UNLV BIOL 224 Final Exam

Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6): 1. intestinal phase 4. prepares stomach for arrival of food 2. gastric phase 5. stomach empties and decreases secretions 3. cephalic phase 6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme

1 and 5; 2 and 6; 3 and 4

Adult humans normally have ________ secondary teeth.

32

In what order would excitation move through the conducting system of the heart? 1. Purkinje fibers 4. SA node 2. AV bundle 5. bundle branches 3. AV node

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99%

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

ADH

During ventricular systole, the

AV valves are closed

Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?

Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Which region of the nephron facilitates only water reabsorption?

thin descending limb of the nephron loop

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

thrombin

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine

Urine is eliminated through the

urethra

The ________ is a capillary bed which carries blood in the opposite direction as the flow of the tubular fluid in the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

vasa recta

The amount of blood returning to the heart is the

venous return

The T wave on an ECG tracing represents

ventricular repolarization

The most abundant component of plasma is

water

True or False glomerular hydrostatic pressure ranges from 35 to 18 mmHg

False it is 50 mmHg

True or False glycerol cannot be utilized to make ATP

False, glycerol can be used

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for further processing and elimination.

High density lipoproteins

Which type of nephron allows the kidneys to produce concentrated urine?

Juxtamedullary

Which type of tissue has a high glucose demand and does not maintain intracellular nutrient reserves?

Neural tissue

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

Stroke volume

The following statements are true about the pancreas

The pancreas is tucked into the curvature of the small intestine, underneath the stomach. The pancreas affect's the functions of the liver. The pancreas produces enzymes for breakdown of foods. The main hormonal function of the pancreas is control of blood sugar.

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

Zona reticularis

The greater omentum is

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator.

What is the accurate path of blood flow in a glomerulus?

afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces

androgens

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to

calcium channels remaining open

The end products of aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is

cholecystokinin

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

Which event occurs during ventricular systole?

closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

coagulation would be prevented

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus

contain veins. contain fat. contain arteries. are grooves on the surface of the heart.

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.

coronary arteries

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost by the kidneys

If the force of ventricular contraction increases, what will happen to the end-systolic volume?

decreases

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

depolarization of the atria

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called

diastole

The process of fibrinolysis

dissolves clots

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule.

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

electron transport system

The study of the flow of energy and its transformations is called

energetics

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following

enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. stimulate osteoclast activity. inhibit osteoblast activity. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.

The ________ covers the outer surface of the heart.

epicardium

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

The process of red blood cell production is calle

erythropoiesis

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

Lipogenesis in humans cannot produce linoleic acid and linolenic acid. These nutrients must be obtained from dietary sources and are therefore good examples of ____________________.

essential fatty acids.

Glucose and amino acids can be absorbed from the digestive tract and a renal tubule by the process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

facilitated diffusion

Blockage of the common hepatic duct by a gallstone would interfere with digestion of

fats.

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

The portion of the stomach that extends superior to the lower esophageal sphincter is the

fundus

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect

gating of ion channels. activities of enzymes. synthesis of enzymes. quantities of enzymes.

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output

heart rate. sympathetic stimulation. force of contraction. venous return.

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

increase in blood glucose

Circular folds and intestinal villi

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

The intestinal villi are most developed in the

jejunum

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

Products of fat digestion are initially absorbed into

lacteals

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

The taenia coli are

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall.

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called

low-density lipoproteins.

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

mass movements

The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the visceral organs are called

mesenteries

All of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

metabolism

Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts in the lumen of the jejunum are called

micelles.

The citric acid cycle occurs in the

mitochondrial matrix

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

Describe the structure of a nephron?

nephron = renal corpuscle + renal tubule

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s).

one

The following are the formed elements of blood?

platelets RBCs basophils lymphocytes

The enzyme amylase digests

polysaccharides.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pylorus.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

The urinary system does all of the following

regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes. stabilizing blood pH. eliminating organic waste products. regulating blood volume.

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

Where does filtration occur in a nephron?

renal corpuscle

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

The stomach is able to distend a great deal as it receives food because of the presence of

rugae

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice is

secretin

Each of the following is a function of the liver

storage of glycogen and iron reserves. inactivation of toxins. synthesis and secretion of bile. synthesis of plasma proteins.

Functions of the stomach include all of the following

storage of ingested food, initiates chemical digestion of proteins, mechanical processing of food, denaturation of proteins.

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the

stroke volume

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.

target