy connective tissue. Copper also has a role in blood clotting and a healthy immune system.