Unit 8

All of the following statements regarding the Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans are true except __________. A) more than half of those who died were children under the age of 18 B) levee failure significantly contributed to the scope of the disaster C) most of those who died lived in areas with the most significant flooding D) the Army Corps of Engineers admitted that errors in construction and design in flood protections contributed to the catastrophe

a

An area of land that is not used by humans for agriculture, industry, or habitation is called __________. A) wilderness B) rangeland C) public land D) sustainable forest E) private land

a

Analyze the map below and then answer the questions that follow. Which location on the map above was the site of a devastating hurricane in 2005? A) Letter A B) Letter B C) Letter C D) Letter D

a

Common house hold cleaning products__________. A) can be a potential health hazard B) do not pose any potential danger to humans C) do not pose any potential harm to the environment D) should all be banned for they do more harm than good E) are all biodegradable and therefore poses no harm to the environment

a

Land owned by individuals or corporations that is not owned or leased by the government is called __________. A) private land B) wilderness C) public land D) rangeland E) a sustainable forest

a

One of the following results when rocks that are under stress from the internal earth processes that produce continents and ocean basins rupture. A) earthquake B) volcanic eruption C) landslides D) hurricane E) tsunami

a

Sloths spend most of their time living in trees. They are considered __________ animals. A) folivorous B) epiphytic C) zoning D) arboreal E) browsing

a

Some health issues are a direct result of inherited genes, such as __________. A) breast cancer B) cystic fibrosis C) hepatitis D) malaria E) obesity

a

The biochemical process in which organic materials, such as lawn clippings and kitchen scraps, are decomposed to a rich, soil-like material is called __________. A) composting B) weathering C) particulate control D) synergy E) monitoring

a

The concentration of toxic chemicals ___________ as it progresses through the food web. a. increases b. decreases c. remains the same d. cannot be predicted

a

The process of planting trees to reestablish forests that have been cut down is called __________. A) reforestation B) siliviculture C) sustainable foresting D) zoning E) second-growth foresting

a

Well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as Aldrin, DDT, and PCBs are all __________. a. banned in the United States b. commonly used herbicides in the United States c. restricted in the United States d. by-products of acid rain e. none of the above

a

Which of the following effects of Hurricane Katrina was most responsible for the scope of the catastrophe? A) the storm surge B) the high winds C) the tornadoes created by the storm D) the amount of rain the storm produced E) the mudslides

a

Which of the following environmental risks is most likely to lead to digestive health issues? A) meat contamination B) air pollution C) fertilizer use D) hypothermia E) none of the above

a

Which of the following groups of individuals is at the highest risk for environmentally induced health risks? A) infants B) teenagers C) college students D) middle-aged adults E) the elderly

a

Which of the following health issues is likely to have nothing to do with one's lifestyle A) sickle cell anaemia B) heart disease C) diabetes D) high blood pressure E) depression

a

Which of the following hereditary conditions can result from an altered hemoglobin gene? A) anemia B) cystic fibrosis C) asthma D) all of the above

a

Which of the following is not an effect of environmental pollution on the population of wildlife? a. changes in respiratory and central nervous systems b. changes in growth rates c. changes in distribution d. changes in death and birth rates e. changes in abundance

a

Which of the following is not true? A) Genes are the only factor affecting whether or not an individual will contract a disease. B) The interaction between genes and personal environments determines whether or not certain diseases will develop. C) Heredity has an impact on personal health, but environmental factors are important as well. D) Certain environments can lead to an increased risk of developing certain diseases. E) An individual cannot control their genetic traits.

a

Which of the following is true about environmental hazards to humans? A) Children are more at risk than adults because they take in more air per unit mass than adults. B) Adults are most at risk because they have the highest exposure to environmental hazards. C) Elderly people are most at risk because their immune systems do not perform efficiently. D) Children are least at risk because they have well functioning immune systems. E) Adults are most at risk because they take in more pollutants relative to their size than children.

a

Which of the following statement is not true? a. Exposure to electromagnetic fields is known to cause leukemia. b. Excessive exposure to asbestos can lead to asbestosis. c. Excessive exposure to radiations can cause health problems including cancer. d. Any sound above 80 dB is potentially dangerous.

a

An area of new plant and tree growth after cutting is called __________. A) sustainable forest B) second-growth forest C) rangeland D) old growth forest E) arboreal

b

As learned in the upper Yangtze River basin in China in 1998, widespread deforestation can often lead to an increase in the __________. A) intensity of earthquakes B) severity of flooding C) frequency of tornadoes D) duration of heat waves

b

Biomagnification and mercury concentrations in the ocean most often occur __________. a. throughout the food chain b. in larger fish such as tuna and swordfish c. in smaller fish such as herring and mackerel d. in crustaceans such as crab, shrimp, and lobster

b

Chemicals used to kill insects and other pests that diminish crop yields are called __________. A) asbestos B) pesticides C) carbon sinks D) myrmecophytes E) carcinogens

b

Gene-environment interactions that occur during childhood __________. A) do not effect adulthood B) may not show noticeable effects until adulthood C) do not effect childhood D) do not cause behavioral problems

b

Heavy metals that pose health hazards to people and ecosystems __________. a. are by-products of agriculture b. accumulate over time c. affect organisms quickly, with tragic results d. are not stored in the body

b

How can an individual most likely achieve optimal personal health? A) by controlling heredity factors B) by assessing lifestyle and environmental risks in conjunction with heredity C) through personalized medicine D) through vitamin and mineral supplementation E) by exercising at least four times a week

b

How do coastal wetlands protect the inland systems from wind and waves caused by storms? A) Coastal wetland trees absorb the energy of storms. B) Coastal wetland trees slow down wind and water caused by storms. C) Coastal wetland trees redirect water flow back into the atmosphere. D) Coastal wetland trees strengthen levees.

b

How do environmental factors influence genetic traits? A) Environmental factors determine all genetic traits. B) Environmental factors can determine if a genetic trait becomes a health issue. C) Environmental factors are determined by genetic traits. D) Environmental factors have no influence on genetic traits.

b

How would global warming influence the intensity of hurricanes? A) Global warming traps the storm causing hurricanes to intensify. B) Global warming increases temperature of sea water causing hurricanes to intensify. C) Global warming evaporates gas from the sea causing hurricanes to intensify. D) Global warming activates solar energy absorption causing hurricanes to intensify.

b

Industrial accidents are most likely to happen in which of the following areas? a. small towns b. highly urbanized areas c. agricultural areas d. coastal areas e. mountainous areas

b

Jim supervises and manages land used for timber production. Jim is probably a __________. A) farmer B) forester C) forager D) fire ecologist E) folivore

b

Most deaths from hurricanes are caused by the__________ as people are drowned or struck by solid objects. A) mudslide B) storm surge C) polluted water D) strong winds E) rain water

b

Scientists identify hazards and assess exposure in the process of __________. a. toxicity studies b. risk assessment c. risk characterization d. toxic assessment e. toxic dosage

b

Which of the following best describes how environmentally transmitted infectious diseases occur in humans? a. agriculture animal disease b. food or water contamination c. industrial point source accidents d. industrial nonpoint source accidents

b

Which of the following defines policies and procedures for releasing hazardous substances into the environment? A) particulate control B) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability (CERCLA) C) R to C ratio D) Integrated Waste Management (IWM) E) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

b

Which of the following does not explain why if two people are exposed to the same high stress causing conditions, there is a likelihood that they will not be affected the same way? A) the two have different lifestyles B) some people are not at all affected by stress C) gene-environment interactions may affect the level of depression D) people react differently to stress E) presence of a specific gene variation

b

Which of the following factors will not affect a balanced physiology? A) elevation B) precipitation type C) humidity D) sun exposure E) temperature

b

Which of the following health problems is not likely to be magnified by exposure to air pollution? A) heart attacks B) diabetes C) asthma D) strokes

b

Which of the following is a valid explanation as to why children are at a higher risk to health effects relating to environmental hazards? A) Children's smaller lungs make them more likely to fill up with harmful chemicals. B) Children's immune systems are not fully developed causing them to be at a higher risk. C) Children have less outdoor exposure, making them less adapted to outside conditions. D) Children take more shallow breaths than adults, causing them to inhale contaminants more frequently.

b

Which of the following is not a factor to consider when determining a person's optimal health? A) nutrition B) education C) genetics D) exercise E) stress level

b

Which of the following is not a stage in hurricane formation? A) Thunderstorms in a low-pressure area combined with the Earth's rotation cause the storm's initial rotation. B) Pollution in the atmosphere raises the temperature of the air, creating a depression. C) Warm, moist air rises from the sea and increases the storm's energy. D) As water from the sea turns into water vapor, latent heat enters the storm, causing the storm's energy to increase. E) As condensation (rain) occurs, latent heat is released, which warms the air and makes it lighter, causing the hurricane to increase in strength and intensity.

b

Which of the following is not a step in risk assesment? a. identifying a hazard b. exposing selected people to a toxin c. assessing dose responses d. assessing exposure e. characterizing risks

b

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the environment and human health? A) The environment is the only factor that affects human health. B) Many aspects of the environment can have an impact on human health. C) The environment only has an effect on the health of those who are outdoors frequently. D) Human health is impacted by changes in climate. E) The environment has no impact on human health.

b

__________ is also known as zero waste. A) Particulate control B) Integrated Waste Management (IWM) C) Monitoring D) Industrial ecology E) Environmental justice

b

Studies show that exposure to toxic environments as a child __________. A) may have lasting health effects B) contributes to deliquent behavior risks C) may not show any effect until adulthood D) increases in the risk of certain childhood disorders E) all of the above

b?

Which of the following is not an environment factor affecting a well balanced physiology? A) temperature B) distance from the ozone layer C) altitude D) humidity E) number of sunny days

b?

Current studies on frogs and wildlife indicate that hormonally active agents (HAAs) are __________. a. found in insecticides and should be removed b. found in radionuclides in parent rock materials c. abnormalities associated with developmental and reproductive systems d. causing lung cancer e. creating new forms of lizards

c

Diseases that can be controlled by __________ are considered environmental health concerns. a. improving sanitation in large urban areas b. treating water c. manipulating the environment d. providing adequate health services to screen for and control diseases e. all of the above

c

How can the use of fertilizers affect respiratory health? A) They directly produce gas particles of air pollution. B) They can contaminate bodies of water. C) They can contain contaminants that can enter the air during storms or high winds. D) Fertilizer use does not impact respiratory health.

c

Individual health is influenced by __________. A) environmental factors only B) neither genetic inheritance nor environmental factors C) both genetic inheritance and environmental factors D) genetic inheritance only E) one's lifestyle only

c

People and animals living in low-lying areas of Lake Nyos in Cameroon, Africa, were killed after carbon dioxide escaped from the lake and moved across the land. This is an example of __________. a. how human activities can affect humans and the environment b. the fatal consequences of industrialization c. how natural processes can introduce harmful materials into the environment d. the dangerous effect of livestock competition

c

The __________ is the highest level of resource use or exploitation without long term depletion. A) minimum viable population B) catch per unit effort C) maximum sustainable yield D) parthenocarpy E) optimum sustainable population

c

The discharge of heat into water that raises the water temperature to unacceptable levels for organismal life is called ___________. A) water pollution B) biomagnification C) thermal pollution D) parthenocarpy E) zoning

c

The number of organisms that can be maximally supported in health and productivity is called the __________. A) maximun sustainable yield B) catch per unit effort C) optimum sustainable population D) minimum viable population E) wilderness

c

The typical home contains _______ hazardous products. A) no B) less than two C) several D) thousands of

c

What is a possible health effect of exposure to smoke and asbestos in an indoor environment? A) skin cancer B) nerve damage C) lung problems D) reproductive issues

c

Which factors that affect personal health are the most easily controlled? A) genetic B) environmental C) lifestyle D) global

c

Which of the following cannot reliably prevent the impact of hurricanes on hurricane-prone places? A) restoring freshwater marshes B) allowing the growth of a natural buffer of trees C) completely preventing settlements in areas that seem prone to catastrophes D) encouraging people to avoid settling in areas known to be hazardous E) using satellite images to predict hurricanes

c

Which of the following is not a major conclusion of the US Army Corps of Engineers' report on Hurricane Katrina? A) New Orleans' hurricane-protection measures did not function as a unified system. B) Hurricane Katrina exceeded the design criteria of the flood-protection structures. C) Nothing else could have been done to avert the disaster; the damage was inevitable. D) The consequences of the flooding were pervasive, and more severe than those of any previous disasters in New Orleans. E) Southern Louisiana is sinking faster than people had estimated before Katrina.

c

Which of the following is not a potential source of contamination for agricultural products? A) insecticides B) herbicides C) sun exposure D) hormones

c

Which of the following is not a property of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)? a. They have carbon-based molecular structures. b. They do not break down easily in the environment. c. They are insoluble in fat. d. They are polluting and toxic.

c

Which of the following risks is typically associated with an outdoor environment? A) asbestos B) cleaning products C) pesticides D) dust

c

Why are environmental factors important to consider when assessing an individual's health? A) Environmental factors are the sole cause of health related issues. B) Environmental factors are not important to consider, because they have no effect on an individual's health. C) Some health risks are increased by heredity, which manifest under certain environmental conditions. D) None of the above

c

You would most likely find ants living in hollow spaces without causing harm to the plant in which of the following? A) epiphytes B) browses C) myrmecophytes D) folivores E) hedgerows

c

__________ refers to the processes and functions of the body. A) Heredity B) Ecology C) Physiology D) Parthenocarpy E) Genealogy

c

All of the following contribute to the severity of the effects of natural disasters during modern times except __________. A) choices in land use B) evacuation and disaster relief plans C) dramatic increase in human populations D) predictability of natural disasters E) people choosing to live in areas at high risk for hazards

c?

Hurricane katrina was a catastrophe, contributing to the problem was subsiding of the region from 3 to 12 feet per 100 years. Which one of the following is not a cause of this subsidence? A) Extraction of ground water B) Extraction of oil and gas C) Loss of fresh waterwetlands D) Lack of tall tress such as cyprus E) Building on hilly areas

c?

In a tropical coastal environment, a city is considering allowing developers to drain a saltwater wetland area to build a new resort to bring in tourists. What hazardous effects should city planners be aware of before agreeing to the plan? A) Tornadoes will be more likely to hit the city. B) The lack of the wetland region is likely to change the climate of the area. C) The city will lose important protection from storm winds and flooding. D) The effects of a future earthquake may be more severe as a result. E) Future tectonic activity is more likely to create a landslide in the area.

c?

Which of the following is not true about genetics and heredity? A) The interaction between genes and personal environments determines whether or not certain diseases will develop. B) Heredity has an impact on personal health, but environmental factors are important as well. C) Down Syndrome and Sickle cell disease are caused by the same type of genetic abnormality. D) Identifying an individual's genetically influenced health risks could increase their potential to achieve optimal health. E) An individual's health is affected by their environment and personal genetic makeup.

c?

Which of the following was not an ecological consequence of point source pollution from the Sudbury Smelters in Canada? a. heavy vegetation loss in the 96 square miles surrounding the factory b. the devastation of surrounding forests by acid rain c. toxic releases in the groundwater supplies d. changes in soil chemistry due to heavy metals e. soil erosion

c?

Carefully analyze the above chart. After a natural disaster takes place, which of the following sequences best identifies the three phases of recovery that take place? A) risk, avoidance, reconstruction B) restoration, reconstruction, reactivity C) emergency, risk, restoration D) emergency, restoration, reconstruction E) risk, reactivity, restoration

d

Introduced in 1963, __________ limits the quantity of air pollution within a given area. A) pollution prevention B) an environmental management system C) zoning D) the Clean Air Act E) fire ecology

d

Mice learning to avoid traps is an example of what type of tolerance? a. digestive tolerance b. genetic tolerance c. claustrophobia d. behavioral tolerance e. none of the above

d

Most people perceive a greater risk from toxins with acute effects because __________. a. they are only found in humans b. they are always the most deadly c. the synergistic effects of the combination of chemicals are easily distinguishable d. the negative outcomes occur rapidly e. the negative effects take years to show up

d

The Human Genome Project resulted in __________. A) the ability to learn additional knowledge about individual's ancestry and health B) many ethical concerns C) the possibility to personalize medicine D) all of the above

d

The increase in potency of a substance that results from travel through the food chain is called __________. A) heredity B) dose response C) gene-environment interaction D) biomagnification E) physiology

d

The process of searching for food is called __________. A) parthenocarpy B) foresting C) browsing D) foraging E) silviculture

d

The regulation by local governments restricting how land can be used is called __________. A) reforestation B) silviculture C) pollution prevention D) zoning E) selective cutting

d

Which factor is used to determine a hurricane's rating on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale? A) storm surge potential B) duration C) expected cost of property destruction D) wind speed E) total rainfall

d

Which of the following contributed to the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster that occurred in December 2004? A) The earthquake that caused the tsunami was the largest earthquake ever recorded. B) Most of those killed lived in India, where buildings were not constructed to withstand the forces of the wave. C) Levees built to withstand tsunamis failed due to poor construction. D) There was no tsunami warning system in place in the Indian Ocean at the time.

d

Which of the following has no impact on human health? A) global environment B) outdoor environment C) indoor environment D) none of the above

d

Which of the following health issues is the least likely to arise from environmental factors related to climate? A) heat exhaustion B) elevation sickness C) skin cancer D) heart disease

d

Which of the following is a potentially harmful household product? A) cosmetics B) solvents C) medicines D) all of the above

d

Which of the following is influenced only by heredity and not environmental factors? A) obesity B) diabetes C) heart disease D) muscular dystrophy

d

Why is it difficult to evaluate thresholds for toxic pollutants? a. Synergistic effects are difficult to account for. b. There is not enough research on the consequences of multiple exposures. c. Lack of knowledge on the effect of possible interactions of mutiple toxins. d. All of the above

d

__________ is the principle of dealing with environmental problems without discriminating against people based upon socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity. A) Industrial ecology B) Sustainable development C) Materials management D) Environmental justice E) Monitoring

d

Biomagnification __________. a. causes a 90% loss of synergy higher on the food chain b. is caused by the ecological succession from a disturbed area to a climax community c. is introduced into an ecosystem through nonpoint pollution sources d. happens when an increased concentration of a substance accumulates in body tissues e. is the transportation of pollution from one ecosystem to another

d?

Consider the consequences of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and the landslide in La Conchita, California. Which of the following statements best explains why loss of life and property is so significant with regard to modern natural disasters? A) Natural disasters are caused by nature, and humans cannot influence their effects. B) There is no way to predict where and when natural disasters will occur. C) Risks of living and building in hazard zones are understood but ignored. D) There is rarely enough warning prior to a natural disaster to prevent loss of life. E) Human societies are unable to differentiate between direct and indirect effects of disasters.

d?

In August 2010, about 500 million eggs were recalled by the government because its egg shells were contaminated with salmonella. This is an example of __________. a. how toxic heavy metals can enter the environment through natural processes b. how persistent organic pollutants do not easily break down in the environment c. how chemicals can change reproductive processes in organisms d. how thermal pollution can cause the spread of a disease e. how transmission of infectious diseases can be through environmental factors

d?

What is the main concern with persistent organic pollutants (POPs)? a. They are only found in plants, and they disrupt photosynthesis. b. They quickly break down into more harmful pollutants. c. Although they are rarely found, they are very toxic. d. They can be concentrated in an organism's fatty tissues. e. They are soluble in water and cause large-scale problems.

d?

A space used in industry or research settings that has a controlled level of contaminants is called a __________. A) carbon sink B) point source C) sustainable forest D) private land E) clean room

e

Analyze the map below and then answer the questions that follow. Which location on the map above was the site of a devastating tsunami in 2004, killing more than 200,000 people? A) Letter A B) Letter B C) Letter C D) Letter D E) Letter E

e

Discarded materials other than fluids from natural, municipal, agricultural, and industrial sources are called __________. A) hazardous waste B) air pollutants C) particulates D) medical waste E) solid waste

e

The increased subsidence of southern Louisiana, from 3 ft to 12 ft every 100 years, contributed to the effects of Hurricane Katrina. Which of the following is not a cause of this subsidence? A) the extraction of groundwater B) the extraction of oil and gas C) the loss of freshwater wetlands D) the lack of tall tress such as cypress E) the practice of building on hilly areas

e

What types of health related issues might be associated with climate related factors? A) malaria B) skin cancer C) hypothermia D) elevation sickness E) all of the above

e

Which group of people was least affected by Hurricane Katrina? A) those living in areas about 3 ft below sea level B) older people living in an area of concentrated flooding C) those with physical limitations or disabilities D) infants living in the affected areas E) those living in three-story houses on hilltops

e

Which of the following household products is potentially hazardous? A) bleach B) cosmetics C) paint D) solvents E) all of the above

e

Which of the following is true about the role of genetic and environmental factors in human health? A) Genes are the only factor affecting whether or not an idividual will contract a disease. B) Genetic factors are more important than environmental factors in determining an individual's personal health risks. C) Individuals can influence their health by controlling their genetic traits. D) Environmental factors determine whether or not all genetic traits lead to health issues. E) Certain environments can lead to an increased risk of developing certain diseases.

e

Which of the following statements is not true about human health? A) Many genes influence the personal risk of developing diseases. B) Whether or not a risk leads to a disease depends on the interactions between genes and personal environments. C) Using knowledge of genetic risks to adapt a personal life can improve one's health. D) Good nutrition,exercise and rest are some of the factors in life that one can improve on to reduce health risks E) Genetical make up or environmental factors have no influence on one's health.

e

__________ are surroundings with high levels of exposure to industrial chemicals. A) Second-growth forests B) Point sources C) Old growth forests D) Rangelands E) Toxic environments

e

__________ is a method of growing or controlling forest growth for the health and value of the environment. A) Reforestation B) Shelterwood cutting C) Prescribed burning D) Selective cutting E) Silviculture

e

__________ is a method of wood harvesting that clears trees in an area in two or three cuts over several years. A) Seed-tree cutting B) Parthenocarpy C) Shelterwood cutting D) Selective cutting E) Clearcutting

e

Scientists are required to __________ to determine a substance's risk. a. research how chemicals react with living cells b. conduct experiments to identify the hazard c. collect and analyze risk characterization data d. test effects on exposed populations e. all of the above

e?

Analyze the map below and then answer the questions that follow. Which location on the map above faces the greatest risk of an earthquake? A) Letter A B) Letter B C) Letter C D) Letter D

not b

What is the evidence that depression can be linked to genetic as well as environmental factors? A) All individuals in similar stressful environments do not experience depression. B) All individuals with the gene variation tied to depression do not experience depression. C) Individuals with a combination of environmental stress and gene variation are more likely to experience depression. D) All of the above

not c

Which of the following situations best displays a direct effect of a flood? A) a change in building regulations B) the destruction of a neighborhood C) the creation of new levees for future protection D) trough of wave arrives fast exposing the sea floor

not c

Consider the following situation carefully: In an uninhabited valley, an earthquake causes movement along a fault line, creating landslides that form a barrier across the valley. A river fills the valley, creating a small lake. The new lake provides a habitat for fish and birds. By creating the lake ecosystem, what is the earthquake also creating? A) a natural disaster B) a service function C) a catastrophe D) a natural hazard

not d

Nigel lives near a chemical plant that spews sulfur dioxide into the air. At first, Nigel could not stand the smell of the gas in the air. However, after some time, he no longer even notices the presence of the gas. What kind of tolerance has his body developed? a. a behavioral tolerance b. a physiological tolerance c. a genetic tolerance d. a physical tolerance

not d

A healthy lifestyle is important because __________. A) people cannot control their genetic traits B) lifestyle choices are the most important factor in disease prevention C) unhealthy lifestyles lead directly to toxic environments D) all of the above

not d, probably a

The incidence of disease is dependent on what environmental factors? a. physical environment, lifestyle, and diet b. level of industrialization, physical environment, and biological environment c. local customs, biological environment, and exercise regiments d. none of the above

not d, probably a