Unit Exam 2

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? A. observer bias B. nay-saying C. observer effects D. reactivity

D. reactivity

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the ______ problem. A. covariance B. association C. directionality D. third variable

C. directionality

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

bar graph

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -57, 95% CI|-77, -37) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, 95% CI (-27, 45] • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, 95% CI [.12, .60] Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Guidry have looked for this difference?

to examine her study's external validity.

Which of the following hypotheses would be best tested with a survey? A. sharing with others increases dopamine levels B. college students with part time jobs have high self esteem C. drinking coffee makes people walk faster D. children who are exposed to more words per day have faster brain development

B. college students with part time jobs have high self esteem

which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods? A. "I do not want to have to worry about ethics." B. "I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it." C. " I do not want to have to worry about the construct validity of my conceptual variable." D. "I want to make a causal claim."

B. "I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it."

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Which of the following questions should Dr. Reyes ask if she is interrogating the construct validity of her study? A. Was there good test-retest reliability for mood in the study? B. Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood? C. Was the manipulation of exercise conducted in a valid way? D. Was there good internal reliability for mood in the study?

B. Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood?

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). If Dr. Reyes wants to present her data on a figure, which of the following figures should she use? A. a scatterplot with exercise on the X axis and mood on the Y axis B. a bar graph with exercise on the X axis and mood on the Y axis C. a bar graph with mood on the X axis and exercise on the Y axis D. a scatterplot with mood on the X axis and exercise on the Y axis

B. a bar graph with exercise on the X axis and mood on the Y axis

Your friend Karen is telling you about a study that she read. While Karen is excited about the study's finding, you are initially skeptical because the study used an unrepresentative sample. Which of the following questions should you ask Karen about the study's external validity? A. "Is the sample size sufficiently large"? B. "could the study have used a representative sample instead?" C. " are the characteristics that make the sample unrepresentative relevant to what is being measured?" D. "Is the study making a frequency association or causal claim?"

C. " are the characteristics that make the sample unrepresentative relevant to what is being measured?"

Which of the following studies would benefit the most from a replication study? A. a study with a large correlational coefficient B. a study with a large effect size C. a study with a small sample size D. a study with a narrow confidence interval

C. a study with a small sample size

A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n) A. negatively worded question B. double-barreled question C. leading question D. ordered question

C. leading question

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? A. a ratio scale of measurement B. a categorical variable C. an other-report measure D. a qualitative variable

A. a ratio scale of measurement

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffields measure. A. convergent validity B. content validity C. discriminant validity D. predictive validity

A. convergent validity

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question? A. how well it is worded B. how many people answer it C. how many response questions it has D. how short it is

A. how well it is worded

which of the following is true of interrater reliability? A. it requires the use of two or more raters/observers B. it does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained C. if interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid D. it is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters

A. it requires the use of two or more raters/observers

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance? A. larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance B. effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms C. statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size D. an association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance

A. larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity. A. r= -0.18 B. r= -1.0 C. r= 1.0 D. r= 0.83

A. r= -0.18

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: A. reactivity B. interrater reliability C. observer bias D. faking good

A. reactivity

Observer bias relates mainly to ________ whereas observer effects stem from ________. A. researchers; participants B. validity; reliability C. faking good; faking bad D. outcomes; expectations

A. researchers; participants

A sample is always ________ a population. A. smaller than B. more interesting than C. more expensive to measure than D. more scientific than

A. smaller than

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What should Dr. Jonason do to improve the construct validity of this question? A. split up the question into two seperate questions B. avoid suggesting a particular viewpoint in the question C. phrase the question in a neutral way D. avoid using negative phrasing in the question

A. split up the question into two seperate questions

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions? A. the answers must be coded B. the answers are not taken seriously by participants C. the answers provided are often spontaneous D. the answers are unscientific

A. the answers must be coded

Which of the following indicates that a study used a bivariate correlational design? A. the presence of two measured variables B. the inclusion of quantitative variables C. the use of correlational statistics D. the depiction of a bar graph

A. the presence of two measured variables

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they tale detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are the same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: A. unobtrusive observation B. a blind study design C. delayed observation D. a double-blind study design

A. unobtrusive observation

In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option? A. a study examining the health of children born via natural childbirth B. a study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth C. a study examining the breathing styles used during natural childbirth D. a study examining discussions about natural childbirth between mothers and doctors

B. a study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed? A. a study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year B. a study of teenagers whose parents are both developed overseas in the military C. a study of high school students D. a study of first time homeowners

B. a study of teenagers whose parents are both developed overseas in the military

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? A. they also ensure excellent internal validity B. all members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample C. they study every member of the population of interest D. they use a larger number of measures

B. all members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use? A. neither behavioral observations nor self-report questions is desirable for finding out what people really do B. behavioral observations C. self-report questions D. both behavioral and self-report questions are equally good for finding out what people really do

B. behavioral observations

When bivariate association claims do not meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity, this means that ________ cannot be ________. A. construct validity; interrogated B. causal inferences; made C. covariance; established D. hypotheses; tested

B. causal inferences; made

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level? A. operational definition B. conceptual definition C. measurement validity D. construct validity

B. conceptual definition

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: A. increased internal validity B. conducted a census C. biased the study D. collected a sample

B. conducted a census

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the _____ problem. A. association B. directionality C. third variable D. covariance

B. directionality

Another word for observer effects is A. interrater reliability B. expectancy effects C. unobtrusive observation D. observer bias

B. expectancy effects

Why would behavioral observation be a good research method for studying a high-frequency behavior (e.g. number of words spoken in a day or number of steps taken in a week)? A. researchers do not need to obtain participant consent for behavioral observation B. participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data C. it will take less time to collect the data D. it is cheaper to collect data than it is to self-report data

B. participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data

Which of the following is true of question wording? A. no research has scientifically demonstrated that question wording affects the answers participants give B. researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results C. differences in how questions are worded always lead to different results D. it has no effect on the results of a survey poll

B. researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results

Statistical significance depends on which of the following? A. sample size and number of variables analyzed B. sample size and effect size C. direction of the association and strength of the association D. number of outliers and direction of the association

B. sample size and effect size

if a question has response options that are anchored with adjectives, this is known as a(n) A. likert scale B. semantic differential format C. open-ended format D. agreement scale

B. semantic differential format

Professor Adeyemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. Professor Adeyemi selects two random numbers, 4 and 6, and gets a list of all of the retired people in the city. If Professor Adeyemi obtains the sample by starting with the 4th person on the list and selecting every 6th person, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used? A. systematic sampling B. stratified random sampling C. quota sampling D. cluster sampling

B. stratified random sampling

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and question 2 and between question 1 and question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r= -.073 between questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r= 0.74 between questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? A. the negative correlation between question 1 and 2 is bad for Dr. rodriquez B. there appears to be good internal reliability in the scale C. the correlation between questions 1 and 2 and questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction D. the correlation between questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than that betwee

B. there appears to be good internal reliability in the scale

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r= .52. According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, the magnitude of this effect is: A. moderate B. unusually large for psychology C. very small or very weak D. small or weak

B. unusually large for psychology

Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? A. using reverse-worded questions B. using scales with an even number of response options C. using a Likert scale D. providing a "no opinion" option

B. using scales with an even number of response options

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. In the above scenario, what is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest? A.all students in his introduction to Neuroscience class B. all students at his university C. all students he is currently teaching D. all psychology majors and minors

C. all students he is currently teaching

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: A. make sure participants are not lying B. allow participants to skip questions C. cancel out measurement error D. ensure validity

C. cancel out measurement error

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, what is being interrogated? A. statistical validity B. internal validity C. construct validity D. external validity

C. construct validity

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the ______________ of the test. A. content validity B. convergent validity C. criterion validity D. discriminant validity

C. criterion validity

Julian creates a survey asking participants first to report how happy they are in their marriage and then second to report how happy they are in their life. His advisor, Dr. Fuentes, recommends that he create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is Julian's advisor recommending this? A. he is concerned that Julian has a double-barreled question B. he is concerned that Julian's participants will try to fake good C. he is concerned that Julian's results could be affected by question order D. he is concerned that Julian's participants will use shortcuts

C. he is concerned that Julian's results could be affected by question order

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? A. moderators suggest that associations may be spurious B. moderators are necessary for external validity to be established C. moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people D. moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable

C. moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people

which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? A. socially desirable responding B. acquiescence C. observer bias D. fence sitting

C. observer bias

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order formats? A. give the survey questions to different groups of people B. combine multiple questions into single questions C. prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions D. order effects cannot be controlled for

C. prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions

Which type of measure operationalizes a variable by recording the answers of a participant using a questionnaire? A. physiological measure B. observational measure C. self-report measure D. conceptual measure

C. self-report measure

Which of the following is true about research using surveys and polls? A. surveys and polls utilize only one type of question format B. surveys and polls are an accurate way to measure people's actual behavior C. surveys and polls can efficiently measure people's subjective feelings D. surveys and polls can support only frequency claims

C. surveys and polls can efficiently measure people's subjective feelings

Which of the following results in an unbiased sample? A. convenience sample B. snowball sample C. systematic sample D. purposive sample

C. systematic sample

A correlation coefficient and a scatter plot both provide which of the following pieces of information? A. the validity and reliability of two measurements B. the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements C. the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements D. the outliers present in the two measurements

C. the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? A. the third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association B. the third variable must be a categorical variable C. the third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association D. the third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables

C. the third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association

Negatively worded questions have low construct validity because: A. they lead people to respond with a certain viewpoint rather than with their true opinions B. they are too simple to truly capture people's true opinions C. they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions D. they are unable to capture people's true opinions because they evoke an emotional response

C. they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? A. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operational definitions. B.The researchers have the same operational definitions. C. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions D. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions

C.The researchers have the same conceptual definitions

Danesh has just read an article that describes a study that used a survey completed by participants to assess anxiety levels in adults. He is interested in the reliability of the survey and finds that the authors have provided information about both internal and test-retest reliability. However, there is no information about interrater reliability. Which of the following reasons explains why the authors do not report interrater reliability? A. Since the study has good internal reliability, it is not necessary to report interrater reliability B. Interrater reliability is typically calculated only for the experimenter to evaluate the ratings and is rarely reported in journal articles C. The combination of internal reliability and test-retest reliability provide enough information about the study's reliability D. The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings

D. The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? A. the direction of the bars B.the number of observations that make each bar C. the number of bars in the graph D. a difference in the height between the bars

D. a difference in the height between the bars

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? A. a strong correlation coefficient B. it depends on the type of reliability being evaluated C. a correlation coefficient close to 1 D. a negative correlation coefficient

D. a negative correlation coefficient

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? A. a ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can B. an interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements C. an interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not D. a ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something", but an interval scale does not

D. a ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something", but an interval scale does not

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? A. criterion validity B. discriminant validity C. convergent validity D. content validity

D. content validity

Fatima is trying to measure gender role stereotypes using a gender role survey. She believes that her participants will be able to tell that she is measuring gender role stereotypes because the survey looks like it is measuring stereotypes. Fatima believes that her scale has what type of validity? A. discriminant B. convergent C. criterion D. face

D. face

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true? A. quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not B. the reliability of the measures is more important than their validity C. only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated D. how each variable was measured must be considered

D. how each variable was measured must be considered

Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with: A. faking good B. bystander effect C. yea-saying biases D. observer bias

D. observer bias

A sample is to ________ as a population is to _______ A. people;groups B. external; internal C. participants; researchers D. part ; entire

D. part; entire

Zariah placed five identical pairs of black socks on a table and asked passersby to rate which pair of socks were their favorites. Although the socks were exactly the same, people rated the last pair of socks as having the highest quality. How should Zariah interpret this result? A. zariah needs to consider the accuracy of flashbulb memories B. zariah was mistaken, and the socks actually did differ in quality C. people were giving socially desirable responses and not being honest D. people are not always able to accurately explain their responses

D. people are not always able to accurately explain their responses

Why might question order affect how people respond to a survey or poll? A. people are easily confused B. people are lazy C. people cannot understand multiple questions D. people may try to appear consistent

D. people may try to appear consistent

which of the following is true of question wording? A. differences in how questions are worded always lead to different results B. no research has scientifically demonstrated that question wording affects the answers participants give C. it has no effect on the results of a survey/poll D. researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results

D. researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results

Faking good is also known as A. acquiescence B. fence sitting C. non differentiation D. socially desirable responding

D. socially desirable responding

Dr. Sanchez conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. If Dr. Sanchez increased his sample size to 1,000 which of the following would happen? A. statistical validity would become negatively affected B. external validity would become less important C. the true estimate would increase D. the margin of error would become smaller

D. the margin of error would become smaller

In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need? A. the number of people who voted and did not vote in 2020 B. the correlation coefficient between voting behavior and optimism C. each individual participant's optimism score D. the mean optimism scores of people who voted and people who did not vote

D. the mean optimism scores of people who voted and people who did not vote

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between moderator and a spurious association? A. they are different: a moderator indicates that the same association within subgroups, while a spurious association indicates that the associations differ for subgroups B. they are different: a moderator only involves one variable, while a spurious association involves both variables C. they are the same: a moderator indicates that the association is spurious D. they are different: a moderator indicates the association is not spurious

D. they are different: a moderator indicates the association is not spurious

Which of the following is true about outliers? A. they are only problematic when they affect one variable and not the other B. they can affect the strength, but not the direction, of an association C. they usually affect a majority of the data points D. they have the biggest effect when dealing with small sample sizes

D. they have the biggest effect when dealing with small sample sizes

How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts in surveys? A. they give people more answer options B. they ask each question twice so the participant answers twice C.they are easier for people to read D. they slow down readers, making them answer more carefully

D. they slow down readers, making them answer more carefully

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? A. conceptualization B. operationalization C. reliability D. validity

D. validity

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Which of the following questions should Dr. Reyes ask if she is interrogating the construct validity of her study?

Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood?

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. The third variable must be a categorical variable • The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association.

The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.