uno

Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding -s.

Cuaderno > cuadernos

Nouns ending in -e don't follow any rule and their gender needs to be memorized.

El café Una clase

Some common nouns are irregular and don't follow the rules. The gender of these nouns need to be memorized.

El día Una mano

Nouns ending in -ante and -ista, the same form is used for both masculine and feminine. The definite or indefinite article, as well as the context, will clarify the gender of the person described.

El estudiante/ la estudiante Un francé/ una francesa

2. Nouns ending in -I, -n, -r, and -s are usually masculine.

El fin Un papel El amor Un mes

Ser is used with adjectives to describe the characteristics and qualities of people and things.

El profesor es inteligente y muy paciente. The professor is intelligent and very patient. Las clases de español son interesantes. The spanish classes are interesting

Usually, when a masculine noun ends in a consonant, the feminine is formed by adding an -a after the final consonant.

El profesor/ la profesora Un francés/ una francesa

Masculine and feminine subject pronouns -Use the feminine pronouns when referring to a female subject or an all-female group of subjects. The masculine pronouns are used the rest of the time, for example, when referring to all male or mixed groups of male and female subjects.

Ella es elegante - She is elegant Nosotras somos de Miami - We (all females) are from Miami Ellos son pacientes - They (all male or a mixed group) are patient

Él es Ella es

He is She is

The form the plural of nouns ending in -z, change the -z to -c and add -es.

Lápiz > lápices

Nouns that end in any consonant except -z add -es to the plural form

Mujer > mujeres

Nota comunicativa: Basic negation, insert the word no before the verb to make it negative.

No soy de los Estados Unidos - I'm not from United States No somos de aquí - We're not from here

Ellos son Ellas son

They are

Formal and informal you subject pronouns - Singular pronouns: In Spanish there are both formal and informal subject pronouns, the use of which depends on a variety of social and geographical factors. In general, you will use the informal tú form when speaking to people with whom you have a familiar relationship, and formal ud. with people whom your relationship is more distant. - Plural pronouns: in most Spanish-speaking countries, uds. Is used when addressing any group of people. In Spain, vos. is used to address groups of familiar people, while uds. is reserved for addressing groups of people with whom your relationship is distant.

Tú eres optimista You (close relationship) are optimistic Ud. es optimista You (distant relationship) are optimistic

Nosotros somos Nosotras somos

We are

I am

Yo soy

Omitting subject pronouns -Subject pronouns in Spanish can usually be omitted, except when used to avoid confusion, add emphasis, or create contrast.

Yo soy de california I'm from california. ¿De dónde eres tú? Where are you from?

Vosotros sois Vosotras sois

You are (fam. spain)

Tú eres

You are (fam.)

Ustedes (uds.*) son

You are (form)

Usted (ud*.) es

You are (form.)

For nouns ending in -o, the feminine is formed by changing the -o to -a.

el compañero de clase - la compañera de clase Un amigo - Una amiga

Most nouns that end in -o or that refer to male beings are masculine.

el cuaderno un hombre

3. Many nouns ending in -ma, -pa, or -ta are masculine, even though they end in -a.

el problema un mapa un cometa

2. In addition, nouns ending in -ión and -d are usually feminine.

la acción una universidad

1. Most nouns that end in -a or that refer to female beings are feminine.

la mesa una mujer

Use ser with the preposition de to express origin. - Please note that, when de is followed by the definite article el, the two words are combined to form the contraction del.

¿De donde son uds.? Where are you from? Somos de Nueva York. We're from New York.