Unit three, Chapter 15, AP Euro Quiz

Commercialization of Agriculture

Enclosure movement, scientific farming, and innovations in agriculture

Where does commercialization of agriculture happen first?

England

main causes of Price Revolution

The influx of gold and silver as well as a growth in the population

"A _____ monarch, scandalous and poor." -From a poem by the Earl of Rochester, Charles II's friend

merry

Religious war (30 yrs war)

Started religion/became political but can't fully separate. Different alliances

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 (30 yrs war)

1. Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia 2. Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor 3. The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others

The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 (30 yrs war)

1. Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance 2. Edict of Restitution (1629) 3. German princes feared Ferdinand - he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 (30 yrs war)

1. France & Sweden now get involved 2. Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire 3. German princes still feared Ferdinand II 4. Wallenstein assassinated to appease them

The French Phase: 1635-1648 (30 yrs war)

1. France & Sweden switched roles 2. All countries in Europe now participated 3. This phase was the most destructive!

Opportunities in Cities

more economic opportunities, new sources of income=new sources of industry

Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific

1. 1500-1600; Portuguese major players in Indian Ocean trade-dominated but didn't alter age-old pattern of autonomous merchant players. DEIC took control of Portuguese spice trade in Indian Ocean-expelled Portuguese from E. Indian islands. Est. control over E. Indian states & people 2. Dutch hold in Asia faltered in 1700s due to failure to meet changing consumption patterns. Competition from EEIC undercut Dutch trade. British est. trade relations with Indian rulers. 17th century EEIC relied on Mughal emperor trade. BEIC agents intervened vs. Indian princes 3. Britain's great rival for Indian influence=France-respective forces in India supported opposing rulers in local power struggles. Rivalry resolved by Treaty of Paris. James Cook claimed Australian east coast for England-1770. First colony est.-1780s. Western portion settlement-1790s. 4. Rising economic & political power of Europeans drew on connections est. between Asian & Atlantic trade worlds. Atlantic trade inseparable from Asian commerce-Europeans dominated

Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism

1. Administrators developed new ways of thinking economic production. Economy as discrete entity=key element of Enlightenment. Adam Smith-critic of government regulation. Developed idea of freedom of enterprise. Criticized guilds, supported free competition & division of labor 2. Smith argued government should only provide defense vs. foreign invasion, maintain civil order with courts & police, & sponsor certain works & institutions. Applauded modest rise in real wages of British workers. Celebrated rise in productivity but acknowledged negative effects on workers 3. Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot issued law ordering grain be freed from state control. Edict abolished French guilds. Protest=Turgot took back reforms; French Revolution brought them back

New Methods of Agriculture

1. Agricultural production growth due to farmers alternating grain with nutrient-restoring crops. Clover important because it reduces nitrogen directly to soil via its roots. Potatoes, beans from Columbian exchange. More Hay & vegetables increased cattle herds=more manure and food 2. Crop rotation spread to other parts of Europe. Farmers developed specialized patterns of rotation per soil type. Enclosed, fenced-in fields created to farm more effectively. Enclosed village's natural pastureland into individual shares. Village life upheaval=necessary price of technical progress 3. Rural people had small, inadequate land holdings. Peasants couldn't graze livestock or forage for goods; so they opposed enclosure. Allied with rich noble landowners. Open fields common in France & Germany until 19th century because of successful peasant oppositions.

Economic cooperation between state and private enterprise

1. Allowed for free enterprise that led to Dutch domination of major industries, including fishing & the spice trade 2. Dutch East India Company: Focus on maritime trade 3. Banking: Amsterdam became European banking capital

The Legacy of the Open Field System

1. Areas in Europe barely produced enough food to survive due to the Open Field System. Whole peasant village plowed, sowed, & harvested. Wheat planted every year depleted nitrogen in soil. Fallowed soil; later 3 yr system - cash crops grown 2 out of 3 yrs vs 1 out of 2 yrs 2. Villages maintained open meadows for hay & natural pasture. Poor women picked up single grains fallen to ground in course of harvest. Woodlands surrounded villages = materials & food. State & landlords put heavy taxes on peasants - Eastern European peasants had it worst. 3. Social conditions better in western Europe where peasants mostly free from serfdom. They owned land and passed it on to children. Life still hard & poverty harsh reality for most

The Atlantic Economy

1. As transatlantic trade volume increased, regions along ocean increasingly drawn into integrated economic system. "Triangle trade"-designted 3 way good transport. European nation economies bordering Atlantic relied on colonial exports. By 1800, traditional trading partners only ⅓ exports 2. Monopolies allowed English to obtain steady supply of goods at good prices & for profit. Jobs opened. London on rise-mercantilist system success. Saint-Domingue, Martinique, & Guadeloupe provided immense fortunes in plantation agr. & slave trading. Wealth=merchant class confidence 3. Spain saw colonial fortunes improve-18th century. Mercantilist goals boosted by silver production recovery. Silver mining stimulated mining camp food production. Wealthy Spanish landowners developed debt peonage to keep indigenous workers on estates to grow food for market 4. "Triangle trade" oversimplifies reality. Brisk intercolonial trade, Caribbean colonies import food from north colonies for slaves, sugar. Imperial monopolies violated. Involved with Indian & Pacific

State Building and the Growth of Armies

1. Before, historians distinguish between Fra, Spn, Russ & constitutionalist Eng & Dutch Repub.. Now believed common; expanding frontiers. Authority increasing rulers=greater taxation, growth in armed forces, more efficient bureaucracy, & territory expansion. 2. Centralized power=near sovereignty. Sovereign states had no court systems that competed with state courts & no threat to central authority. State-building driving force was warfare. Army officers now required to obey state officials=rise in army standards 3. Army sizes grew. French army 125,000 pre 30 Yrs war -> 340,000 post 17 century. Rise of absolutism caused army expansion. England built successful naval army instead of land.

The Atlantic Enlightenment

1. British colonies influenced by Scottish Enlightenmen. Colony leaders adopted moderate version of enlightenment compatible with religion and chiefly spread. Thinkers like Ben Franklin & Thoman Jefferson deists, went further in admiration for Enlightenment ideas 2. Catholic Church controlled book publicationcin Spanish America. King Carlos III & son posted army in colonies & increased taxes to pay for it. Indigenous status debated. Creoles aware of new reforms in Spain America-criticized mother country policies & aspired toward greater autonomy

Louis XIV and Absolutism

1. France beat weakness & division to become most powerful nation in W. Europe. Louis ruled on divine right of kings but recognized kings couldn't do as pleased. Refused delegating power. Ruled via many state councils & never called Estates General meeting 2. Hated division within realm & insisted religious unity essential to royal dignity & security of state. Revoked Edict of Nantes in 1685. Obliged to rule in manner consistent with virtue & benevolence. He upheld laws set by predecessors. Often collabed with nobles

Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World

1. Creoles: peoples of Spanish ancestry born in Americas. Prided themselves on following European lifestyles. Plantation estates, townhouses-European luxury goods purchased. Over time colonial elites felt circumstances gave them difference characteristics from their home population. 2. Many Europeans came as indentured servants. Poor whites worked. Whites mostly outnumbered-disproportionately male. Mixed-race population sometimes rose to colonial elite. Spain conquistadors gained power. Brazilian masters freed mixed children-backlash from whites 3. Whole families in British colonies migrated-white population increase. Caribbean British colonies-mixed peoples stayed slaves. Colonial encounter created new fixed identity forms. Mixed race status-ambiguous. Spain applied purity of blood. Free color people est. own communities 4. Catholic powers sponsored missionary efforts. Central & S. America-large-scale conversion forged Catholic cultures. N. American conversion efforts less effective. Slave owners refused to baptize slaves. In some areas, elements of African religion & practice endured-inc. with Christian tradition 5. Jews participants in new Atlantic economy-est. network of mercantile opportunities along trade routes. Old World Jews=discrimination. Jews=white Europeans; not slaves-Not = to Christians.

Economic Crisis and Popular Revolt

1. Crude agriculture tech & low crop yield threatened peasants. Little ice age led to famine & reduced population. Industry suffered by woolen textile decline, high food prices, stagnate wages, & increased unemployment. Struck various places at various times. 2. Urban poor (peasants) hardest hit by bread price rising. Anger expressed by riots, often led by women. Harsh conditions eventually turned the riots into armed uprisings. Common in England, France, and Spanish Empire 3. Municipal & royal authorities struggled to overcome revolt due to fear of stern repressive measures. Royal authority limitation gave leverage to rebels. Riots quelled by prisoner release. Great control by end of 18th century led to state-building.

Commercialization of Agriculture Effects

1. Decline of fallow fields and the open field system 2. End of traditional villages in use of the land 3. Peasants protest the enclosure movement with little to no success 4. Increased productivity of the land 5. Improvement of the status and wealth for large landowners 6. Larger herds of cattle and sheep 7. Migration to cities for rural poor

Innovations in Banking

1. Double-entry bookkeeping 2. Bank of Amsterdam 3. Joint Stock Company (a company in which individuals can purchase shares)

The Leadership of the Low Countries and England

1. Dutch well-established intensive farming by mid 17th century. Enclosed fields, continuous rotation, heavy manuring, wide crop variety all present. Dutch dense population=Forced at early rate to seek maximum yields. Drained swamps to free land. Growing urban population=markets 2. English farmers borrowed Dutch techniques + drainage & water control. Dutch helped drain water-logged parts of England. Drained swamps=best English land. English farming continued to progress. Jethro Tull used horses rather than oxen for plowing. Selective breeding=faster livestock 3. ½ farmland enclosed prior 1700. 1815-Parliament enclosed most remaining open land, wasn't always prerequisite for increased production. Movement mark end of rise of capitalist market-oriented agr. & emergence of landless rural proletariat. Unemployment in countryside. 4. In no other European country did proletarianization gone so far. England's village poor found cost of change heavy & unjust.

The Austrian Habsburgs

1. Efforts to destroy Protestantism in German lands & turn weak HRE into real state during 30 Yrs War failed. Real power in hands of separate political jurisdictions. Ferdinand II reduced Bohemian Estate power. Also confiscated land holding of Protestant nobles. 2. Now large Bohemian nobility established direct rule over Bohemia. Condition of enserfed peasants worsened. Protestantism stamped out. Ferdinand III centralized government in empire's German-speaking provinces. Hungarian Kingdom recovery-1718 3. Hungarian nobility halted full Habsburg absolutism development. Nobles revolted against attempts to imposed absolutist rule. Never won, but weren't crushed. Sense of common identity & loyalty to monarchy grew among Habsburg cities-German language 4. Vienna became political & cultural center of empire. By 1700 it thrived with 100,000 people & royal palace of Schonbrunn

Religious Divides and Civil War

1. Elizabeth I of England had great power. Maintained realm's control by refusing to give in to husband. James I succeeded her. Believed monarch had divine right to authority. England's 30 Yrs War intervention exacerbated tensions 2. English felt dissastisfied with Church of England. Puritans purified Roman Catholic Church. Scottish Calvinists revolt against Charles' religious policy, forced to summon Parliament for funds to develop revolt-crushing army. Triennial Act. Irish rebellion 3. Charles I failed to deal with Scots nor respond to Irish rebellion. Charles left London-Parliament formed own army. ECW pitted King's power against Parliament. Parliament won. Cromwell's army finished off Charles. Guilty for treason & beheaded.

Effects of Innovations

1. Established financial centers (Florence, Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Augsburg) 2. Created a money-based economy (the adoption of bank notes) 3. New economic elite (1. The Medici Family in Italy, 2. Fugger Family in the German States)

Economic Regulation and the Guilds

1. Governments believed it was essential to regulate economic production & exchange. Mercantilist doctrine dictated maintaining trade surplus was crucial for strong state. Guild system increased in cities & towns of Europe. Each guild=detailed set of privileges. Served social & religious functions 2. Guilds restricted membership to Christian men with several yrs of work experience, paid membership fees, & successfully completed a masterpiece. Outsiders, urbaners banned. Small # accepted women-usually for needlework & textiles. 100% female seamstress guilds expanded

Foundations of Absolutism

1. Henry IV acquired devastated Fra, inaugurated recovery by defusing religious tensions, rebuilding economy, lowering taxes, & improving infrastructure. Cardinal Richelieu first minister of French crown. Use of intendants increased power of centralized state. 2. Richelieu viewed France's Huguenots as possible rebels, but, focused mainly on est. French pre-eminence in Euro politics. Cardinal Jules Mazarin succeeded as chief minister for next king child. Struggle with 30 Yrs war finance = the Fronde. Civil order broke down. 3. French people desperate for peace after Fronde & willing to accept strong monarch - turned out to be Louis who claimed only way to save French was absolutism.

New patterns of the Eighteenth Century

1. In 18th century European demographic pattern transformed. Europeans grew steadily in numbers from 1720-1789. Population doubled between 1700-1835. Pop. growth caused by more births because new employment opportunities allowed women to marry earlier & fewer deaths 2. Plague remained part of normal life, coming & going. In 1722 it mysteriously disappeared forever. Stricter quarantine, chance, & luck helped. Inoculation against smallpox invented. Improvements in water & sewage supply=better health & reduced mosquitoes which spread disease 3. Human beings got better at safeguarding food supply; new canal & road building lessened impact of local crop failure & famine. Emergency supplies brought in, local starvation less frequent. Wars less destructive than previous century. Less deaths via warfare & fewer armies to spread disease 4. PuPopulation growth increased difference between # of people & economic opportunities. Enclosure movement eliminated land = rural poor forced to find new ways to make living

Return of Serfdom

1. In west demographic losses of Black Death allowed peasants to escape serfdom. Central & Eastern Europe peasants lost ability to own land independently. Gradual erosion of economic condition bound up with legal system manipulation. 2. Consolidation of serfdom accompanied by growth of commercial agriculture. Lords increased production of estates by forcing surpluses out of peasants-sold & exported. Landlords undermined medieval privileges & urban class power-population decline

key effects of Price Revolution

1. Inflation caused in an increase in the price of consumer goods 2. Food shortages for the poor 3. European rural workers delayed marriage and childbearing slowing population growth

Main components of Mercantilism

1. Inspect the country's soil with the greatest care. Each plant shall be experimented with 2. All commodities found in a country (not in their natural state), should be worked up within the country 3. Attention should be given to the population 4. Gold & silver once in the industry from foreign countries must always remain in circulation 5. The inhabitants of the country should make every effort to get along with their domestic products, to confine their luxury to these alone, & to do without foreign products as much as possible 6. Purchases should be obtained from foreigners at first hand in exchange for domestic wares 7. Foreign commodities should be imported in unfinished form & worked up within the country 8. Opportunities should be sought night & day for selling the country's superfluous goods to foreigners in manufactured form 9. No importance should be allowed under any circumstances of commodities of which there is a sufficient supply of suitable quality at home

Building the Russian Empire

1. Ivan IV ascended to throne at 3. At 16, he pushed aside advisers & crowned himself tsar. Began persecution campaign against those he suspected opposed him. Executed members of leading boyar families-created new service nobility to replace them 2. Landlords demanded more from serfs, so they fled east & south-joined Cossacks. Ivan responded by tying more to land & increased tax. Reign successful in beating Mongol remnants. Gained Kazan & Astrakhan-brought fertile steppe area under Russian control 3. Russia entered "Time of Troubles" after Ivan died. Cossacks rebelled but crushed by nobility. Michael Romanov to throne. Romanov tsars gained land west in Ukraine. Completed Siberian conquest. Russian power to Okhotsk Sea. Russian wealth basis=furs 4. State power growth didn't improve common people lot. 1649-new law code extended serfdom to all peasants in realm. Lords had unrestricted rights. Moscow=strict control over serfs. Peace disrupted in 1670 by failed rebellion led by Cossack Stenka Razin

Charles II (1660-1685)

1. Key Developments: Get along with Parliament, reopens society, Dutch wars 2. "Restless he rolls from ***** to *****"

James II (1685-1688)

1. Key Developments: Open door to Catholics, breaks Test Act, tries absolutist moves 2. Abdicated

Glorious Revolution (1688)

1. Key Developments: Parliament forces James II out - gives thrown to William and Mary - Parliament is sovereign 2. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

William III (of Orange) and Mary II (Stuart) (1689-1702)

1. Key Developments: Sign off Bill of Rights - rise of ministers 2. John Locke publishes Two Treatises on Government

Puritan Protectorate

1. Kingship ended. Hobbes pessimistic of human nature-only solution was social contract where society placed under absolute sovereign rule. Hobbes longing for benevolent absolute monarchy not shared in England. 2. Cromwell rule-form of dictatorship. Cromwell dismissed Parliament-1655. Continued standing army & quasi-martial law. State forbade sports, plays, censored press. He accepted all Christians except Roman Catholics. Atrocities worse after departure-England banned Irish Catholocism. 3. Cromwell enforced Navigation Act. Mercantilist legislation boosted English commerce, bad for ordinary people. Welcomed back immigration of Jews. Protectate collapsed when Cromwell died. English wanted return to civilian monarchy

Lives of Rural Textile Workers

1. Linen, woolen, & cloth products of putting-out system. Weavers loom changed when John Kay invented flying shuttle. All family members helped in work. Loom operating was man's job, reserved for male head of family. Women & children=auxiliary tasks-warp threads & weft threads 2. 4 or 5 spinners needed to keep 1 weaver steadily employed. Since families couldn't make enough thread, merchants hired daughters & wives of agr. workers who spun in spare time. Constant disputes between workers & employers over weight of materials & work quality. 3. Men earned decent wages through arduous labor; women wages much lower. Illness or unemployment period=disaster for her & possible children. Employee gricultural priorities=less attention to thread. No work=assumed happy with payment & no motivation 4. Merchants maintained lowest possible wages to force lazy poor to work. New police powers over workers; imprisonment & whipping common punishments for stealing

The French Economic Policy of Mercantilism

1. Louis controller general, Jean-Baptiste Colbert was financial genius. Believed wealth and economy of France should serve state. 1665-1683=mercantillist policies. Policies derived from idea that nation's international power is based on wealth. More goods sold=more $ 2. To increase exports, Colbert supported old industries & created new ones. Focused on textiles. Enacted new production regulations, encouraged foreigners to immigrate to France. Abolished or raised tariffs on foreign products. Founded Company of East Indies 3. Colbert hoped to make Canada part of French empire. Jacques Marquette sailed down Mississippi to river mouth & named area "Louisiana" for Louis. Louis pursued goals without tax increase during Colbert's tenure. Death=undoing of economic achievements

Louis XIV's Wars

1. Louis kept Fra. at war for 33/44 yrs of rule in pursuit of dynasty glory. France acquired huge professional army employed by state. Goal to expand to "natural borders" & win glory for Bourbon Dynasty. 1660-80=success. 80s & 90s=fail; used resources to the limit. 2. Louis' finale=War of Spain Succession. Due to his unwillingness to abide old agreements to divide Spain possessions between France & HRE upon Charles II's death. English, Dutch, Austrians, & Prussians made Grand Alliance preventing Bourbon expansion 3. War dragged on until 1713 when Peace of Utrecht ended war. France surrendered Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, & Hudson Bay territory to England. Wars gave France rights to all of Alsace & some commercial centers in north but it hovered on brink of bankruptcy

Life at Versailles

1. Louis moved court & government to the Palace. Required nobles to spend at least part of year in attendance so he could view activities. Formed set of etiquette rituals to mark moments in days. King controlled most aspects & patronage system flowed to provinces 2. Women played central role in patronage system. Recommended individuals for honors, advocated policy decisions, & brokered alliances between factions. Louis enthusiastic patron of arts, commissioning many. Interested in acting. Précieuses = elite women force 3. French culture spread internationally. Became language of society & international diplomacy. Royal courts across Europe spoke it. Replaced native countries' languages.

Putting Out System

1. Main participants in system=merchant capitalist & rural worker. Merchant loaned raw materials to workers, who made them into finished goods & returned to merchant. Industries grew in scale & complexity=broken into stages. Merchant paid outworkers by piece & sold finished product 2. Underemployed labor abundant; poor peasants worked for low wages. Workers changed procedures & experiments as they saw fit. Industry capable of producing many goods; textiles. Manufacturing most successful in England; them & most other countries more rural than urban

Nobody Was Happy! (30 yrs war)

1. Many Protestants felt betrayed. 2. The pope denounced it. 3. Only merit - it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable! 4. For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Mercantilism and Colonial Competition

1. Mercantilism system of econ. regulations to increase state power-goal to create favorable balance of trade to increase country gold stock. Charles II monarchy renewed Navigation Acts-1660. Laws gave British merchants virtual monopoly on Brit trade. Econ. regulation=no foreign competition 2. Navigation Act warfare targeted Dutch-damaged shipping & commerce. British seized New Amsterdam-1664->New York. France clearly England's most serious rival in overseas trade competition-rich in natural resources, much larger population, & allies with Spain; war followed 3. War of Spain Succession-upset continental balance of power, Louis XIV forced to cede N. American colonies & W. Africa slave trade to Britain. War of Austrian Succession became world war-no change with N. American territory. Britian monopolized vast trading & colonial empire

Mongol Rule in Russia and the Rise of Moscow

1. Mongols est. empire stretching from Korea to east Europe. Ivan III successfully expanded Moscow principality to Baltic & Urals. Ivan III strong enough to declare autonomy of Moscow in 1480. Borrowed Mongol elements. Boyars aided muscovite princes get power 2. Moscow claimed political & religious legacy of Byzantine Empire. Ivan III's marriage to daughter of last Byzantine emperor enhanced Moscow's assertion of imperial authority

Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century

1. Netherland provinces won Spain independence-Recognized: 1648. "Golden age" where Dutch ideas & attitudes shaped worldview. Est. republic. Regents handled domestic affairs. Provincial estates held power. States General-handled foreign affairs & war. 2. Provinces appointed stadholder-carried out ceremony & military defense responsibilities. House of Orange dominated system. Dutch=herring fishing into shipbuilding. Lowest shipping rate & largest marine-undersold foreign competitors. 3. Jews enjoyed level of acceptance & assimilation in business & general culture. Anti-Catholic laws partly enforced-1700s. Dutch republic toleration=Huguenot increase

Ottoman Empire

1. Ottomans came out of central Asia, settled in Anatolia. Possession stretched from western Persia across North Africa & heart of west Europe. Agriculture land personal property of sultans. Peasants paid taxes to use land. No hereditary nobility. 2. Top 5 ranks of bureaucracy staffed by sultan's slave corps. Less lucky formed janissary corps-1683: became volunteer army open to Christians & Muslims. Millets recognized Christians, Jews, & Muslims-powerful bond for Ottoman ruling class & religious leaders 3. Sultans marry high social standing women, kept low rank concubines. Sultans had 1 child only with concubines preventing elite families. Suleiman undid policies by having 2+ children with concubine. Exclusive authority waned to more bureaucratic administration. 4. Suffered crises in 1600-1700. New sultan rookies & revolts. Finances worse, prices rose, & population shrunk. Failed to advance military. Never returned to Suleiman era success.

Constitutional Monarchy

1. Parliament-made laws, once made, couldn't be suspended by Crown. Catholics couldn't possess arms, inherit throne, or worship freedom. Locke's 2 Treatises of Government-government overstepping proper function=tyranny. People could rebel. 2. Events of 1688-1689 did not constitute democratic revolution. Revolution=sovereignty in Parliament-Parliament represented upper classes

Reforms of Peter the Great

1. Peter built on service obligations of Ivan. Conquered Azov near Black Sea & built Russia's 1st navy base. Failed to secure anti-Ottoman alliance but learned lesson from Dutch & English power. Helped build navy & improve Russian infrastructure 2. Peter allied with Denmark & Poland to wage war of aggression against Sweden to gain access to Baltic. Charles turned on Russia & routed their army. Responded by increasing state power, strengthening military forces, & gaining victory. Army more powerful. 3. Established army of 200,000 peasant-soldiers drafted for life. Army funded by increased peasant taxes & serfs working in military factories & mines. 1709-army crushed Swedes at Poltova-cost high. Estonia & Latvia under Russian rule. Russia great European power 4. 25,000-40,000 peasants to St. Petersburg for building labor-no pay. Deaths. Peter ordered nobles, merchants, & artisans build palaces & live there. Encouraged spread of western culture, technlogy, & urban planning. New western-ortiented Russians emerged 5. Reforms unpopular with many. Nobles dealt with imposition of unigeniture. Peasants-increase in serfdom bonds, gulf between educated nobility increased

Long Standing Obstacles to Population Growth (and how overcome)

1. Pre 1700 Euro population grew slowly. Black death caused sharp drop in population & food prices after 1350. Labor shortages. Second population surge outstripped agr. production growth. Less food per person, food prices rose more rapidly than wages=widespread poverty 2. Pop. growth slowed & stopped in 17th century. Normal yr=0.5-1% increase. France=<5% per yr. Even seemingly small pop. gain=very large increase over long period-didn't occur in agrarian Europe. Tragic periods=more dead than born=pop. decline; Occured periodically in 17th century 3. Pop. crisis due to famine, disease, & war. Famine due to low crop yields & unpredictable climate. Disease=plague. War because soldiers spread disease to countryside & disrupted agr. cycle

Stable system of government

1. Quasi-independence from Spain temporarily reduced outside influence 2. Representative government allowed for internal stability 3. Involvement in 30 Yrs War led to formal independence with Treaty of Westphalia (1648),

Anne (1702-1714)

1. Queen during the War of Spanish Succession 2. Childless 3. END OF STUART DYNASTY

Restoration of English Monarchy

1. Restoration brought throne to Charles II. Both parliament houses restored & Anglican church. Parliament enacted Test Act (1673). Restrictions not enforced-William Penn arrested & jury refused to convict him 2. Charles II determination to work with Parliament didn't last long. Details of Louis XIV treaty leaked=Anti-Catholic sentiment wave over England. Charles died & James II became king 3. Powerful coalition of eminent Parliament people & Church of England offered throne to to Mary & Prince William-crowned king & queen in 1689. Victory at Battle of the Boyne & Treaty of Limerick sealed William's accession to power.

Industrious Revolution

1. Social & economic change took place in Northwest Europe; late 17-early 18th century. Redirected women labor toward wage work. Harder work=households purchasing more goods. Effects of changes debated. Finished goods available @ low prices=cash income for consumer economy 2. Women worked @ tedious jobs for low wages. However, low wages=women exercising independence in marriage & household choices. New sources & patterns of labor created households where everyone worked for wages. 19th-century-male breadwinner model

Characteristics of Absolutism

1. Sovereignty 2. Control of Nobles 3. Control of Church 4. Large Standing Armies 5. Secret Police

Characteristics of the Thirty Years War

1. The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. 2. At the beginning 🡪 it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. 3. At the end 🡪 it was Habsburg power that was threatened. 4. Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

1. The brutal practice intensified after 1700 with growth of & demand for slave-produced goods. 6.5 million slaves across Atlantic; 1700-1800. Rise of plantation agr. responsible for growth. Portuguese Brazil plantations-45% of slaves, also 45% to Carribean colonies. America-3% 2. European captains cut back on fighting among themselves & focused on commerce. Shore method trading. Some African merchants profited from greater slave demand-access to colonial goods, firearms. Negative consequences dominated; wars increased, population declined 3. As horrific details became known abolition campaign grew into mass movement of public opinion-1780. 1807-Parliament abolished British slave trade

Political and military purposes served by mercantilism

1. The population should be as large as the country can support 2. Neither sympathy nor compassion should be shown to foreigners, be they friends, kinsfolk, allies, or enemies 3. Frequent military conflicts between nation-states whose governments supported strong military forces

Religious toleration

1. Toleration granted to other religions minimized strife seen around rest of continent during time 2. Less attention dedicated to resolving disputes allowed for more attention & resources to be spent on expanding economic interests

Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century

1. Weak France couldn't dare compete with Spanish Empire or army, but positions reversed by century end. Discovery of silver produced great wealth for Spain, but hid inherent weaknesses. Overstretched empire. Trade, industry, & finance did not develop. 2. New World colony trade fell 60%. Disease killed SA slave workers. Silver mines ran dry; metal #'s reduced. Madrid war expenses & imperial rule exceeded income. Empire kingdoms couldn't shoulder defense $. Collapse of national credit & steep inflation 3. Spanish acristocrats increased estate rents. Heavy taxes drove peasants away. Wages & production stagnate. Ignored scientific methods. Situation worse with internal rebellion & 30 Yrs War defeats. 1688: Spain recognized independence of Portugal; last straw.

The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism

1. William eliminated last traces of parliamentary estates & local self government. Strongly attached to military life. King & his ministers built exceptionally efficient bureaucracy to administer country & foster economic growth. 4th largest & best army in Europe 2. Army expansion achieved via forced conscription. In 1733 he ordered all Prussian men undergo military training & serve as reservists in army; included junkers & peasants. Prussian civil society became rigid & highly disciplined

What was Price Revolution?

A rise in the price of good between 1500-1650

What were key continuities amidst the commercial revolution

A) Seasons (Seasonal Pattern of Life): Most Europeans still derived their livelihood from agriculture and oriented their lives around the seasons, the village, or the manor B) Subsistence Agriculture (for most - especially Eastern Europe): Rule in most areas, with three-crop field rotation in the north and two-crop rotation in the south C) Serfdom in Eastern Europe: Codified and nobles continued to dominate economic life on large estates

Creation of Consumer Economy

As more food became produced the price of it tended to decrease. As people began to spend less of their income on food, they had more disposable income to spend on other things which creates the need for more products.

Benefits and Downside of Cottage Industry

Benefits were that entrepreneurs were able to go about, create a business, and make some pretty good money by simply moving product around. Farm and cottage people benefitted because standard of living improved due to the cash made though work they're doing for the entrepreneur allows them to go to market and buy goods they otherwise wouldn't have. Downsides included competition in countryside over quality of goods, weights and measures and sizes of things, who gets contract with entrepeneur, etc. Entrepreneurs also start to realize over course of time that this is a very inefficient way of doing things. Increased time on road = increased risk of losing product, transporting all the time = miserable life.

Thirty Years War Phases

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French

New Crops (Features of Agricultural Revolution)

Came from new world. Potatoes, tomatoes, corn, etc. became huge staple crops. Potatoes easy to grow and abundant, can be eaten all the time in lots of different ways = sustained populations. New crops changed face of agriculture so that different fields could be planted with different crops = different foods available to support lots more people = increased population

Financial Revolution

Changes in overseas trade & rural industry, combined with militaristic ambitions of European rulers, helped bring crucial changes in economic life. Financial speculation emerged enabled by creation of stock exchanges in Amsterdam, London, etc. England & France terrible financial crisis

New Technologies (Features of Agricultural Revolution)

Charles Townsend saw use of certain crops to replenish the soil. Took idea to England - if you put nutrient enriching crops on the soil you wouldn't have to leave those fields fallow. Also introduced using manure as fertilizer. Jehro Tull invented seed drill - mechanized machine to plant rows of crops, planted seeds in rows, at specific depths, and at specific distances from each other = better yields

Cottage Industry: what was it? What were key aspects.

Cottage industry was where entrepreneurs who wanted to get into industry decided that, not being part of a guild, they weren't allowed to make a product and sell it so they had the idea of having other people make the products. Key aspects were wool cloth industry: entrepreneur brought wool to families and families spent evenings and winter spinning the wool into thread. Then, entpreneurer came to house, get the thread, give families new wool and monetary compensation. Took thread from one family and gave it to another family who would weave it into cloth. Would then give them thread to make more cloth and take the finalized cloth to sell it at market

Large Standing Armies (Characteristics of Absolutism)

Creates security in a state and shows the power of the absolute monarch to wage war against political enemies

What factors contributed to the Price Revolution? What was impact on different classes?

Factors included the mounting cost of war throughout Europe, a rising supply of precious metals, the demographic expansion of the European population beyond pre-14th-century plague levels without proportionate gains in agriculture technology, the emergence of centralized governments with strong tax-raising powers and the difficulties of peasant agriculture, land exhaustion, and the Little Ice Age. Increased hardship experience caused famines, especially for peasants: little money to buy grain. French got it badly. Hundreds of deaths per day, only dying got bread scraps. Herds of people seen munching on roots, chopped straw mixed with dirt, and dead animals. Epidemics often followed by migration of peoples. Italy lost large amounts of population in the past. Wars took toll on civilians; 30% of HRE died via 30 yrs war

Prussia in the Seventeenth Century

Frederick William determined to unify Brandenburg, Prussia, & scattered territory along Rhine. William persuaded junkers to accept taxation without consent to fund army. Prussian cities gone from estates, tripled state revenue, & expanded army drastically

Government finance (30 yrs war)

Government relies on finance debt, taxes, conquest forced provision. Spanish silver

Guild System - what was it? What were limits/restrictions

Guild system was where people who worked in a certain industry would set up requirements for people to be able to move into that industry. Limits/restrictions were that guild would set prices, quality restrictions, regulate what came in and what came out, how much was being produced, etc. Barrier for entry into business world

What was the state of agriculture before 1700?

Hadn't changed a whole lot since the Middle Ages - same technology, same methods, open field system, and they experienced same problems as they had for a long time. Characterized by relatively small farms and open lands that were communally farmed by people within a village. 80% of European population lived off agriculture.

What circumstances would make it easier to have a successful mercantilist policy?

Healthy farmland. Good builders. Large, Honest, brave, persistent, flexible, individualistic & obedient population. Readily observant surroundings. Strict officials.

Theorists of absolutism

Hobbes - Leviathan: State of Nature & Need for Strong Ruler and Bishop Bossuet & Divine Right of Kings

Agr. Rev. impact on women

Negatively impacted by changes in agr. production-traditional income sources (raising animals) began to go away. Women moved into cities but not always able to find work; prostitution as economic survival

Enclosure: what are key effects, winners and losers

Increase in the productivity of the land (because of scientific farming and innovations). Change in the size of cattle and sheep (larger herds will now be on these enclosed farms). Peasants and poor=losers. Protests broke out but to no avail. Poor began migrating to the cities due to loss of jobs. Large landowners=winners. Status and wealth much-improved

Enclosure Movement - inc. Corn Laws (Features of Agricultural Revolution)

Initial cause was to start raising sheep for wool to make fabrics. Parliament passed Corn Laws in order to help bolster the prices of crops inside of England - very controversial; high tariffs on imported grain and thus help out industry inside of England but drives up prices of food inside of England, so poor people starved even more

Other Innovation in Agriculture

Inventors like Jethro Tull developed the seed drill to improve upon farming techniques

What was the Little Ice Age and how did it contribute to the hardship of the lower classes?

It was the period during the 16th and 17th centuries when the overall world temperature dropped 2.7 degrees. Contributed to hardship by having disastrous impact on crop yields across the world. Devastating drought conditions in Asia, excessive precipitation in Europe - reduction of productive growing season by 3 or 4 weeks in most countries, and glacier expansion in Switzerland and Austria.

James I (1603-1625)

Key Developments: Believe in divine right - hates on Parliament - wants no constraints on taxes and on religion - limits on Puritans - upset Parliament and Puritans

Interregnum a.k.a. Protectorate (1649-1660)

Key Developments: Parliamentary supremacy - win the war - Cromwell leader as dictator - head of the New Model Army - beheads army

Charles I (1625-1649)

Key Developments: taxed without consent - faced Scottish rebellion over Anglican Church authority - needed money - Parliament pushes back - Charles try disband each state but each side gets army

Bishop Bossuet & Divine Right of Kings - main idea?

Kings have only God to answer to. They don't answer to the people, the nobles, or anybody

What countries were leaders of Agr. Rev.? What did they do?

Leaders of Agr. Rev. = England and Netherlands. They came forth and used the ideas of the Scientific Revolution and applied them to agriculture.

Population

Led to explosion in population due to more food available, more reliable sources of food, and varieties of food

Status of Women and Family

Losers because scientific approach to farming caused role of women to devolve into a more domestic role, especially as people moved to the cities. Women who moved to cities did domestic work; taking care of children, wealthy, working in mills, and even off of prostitution

What accounted for Dutch prosperity?

Lowest shipping rates & largest merchant marine in Europe, global trade & commerce, high salaries, all classes of society ate well, experiencing very few of the food riots that characterized the rest of Europe, and religious toleration

Control of Church (Characteristics of Absolutism)

Made the monarch even more absolute and allowed the message of the church to back up the message of the monarch

Represent the overall class structure of Europe in 1500s from top to bottom in the form of a social hierarchy or pyramid below. Note any major difference between Eastern and Western Europe.

Monarch, clergy, nobles (prosperous mercantile families), peasants and artisans. Independent farmers were pyramid leaders in western Europe, followed by small landowners and tenant farmers, villagers at bottom. Vast majority of peasants toiled as serfs for noble landowners and did not own own land. In western Eurpope all land belonged to the sultan.

How did Agricultural Revolution transform urban areas?

More food, so needed fewer workers, and unemployed people fled to cities for jobs. Increased migration of peasants led to growth of cities & abundant source of labor. Initial migration from rural towns caused emergence of new cities

Problems in Cities

Most parts were not desirable areas to live in. Crime, prostitution, and poverty were common themes found in urban areas

Oliver Cromwell - ____________ ___

Navigation Act

Did warfare change (30 yrs war)

New tech. Religious decrease. Armies got smaller

How did absolutism build on New Monarchies?

Next step in the process where rulers in these countries who were successful at creating creating absolutist empires were going to take complete and utter control under one person so that the monarch is the absolute authority in the state, anwering only to God.

Hobbes - Leviathan: State of Nature & Need for Strong Ruler: - main idea?

People who are left uncontrolled live in what was called a state of nature (life was nasty, brutish, and short; people fought all the time)

What two urban-based groups were increasingly joining the ranks of the landed nobility in the upper & middle classes over the 1400s and 1500s?

Peasants and artisans

"The Commons" what were they and why important to lower classes

Pieces of land where everyone was allowed to let their animals graze on it, people planted on it, and no one per se owned it. Important to lower classes because it allowed them to pick up scraps of food and resources to then use in their homes after initial wheat had been harvested.

Points/reasons for Dutch decline

Political disunity meant higher likelihood of English foreign influence. Dutch lands became a theater for war (vs French), overwhelmed, and flooded; ruining their commerce

Economic and social effect (30 yrs war)

Population decline/Germany decimated/Not unified

Lifestyle Changes in Rural and Urban Areas

Radically changed in countryside - scientific rise of agriculture got rid of communal lands that formed basis of community in these small villages. Depopulation in countryside as people moved out and headed for cities. City population boost caused overcrowdedness - sewage, sanitation, housings problems, etc.

How were the Netherlands different than the rest of Europe?

Rejected the rule of a monarch & instead est. a republic. Broken into 7 provinces-oligarchy of wealthy businessmen handled domestic affairs in each provinces assembly

What are the foreign policy decisions such economic policies would require?

Requiring people to take good care of agricultural land. Enforcing laws. Posting tariffs. Kicking out those who didn't get along with domestic products. Enforcing fines for disobeyment. Trade & militaristic decisions

English Civil War (1641-1651) - Cavaliers vs. __________ (Puritans)

Roundheads

Control of Nobles (Characteristics of Absolutism)

Rulers have to bring the nobility completely under control so that the nobility doesn't have any say in politics and is really subservient to the ruler themselves

What were conditions that allowed the Dutch republic to thrive in 1500s and 1600s?

Stable system of government, Religious toleration, & economic cooperation between state and private enterprise

What were the causes of Dutch decline?

Tensions between supporters of the House of Orange & those of the staunchly republican Estates (suspected princes of Orange harbored monarchial ambitions)

Enclosure Movement: what was it and what were effects

The consolidating of common land or open field into "enclosed" or fenced land owned by a few landholders. Effects - laws that allow landlords or gentry or large land owners to begin putting up fences and enclosing the common land.

How is absolutism defined?

The belief that a monarch/ruler has absolute power, accompanied by the "divine right of kings"

Scientific Farming: what was it and what were effects

The purpose use of (1) nitrogen-restoring crops such as turnips and clover, (2) manure, and (3) crop rotation to restore nutrients to the soil to allow for greater productivity and yields. Effects - improved farming techniques

Why was absolutism weaker in the east generally?

They found it much harder to lower the power of the nobility because they can't consolidate the power at the center as efficiently

What was traditional open field system? What was shortcomings?

Traditional open field system is where crops used a lot of the nutrients in the soil and so after a couple of year, part of the fields had to be left untilled in order to replenish the soil with the nutrients it needed to get more crops in future years. Shortcomings were that ½ to a ⅓ of the land was completely not being used at any given time

Sovereignty (Characteristics of Absolutism)

embodied in the person of the ruler itself

Secret Police (Characteristics of Absolutism)

employed to go and infiltrate the population and find out who's actually subverting the monarchy and dispensing with them

Agr. Rev. labor force

large availability of it within cities

Features of Agricultural Revolution

new technologies, new crops, enclosure movement

Four main impacts on agr. rev.

population, lifestyle changes in rural and urban areas, status of women and family, creation of consumer economy