UNIT 8: SOCIAL EXCLUSION

National identity based on birth vs based on commitment

National Identity based on birth= negative•National Identity based on commitment= accepting

4 aspects of social exclusion

1) systemic forms of discrimination → racial profiling 2) failure to provide the needs of particular groups → income security, housing 3) denial of social production → opportunity to contribute 4) exclusion to normal forms of livelihood + economy → unequal access to income

Four Aspects of Social Exclusion

1.Systemic forms of discrimination based on civil society through legal sanction or other institutional mechanisms (i.e. post 9/11 and racial profiling) 2.Failure to provide the needs of particular groups (i.e. income security, housing, language services) 3.Denial of social production - opportunity to contribute to society's activities (i.e. social and cultural) 4.Exclusion to normal forms of livelihood and economy (i.e. unequal access to normal forms of income and social inequality)

Categories of Migrants

Economic-Entrepreneurs-Skilled labour/professionals•Family Class-Sponsored to join•Refugees-Government assisted-Refugee Claimants (asylum seekers)

social exclusion

The inability of certain subgroups to participate fully in Canadian life due to structural inequalities in access to social, economic, political and cultural resources

Stereotyping Threat

a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes

Confirmation bias

bias towards evidence that confirms existing beliefs or theories

Affinity bias

biased towards people who make me comfortable or are like me

Consistency

strong psychological need to be consistent with prior acts and statements

classes of newcomers

• economic → skilled labour • family class → sponsored • refugees → government assisted, asylum seekers

Colonialism as a broader social determinant of health + effects

• existence is denied by colonisers • introduction of foreign microorganisms to traditional groups that have not been previously exposed → smallpox, measles, tuberculosis • destroyed existing traditional farming, food gathering, fishing sites → created a dependent on colonisers for food (decreasing nutritional value) • introduced tobacco + alcohol • destroyed traditional societies

HEALTH INEQUALITIES + SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLES' HEALTH

• higher mortality → infants, young children, maternal • higher morbidity → maternal • heavy infectious disease burdens • malnutrition + stunted growth • lower life expectancy at birth • cigarette-smoking related diseases + death • mental health issues + death attributed to drugs/alcohol • accidents/crime/violence related injury/death • lifestyle diseases • diseases of environment contamination • nutritional deficiency → iron deficiency, blood loss, intestinal parasites, malaria, hypothyroidism

newcomers experience...

• income gap, unemployment • poverty → x2 as likely • neighbourhood racial segregation → urban ghettos; limited access to counselling, life skills training, childcare, recreation + healthcare • higher health risks

racialization of poverty

• represents two increasingly prevalent intersecting experiences of marginalization faced by Aboriginal peoples and non-Aboriginal men/women from racialized and immigrant groups • experience disproportionately low-income status, unemployment + underemployment, low occupation status, low standard housing, intensified workplace exploitation • all leading to disproportionately low health status

predictable health care issues

• unequal access to health services • inequalities in health status → people of African descent are at a higher risk for hypertension • inequalities in social determinants of health • institutional racism in health care system

What is Social Exclusion?

•The structures and processes of inequality among groups in society•Over time, structure access to critical resources that determine the quality of membership in society•Eventually produces unequal outcomes•Can be a process & outcome

minority

→ group of people with distinctive physical/cultural traits different from those of the dominant group in society → believed to be inferior → the majority determines who belongs in the minority group --> Key Assumptions:•Distinctive differences•Dominated by majority•Believed to be inferior •Strong group loyalty•Majority determines who belongs in the minority group

stigma

→ shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality or person

marginalized

→ treating a person, group or concept as insignificant