Unit One chap. 2

Identify how Deism affected Benjamin Franklin's beliefs and accomplishments.

His scientific experiments extended across various fields of inquiry. He prized science and reason and rejected dogmatic religion.

Describe the social structure of the mound-building societies of the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys that was evident from their burial mounds.

a sophisticated social structure dependent upon a specialized division of labor, in which various groups performed specific tasks in the interest of society as a whole.

The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment actually achieved similar ends, despite the drastically different roads taken by the two movements.

True

The technological and social advancements that developed at Cahokia around 1000 C.E. continued to influence neighboring societies long after its collapse, as former inhabitants spread the knowledge of such innovations across the American South and Midwest.

True

Analyze the image of a Quaker meeting. What does it reveal about women's role in Quaker religious meetings? Then evaluate the following statement: Women were active and equal participants in Quaker religious meetings.

True Although the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritan meetings prohibited women from taking leadership roles, Quakers welcomed women participants during worship.

Identify the various elements of the triangular trade.

ALL The slaves then produced more sugar to make the rum. The more slaves the colonists had, the more sugar they produced. The triangular trade went multiple directions. All of the answer choices were various stages of the triangle trade. New Englanders shipped rum to the west coast of Africa, where they exchanged it for slaves; ships then took the enslaved Africans to sell in the West Indies; they then returned home with Caribbean commodities, including molasses. In another version of the trading triangle, New Englanders shipped products such as meat and fish to the West Indies, where they acquired sugar and molasses, which they then traded for luxury goods in England.

Identify the impact that disease, starvation, and warfare, which routinely plagued the colonies, had on their population growth.

Although disease, starvation, and warfare made establishing colonies very difficult, after a colony was more stable and secure, the population continuously increased.

Which of the colonies was designed to serve as a buffer zone between the English and Spanish settlements?

Georgia

Slavery was much more prevalent in New England than in the Chesapeake and Carolina colonies. This was due to an abundance of wealthy families in the region that required farmhands and household laborers.

False

Describe why the Bering Strait was important in the development of diverse Indian societies in the Americas.

It served as a bridge between Siberia and Alaska that allowed nomadic peoples of East Asia to migrate to the Americas.

Drag the description of each colony to that colony's location on the map.

Maine ⇢ colony of scattered settlements, taken over by Massachusetts, and eventually incorporated into Massachusetts Bay under a new charter Connecticut ⇢ self-governing colony and sought to establish a "Christian Commonwealth" but allowed individuals other than church members to vote New Hampshire ⇢ colony taken over by Massachusetts and Massachusetts's authority was overturned in a lawsuit and the settlement became a royal colony Rhode Island ⇢ first settlement to allow complete freedom of religion and insist upon the separation of church and state; welcomed all who fled religious persecution

Describe the native peoples of America on the eve of European arrival on the shores of the Western Hemisphere.

Native peoples in the Americas were a large, heterogeneous population spread across vast areas of the Americas and were made up of complex and diverse societies.

Identify how the labor trends shifted in the southern colonies beginning in the late seventeenth century.

Southern plantation owners shifted to African slaves as their primary source of labor.

Match the European power to the features of its colonies.

Spanish ⇢ This European power's colonies were controlled by a wealthy few who intended to return to Europe. Spanish and French ⇢ These European powers' colonies were tightly controlled by their monarch. English ⇢ This European power's colonies had the greatest degree of self-government. Dutch and English ⇢ These European powers' colonies encouraged diverse groups of immigrants.

The Anasazi culture—the most widespread of the Southwest pueblo cultures—was known for its extensive presence in the "Four Corners" region. Identify how the Anasazi set itself apart from similar cultures in the region.

The Anasazi refused to incorporate a rigid class structure.

Complete the passage below describing the Columbian Exchange and its impact on the Native Americans and Europeans.

The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. New foods greatly benefitted Europeans, whose population increased, while infectious diseases from Europe destroyed much of the population of the "New" World.

From their arrival in the "New" World in 1492 to the end of the colonial era, European countries competed for the resources found in the Americas. Which European empire controlled the largest colonial territory during this period?

The Spanish Empire

Complete the passage below describing the naval legacy of Spanish colonization.

The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English Empire demonstrated a superiority in smaller, more agile ships against much larger warships in the contest between the two powers. This resulted in a strengthening of the Protestant cause across Europe.

Complete the passage below identifying the catalyst for the Age of Exploration.

The intellectual revolution known as the Renaissance sparked a discourse committed to controversial new ideas that challenged prevailing beliefs and the authority of rulers and the church. This "rebirth" in learning served as a catalyst for the ideas that would enable the Age of Exploration.

During the British colonization of the Americas, what was the primary purpose of joint-stock companies?

They allowed interested individuals to fund a colonial venture with minimal risk through a collective fund. If the colony failed, no individual would suffer the entire loss.

Between 1670 and 1715, as many as 50,000 Indians were sold as slaves in Charles Town for export to other regions in the Americas. The number of Native American slaves exported from Charles Town exceeded the number of Africans imported.

True

The vast majority of enslaved Africans were destined to perform what type of work within the expanding North American colonies?

agricultural labor

What created the need for more laborers within the Jamestown region?

the soaring production of tobacco

Identify all of the rights that women did not have in English colonial America.

voting rights ability to bring lawsuits access to education

What were the lasting effects of King Philip's War on the New England colonies and the neighboring Native American communities?

(1) A mandatory military draft was instituted for the first time in the American colonies. (2) King Philip (Metacomet) was executed and his severed head was displayed on a pole to remind Native Americans of the cost of engaging the English colonies military. (3) The conflict claimed proportionately more lives in the New England colonial population than any subsequent American war to date.

Describe Deists' beliefs regarding the universe, God, and the Christian tradition.

(1) Deists believed evil stemmed from ignorance, rather than sinfulness. (2) Deists were enlightened individuals who believed it was natural laws, and not God, that governed the daily operation of the universe. (3) Deists included individuals such as Thomas Jefferson who believed cultivating reason was the highest virtue.

Identify the various long-term impacts of the Great Awakening on American life.

(1) Ministers lost control over the direction of religious life. (2) There was more religious tolerance.

Identify the defining characteristics of slavery in the mainland English colonies by the 1750s.

(1) Most slaves were born in the colonies. (2) Most slaves worked on plantations growing cash crops like tobacco, rice, or sugar. (3) Slave owners used violence and torture to control their slaves.

Identify the situations in Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that contributed to European settlement in the North American colonies.

(1) Poor workers in the countryside moved to major European cities in search of new opportunities. (2) Farm workers, squeezed by the rise of commercial agriculture, immigrated to the colonies. (3) Poverty in Europe led many to accept the risks and costs associated with immigrating to the colonies.

Identify all of the components of New England's colonial economy.

(1) Shipbuilding flourished and helped to create and sustain a profitable trade with Europe and the West Indies. (2) New Englanders raised similar livestock to those found in England, such as cattle, sheep, and pigs. (3) The bountiful coast supported a flourishing fishing export industry. (4) The agricultural sector grew crops familiar to the English mother country, such as wheat, barley, and oats.

What factors contributed to the success of the English colonies compared to their European rivals?

(1) The concentration of English colonies in densely populated centers along the east coast of North America from Florida to Maine allowed them to develop and maintain relations with Europe without over expanding in the Americas. (2) English colonies were structured as profit-making businesses that encouraged expansion, whereas royal colonies established by other colonial powers stifled innovation and limited population growth. (3) English colonies enjoyed a greater degree of self-government, and thus greater governing flexibility than Spanish and French colonies, which resulted in more dynamic and creative colonies.

What does John Smith's map illustrate about Virginia?

(1) The members of the Powhatan Confederacy lived in established villages. (2) The Jamestown settlers established their colony in a region populated by many Native American communities.

How did Europeans justify race-based slavery during the colonial period?

(1) They believed that African behaviors and customs were uncivilized and inferior to their own. (2) They considered slavery a form of personal bad luck sanctioned by the heavens.

Identify what slave codes were and the impact they had on blacks living in the colonies.

(1) They made it legal for whites to abuse blacks verbally and physically. (2) They were laws that regulated and restricted the lives of slaves.

Identify the concerns of radical evangelists, such as the Tennents, and the impact they had on Pennsylvania's colonial elite.

(1) They sought to expose tame and incompetent ministers. (2) By attacking the luxurious excesses of the colonial elite, they threatened to disrupt social order.

Elizabeth Pinckney's decision to manage her family's plantation demonstrates what characteristics about women in eighteenth-century colonial America?

(1) Women were able to succeed at "men's work." (2) Women took initiative and exercised leadership outside the home.

In his 1735 description of Northampton's religious progress, Jonathan Edwards declared that "it was no longer the Tavern ... but the Minister's House" that drew local crowds. Identify what this quotation signified for the town.

(1) colonists turning away from sinful pleasures toward the full presence of God (2) the success of religious revival over secular forces

Although the English government did not actively establish colonies by using royal expeditions, it still had major policy objectives relating to colonial governance. Identify the major English governmental policy objectives.

(1) use the colonies as a means to remove social rebels, religious dissenters, convicts, and vagrants (2) establish consumer markets in the colonies for English export goods

Select the options that describe how relations between Quakers and Native Americans differed from relations between Native Americans and the majority of English colonists.

CORRECT = (1) The first fifty years following the establishment of Quaker settlements in Pennsylvania were peaceful between the Quakers and the surrounding Native American societies (2) Willian Penn and other Quakers wanted all people to peacefully coexist and were friendly to their Native American neighbors (3) Quakers bought land titles from consenting Native Americans instead of seizing their land by force and coercion

How did the transition of leadership during the Glorious Revolution impact the power of the English monarchy?

CORRECT = (1) The monarch no longer had the power to suspend Parliament (2) The English people, not God, empowered the monarchy (3) Parliament was able to reassert its legislative prerogatives and reign in the power of the monarchy (4) Kings and queens could no longer levy taxes without Parliament's permission

Identify the ways in which the Iroquois League differed from the majority of Native American societies that English settlers encountered.

CORRECT = (1) While most Native American societies did not unite against European encroachment, the Iroquois League built an extremely strong alliance that was initially able to resist European exploitation (2) The Iroquois League was governed by a written constitution known as the Great Law of Peace, which had three main principles: peace, equity, and justice (3) The Iroquois League governing structure was highly democratic for its time, and it gave both men and women a voice in government

How did Spanish colonizers respond to the failed Pueblo revolt in New Mexico in 1598?

CORRECT = Twenty-four Pueblo men each had one foot cut off to discourage future uprisings against the Spanish. Spanish soldiers brutally massacred hundreds of Pueblo men, women, and children. Young Pueblo children were taken from their parents and put into the care of Spanish missionaries, who were charged with caring for their souls.

In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?

CORRECT = greed, racism, and conquest

Identify all of the factors that contributed to Bacon's Rebellion.

CORRECT = tensions between colonists and Native Americans, lack of land for free white men, and Governor Berkeley's refusal to attack Indians

Identify the leading factors that contributed to the disintegration of the Spanish Empire.

CORRECT = vastness and complexity of the empire

Women took on a variety of roles within English colonial life. Identify the roles and tasks that were typically classified as "women's work."

Housework, garden work, and fieldwork Scarcity of workers in the colonies did create new opportunities for women. In towns, women commonly served as tavern hostesses, but this wasn't considered typical "women's work."

Identify the following as descriptions of either English or Spanish colonies.

ENGLISH (1) The availability of cheap land resulted in huge waves of immigration and colonial settlement with a total population that exceeded 1 million by 1750 (2) Although supported by royal charter, these colonies were the product of privately funded ventures known as joint-stock companies, as opposed to being enterprises funded by the monarch (3) These colonial settlers viewed Native Americans as obstacles to their permanent colonial settlement SPANISH (1) Their colonial ventures were royal expeditions funded by the monarch (2) These Europeans were widely dispersed and colonized areas that were less densely populated by Native Americans

Describe how the English colonists differed from the Dutch and the French in their interactions with Native Americans.

English settlers were more interested in acquiring Native American land, while the French and Dutch colonists generally developed amicable relations with neighboring Native Americans in order to maintain a prosperous fur trade. English colonists, because of their numbers, were more willing to militarily engage the Native Americans around them than the Dutch or the French, who had drastically smaller settler populations.

The French Empire posed the gravest threat to Spanish colonization because it was able to take advantage of weaknesses in Spain's naval capacity.

False

Because of their continuous persecution in England, Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony refused to antagonize those who harbored differing views and sought to cultivate a climate of religious tolerance.

False Despite fleeing England on account of religious persecution, Puritans punished, imprisoned, banished, or even executed individuals with other religious views. Catholics, Anglicans, Quakers, and Baptists had no rights in Puritan New England.

There were more women in English America than in New Spain and New France, which led to greater equality for women in the English colonies.

False English America had far more women than New Spain and New France. But, most European colonists hung onto their strong beliefs that women were inferior. In most colonies, this meant that they couldn't vote, hold office, attend schools or colleges, bring lawsuits, sign contracts, or become ministers. Women's work was focused in the house, garden, and fields.

New Amsterdam, the capital city of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, was more socially and religiously conservative and restrictive than the English Puritan colonies in New England.

False The Dutch, for the most part, embraced ethnic and religious diversity. This situation was a stark contrast to English colonies such as Massachusetts Bay, which prided itself on being a model of Christianity for others to imitate.

The Great Awakening strengthened the authority of established churches by emphasizing the importance of service and collaboration.

False The Great Awakening undermined many established churches by emphasizing that individuals did not need the guidance of their ministers to receive God's grace.

Read the following statement made by Governor John Winthrop in the Massachusetts Bay Colony's case against Anne Hutchinson. "Mrs. Hutchinson, you are called here as one of those that have troubled the peace of the commonwealth and the churches here; you are known to be a woman that hath had a great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are causes of this trouble, and to be nearly joined not only in affinity and affection with some of those the court had taken notice of and passed censure upon. "But you have spoken divers things as we have been informed very prejudicial to the honour of the churches and ministers thereof, and you have maintained a meeting and an assembly in your house that hath been condemned by the general assembly as a thing not tolerable nor comely in the sight of God nor fitting for your sex; and notwithstanding that was cried down, you have continued the same. Therefore we have thought good to send for you to understand how things are. ... " Which of the following accusations was not a charge brought against Anne Hutchinson?

Her preaching supported church unity and existing authority.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below describing servitude in the New World.

Indentured servants were persons brought over from Europe who entered into a contract that paid for their passage to the Americas in exchange for the individual's labor for a fixed number of years. Once they were finished with their service, servants could claim "freedom dues". As a result, some former indentured servants did very well for themselves and even ended up in the colonial legislatures.

Plants and animals were extremely different in the two worlds. How did the introduction of new foods into the "Old" World directly affect the fate of the "New" World?

New foods led to a population explosion in Europe and n increase in the number of prospective settlers coming to the "New" World.

Match the English colonial settlements to their descriptions.

Pennsylvania ⇢ This colony served as a haven for Quakers and encouraged religious diversity along with a more personal approach to faith. Carolina colonies ⇢ These colonies were heavily dependent on African slave labor and recruited English planters to implement sugar plantation systems. Virginia ⇢ This joint-stock colony became heavily reliant on tobacco and was dominated by wealthy plantation owners.

Place the following events in the order in which they occurred.

Queen Elizabeth dies w/o an heir. King James I of England ascends the throne and asserts "divine right," thus suppressing religious dissent. Puritans begin to face persecution in England. Pilgrims flee to America. Charles I ascends the English throne and disbands Parliament. Civil Was erupts in England, ends in the beheading of Charles I. Militant Puritans rule England, outlaw Anglican and Catholic faith. The monarchy is restored, embraces Catholicism, thus suppressing dissent. The "Glorious Revolution" established political power as derived from the people.

Analyze the following image, a nineteenth-century wood engraving of Anne Hutchinson. What does it reveal about the personal experience of Anne Hutchinson and, more broadly, about the situation of women in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

She was charged with religious crimes and debated her accusers as an equal before her critics complained that she had overstepped her boundaries. Her situation exemplified the accepted understanding that women were to be subservient in a "man's world." Led by John Winthrop, Anne Hutchinson's all-male accusers convicted her of blasphemy and expelled her from the colony for claiming that she had experienced a revelation from God. In response to her defense in the two-day-long trial, Winthrop declared Hutchinson unfit to have a conversation with men, as they did not mean to debate with individuals of her sex.

Identify how the spread of infectious diseases affected the ability of Native Americas to resist European invasion.

Since Native American leaders were often the first to interact with Europeans, their infection by diseases and subsequent deaths resulted in a serious loss of tribal leadership.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below regarding slave conditions in the New World.

Slavery spread because of the enormous profits that it generated for slave traders and slave owners. The enslavement of Africans was justified by widespread racism that viewed them as chattel. Slaves worked both in their masters' houses and on large plantations in work gangs, growing cash crops like tobacco, rice, and sugar.

Analyze the image of the slave ship below. What does it reveal about the conditions of Africans on such vessels traveling across the Middle Passage?

Slaves were packed extremely tightly in constant darkness below deck.

Put in chronological order the following events that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America.

Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon explores Florida ⇢ St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. ⇢ New Mexico is established as a Spanish colony. ⇢ The English settlement at Jamestown is established. ⇢ The Pueblo Revolt occurs in 1680.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below describing colonies in North America.

The English colonies were more prosperous and populous than their European competitors for two main reasons: they were private business ventures and were more autonomous than Spanish and French colonies, which were strictly regulated by their ruling monarchs. Additionally, the English encouraged immigration and settlement, whereas the others prioritized short-term economic gains.

Identify the main tenets of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and its significance to the European settlement in the Americas.

The Protestant Reformation aimed to expose corruption within the Catholic Church and advance a more democratic understanding of Christianity in which the people were their own priests. Many of these individualist views would directly influence the development of colonies in the New World during the Age of Exploration.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below describing the divisions in the Church of England.

The Puritans were dissenters who believed that the Church of England needed to be purified from within, while the Pilgrims were considered more radical Separatists who had given up on the Church of England. Facing persuasion by King James I, they fled to the New World. Both groups sought to purify their own churches of all Catholic and Anglican rituals.

Complete the passage to describe the Stono Rebellion in the eighteenth century.

The Stono Rebellion took place in South Carolina. Twenty slaves attacked a store, killed the owner, and seized weapons before heading toward the Spanish-controlled territory of Florida. They gathered more recruits along the way. In a short time, the slaves had killed twenty-five whites, but soon after were caught by the militia. About sixty slaves were later captured and had their heads cut off and displayed by enraged planters.

What was the stated exchange in the encomienda system between encomenderos and Native American villages under their control, and how did the intended exchange differ from reality?

The encomenderos were intended to provide protection to Native American villages, in exchange for the villages supplying the encomenderos with labor and material goods. In reality, the encomienda system created a predatory relationship, in which privileged Spanish officials further enriched themselves by exploiting the resources and labor of the Native American people.

The English colonies and England itself experienced dramatic differences in life expectancy, birth rates, and death rates. Complete the passage below to explain these differences.

The population in England's American colonies grew more quickly than the population in England itself for a number of reasons. Women in the colonies married earlier than their European counterparts, and as a result had larger families. Additionally, mortality rates were lower in the colonies than in England. This was because the colonies had healthier living conditions and were more sparsely populated, so the population was less susceptible to disease.

Complete the passage below describing an English monarch.

The seventeenth century was a period of religious division in the Church of England. Reformers known as Puritans criticized the established church. Some of these reformers fled England and settled in America. The reign of King Charles I was marked by intolerance of religious diversity and disregard for English traditions of government dating back to the Magna Carta of 1215. Charles believed in absolute royal power and disbanded Parliament. Ultimately his draconian policies resulted in civil war, which concluded with his beheading. The Puritans were a type of dissenter from the Church of England. King Charles I exerted too much monarchial power and demonstrated his religious intolerance when he tried to impose Anglicanism on Presbyterian Scots, which led to the revolt of 1638. He was forced to revive Parliament in order to effectively deal with the revolt. King Charles I refused to abide by traditions of shared governmental power dating back to the Magna Carta. He dissolved Parliament and was violently opposed to religious pluralism. Ultimately, his leadership decisions resulted in civil war. After his capture, he was beheaded as a traitor.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage below regarding slavery in the New World.

The slavery practiced in Africa was very different from the race-based slavery of the New World. African slavery was less brutal, as slaves lived with their captors, and children were not automatically enslaved. European slave traders purchased captives at slave forts, branded them with a company mark, and forced them onto gruesome slave ships.

By making desertion near impossible, Cortés was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity for returning to normal life.

True

In his every encounter with native people, Christopher Columbus would ask if they had gold. These interactions demonstrate how vices such as greed, along with the new technologies and knowledge of the time, helped to fuel the Age of Exploration.

True

English colonists in North America enjoyed a higher standard of living than their counterparts in England. On average, they were better clothed, housed, and fed.

True In North America, land was cheap and plentiful compared to land in England. Additionally, large portions of the population in English colonies benefited from various forms of slavery.

While the role of race became much more prominent as slavery evolved, color prejudice had historically been a crucial rationalization to justify the institution from its inception.

True More than a century before the English arrived in America, the Portuguese and Spanish had established a global trade in enslaved Africans. The English settlers often enslaved Indian captives, as had the Spanish and Portuguese. However, the Europeans did not enslave other Europeans captured in warfare. The English in the seventeenth century associated the color black with darkness and evil. As a result, they considered the different appearance as representing "savagery," and used this as justification for enslaving them.

The majority of Europeans lived in extreme poverty over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As a result, many citizens were willing to risk their lives to immigrate to the colonies in North America in search of new opportunities.

True Poor farmers in Europe were being forced off their land. Jobless city dwellers were struggling to survive in urban ghettos. Everywhere, people were moving from farms to villages, from villages to cities, and from homelands to colonies. Extreme poverty spurred waves of immigration to the American colonies.

One of the major motivating factors that resulted in Puritans immigrating to the Americas was religious persecution in England. Puritans wanted to simplify Christianity to its roots and remove the vestiges of Catholic ritual and idolatry from the religion. English monarchs refused to incorporate these changes into the Anglican Church and at times outlawed and violently persecuted advocates of such ideas.

True Puritans advocated a simplification of Catholic and Anglican forms of Christianity. They sought to abolish the ritual and grandeur associated with the clergy, and to allow people to express their reverence for God in a more personal fashion, without the usual formalities associated with Catholic and Anglican worship.

Slavery was a standard practice within the British North America by the eighteenth century, particularly in the southern colonies. Colonial legislatures began to formally legalize the institution in the second half of the seventeenth century.

True Some colonial legislatures began legalizing slavery as early as the 1660s. During the colonial era, slavery was legal in all the colonies even though it was most prevalent in the South. Slave codes were developed to regulate the behavior of slaves. This included details on punishments.

Among European settlers, the middle colonies were the most diverse in British North America in the eighteenth century.

True The middle colonies included a large Dutch population in New York and Germans and Scots-Irish in Pennsylvania, as well as other various groups like Jews and French Huguenots, that reflected a tradition of ethnic and religious tolerance by both colonial governments.

The middle colonies, due to their central location, shared various elements with both the New England and southern colonies. Match the economic sectors with the colonies in which they were most commonly found.

middle and New England colonies ⇢ (1) The primary agricultural products were wheat, barley, and oats and (2) Livestock was a central aspect of the economy. The major economic driver in the southern economy was plantation-style farming, which was generally dedicated to cash crops such as rice and tobacco, not raising livestock.