UNT A&P 2302 Chapter 26 Review
This is the hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels
aldosterone
Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? A) an infant B) a healthy young male C) a healthy young female D) an older obese person
A) an infant
The most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the __________ buffer system. A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) hemoglobin D) protein
A) bicarbonate
The major source of water loss from the body is __________. A) sweat B) insensible respiratory loss C) urine D) insensible skin loss E) feces
C) urine
This is a condition that results from water intoxication
hyponatremia
This is when low ECF Na+
hyponatremia
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. A) a rise in plasma osmolality B) stimulation of the baroreceptors C) an increase in potassium levels in the ICF D) an increase in ECF water concentration E) inhibition of the osmoreceptors
A) a rise in plasma osmolality
Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? A) adipose tissue B) nervous tissue C) bone D) muscle tissue
A) adipose tissue
What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions? A) electrolytes B) glucose C) nonelectrolytes D) water
A) electrolytes
Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? A) hypotonic hydration B) edema C) hypoproteinemia D) dehydration
A) hypotonic hydration
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. A) insensible water loss B) water intake C) water of oxidation D) metabolic water
A) insensible water loss
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. A) salts B) carbohydrates C) lipids D) proteins
A) salts
A blood pH < 7.35 indicates acidosis, but it does NOT tell you the cause. A) true B) false
A) true
An important means of regulating Na+ and H2O balance in the body is through secretion of aldosterone. A) true B) false
A) true
Chloride balance is directly tied to sodium balance. A) true B) false
A) true
Edema is caused by increased movement of fluid from the plasma into the interstitial fluids. A) true B) false
A) true
Hemoglobin is an important protein buffer that absorbs hydrogen ions released from carbonic acid as oxygen is unloaded in tissue capillaries. A) true B) false
A) true
Hyperventilation causes the pH to elevate. A) true B) false
A) true
Proteins are the most abundant buffers in the body. A) true B) false
A) true
Water accounts for about half of an adult's body weight. A) true B) false
A) true
When water intake equals water output, water balance is achieved. A) true B) false
A) true
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. A) Fe2+ B) Na+ C) Mg2+ D) Ca2+ E) K+
B) Na+
When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes __________. A) increased renin secretion B) decreased sodium and water reabsorption C) increased antidiuretic-hormone secretion D) vasoconstriction
B) decreased sodium and water reabsorption
Abnormally high levels of CO2 in the blood would result in respiratory alkalosis. A) true B) false
B) false
Aldosterone directly causes facultative K+ reabsorption at the kidney. A) true B) false
B) false
Insensible water loss occurs through urination. A) true B) false
B) false
Metabolic acidosis may be caused by vomiting and excessive aldosterone secretion. A) true B) false
B) false
Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. A) true B) false
B) false
Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. A) true B) false
B) false
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones. A) true B) false
B) false
The alkaline reserve represents the available proteins for buffering. A) true B) false
B) false
The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. A) true B) false
B) false
The most important source of acids in the body is ingestion of acidic foods such as oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits. A) true B) false
B) false
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________. A) increased angiotensin II secretion B) hypotonic extracellular fluid C) a decline in blood volume D) decreased saliva production
B) hypotonic extracellular fluid
Which condition would cause a drop in pH? A) hypokalemia B) hypoventilation C) hyperventilation D) hyperatremia
B) hypoventilation
Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues? A) growing children B) infants C) the elderly D) young adults
B) infants
The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the __________. A) lungs B) kidney C) sweat glands D) liver E) spleen
B) kidney
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion. A) kidneys; increase B) kidneys; decrease C) intestines; decrease D) intestines; increase
B) kidneys; decrease
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________ buffer system. A) chloride B) protein C) bicarbonate D) sulfate E) phosphate
B) protein
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. A) chloride B) sodium C) magnesium D) potassium E) phosphate F) calcium
B) sodium
Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma? A) the bicarbonate buffer system B) the phosphate buffer system C) respiratory rate D) the protein buffer system
B) the phosphate buffer system
Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte? A) potassium B) sodium C) glucose D) chloride
C) glucose
Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis. A) 6.5 and 7.0 B) 6.5 and 7.35 C) 7.0 and 7.35 D) 7.35 and 7.45
C) 7.0 and 7.35
Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany? A) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the rate of exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. C) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated. D) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the likelihood of acetic acid and choline being formed in the synaptic cleft when a neuron is stimulated to the threshold level.
C) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.
A decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to __________. A) a drop in blood pH B) an increase in carbonic acid C) an increase in blood pH D) an increased respiratory rate
C) an increase in blood pH
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. A) generating Na+ ions B) reabsorbing CO2 C) generating new HCO3- D) reabsorbing H+
C) generating new HCO3-
The role of ADH is to __________. A) produce dilute urine B) lower blood pressure C) increase water reabsorption D) decrease water reabsorption
C) increase water reabsorption
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the __________. A) organelles B) intracellular space C) interstitial space D) plasma
C) interstitial space
Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of __________. A) calcium B) water C) iron D) sodium
C) iron
Most water is excreted via the __________. A) skin B) lungs C) kidneys D) intestines
C) kidneys
Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. A) ten minutes B) half an hour C) one hour D) three hours
C) one hour
Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. A) respiratory alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
The most common cause of acid-base imbalance is __________. A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory acidosis D) respiratory alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
What is the effect of hyperventilation on pH? A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) respiratory acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
Normal arterial blood pH is __________. A) strongly alkaline B) highly acidic C) slightly alkaline D) neutral E) slightly acidic
C) slightly alkaline
Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______. A) increased speed of sodium-potassium pump activity in order to compensate for the reduced concentration of potassium ions B) decreased plasma membrane permeability to potassium ions C) the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential D) a craving for more salt in the diet
C) the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential
What is the major extracellular anion?
Cl-
What is the most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid?
Cl-
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________. A) water intake B) plasma protein levels C) ADH secretion D) Na+ transport
D) Na+ transport
Which hormone raises blood calcium levels? A) aldosterone B) calcitonin C) ADH D) PTH
D) PTH
Which statement about acids is true? A) They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. B) When high in the body, they cause alkalosis. C) Our bodies have few ways to deal with excess amounts of acids. D) Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution. E) Most acid is a result of ingestion with food.
D) Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.
Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. A) rennin B) ADH C) ANP D) aldosterone
D) aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone __________. A) activates osteoblasts B) is released when aldosterone levels climb C) targets the thyroid gland D) enhances release of calcium from bone E) results in a lower blood calcium level
D) enhances release of calcium from bone
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. A) hypokalemia B) Cushing's syndrome C) aldosteronism D) hyponatremia E) hypernatremia
D) hyponatremia
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? A) interstitial fluid B) extracellular fluid C) blood plasma D) intracellular fluid
D) intracellular fluid
The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here? A) water level in the intracellular compartment B) ionic potassium C) water level in the extracellular compartment D) ionic sodium
D) ionic sodium
All of the following would occur if there were an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________. A) release of ADH B) concentrated urine C) thirst D) production of large amounts of urine
D) production of large amounts of urine
Which of the following would increase sodium excretion? A) glucocorticoids B) estrogens C) aldosterone D) progesterone
D) progesterone
Which buffer system is the most abundant in the body? A) phosphate B) hydrogen C) carbonic acid-bicarbonate D) protein
D) protein
Hyperventilation can lead to __________. A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. A) the level of aldosterone in the plasma B) water balance in the body C) the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma D) the concentration of K+ in the ECF
D) the concentration of K+ in the ECF
Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? A) their low surface area to volume ratio B) their low metabolic rate C) their high residual lung volume D) their inefficient kidneys
D) their inefficient kidneys
Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance? A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) ADH C) aldosterone D) thyroxine
D) thyroxine
Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________. A) sweat B) feces C) insensible losses via skin and lungs D) urine
D) urine
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, __________. A) ANP levels increase B) a person experiences increased thirst C) more ADH is released D) osmoreceptors are stimulated E) aldosterone levels increase
E) aldosterone levels increase
Acidosis results in increasing what levels of what ion? A) chloride B) calcium C) phosphorus D) sodium E) hydrogen
E) hydrogen
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? A) bicarbonate B) calcium C) magnesium D) sodium E) potassium
E) potassium
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. A) lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants B) low rate of insensible water loss from skin C) decreased surface area relative to body volume D) high residual volume of infant lungs E) the inefficiency of infant kidneys
E) the inefficiency of infant kidneys
What is the major intracellular anion?
HPO4-
What is the most abundant electrolyte in intracellular fluid?
HPO4-
What is the major intracellular cation?
K+
What is the most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid?
K+
What is the least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid?
Mg2+
What is the major extracellular cation?
Na+
What is the most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid?
Na+
This type of system is when a strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)
bicarbonate buffer system
What is referred to as the alkaline reserve?
bicarbonate ions
This is when water output exceeds intake over a period of time
dehydration
This is an atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling
edema
This is an excess amount of potassium in the ECF
hyperkalemia
Vitamin D deficiency may cause this
hypocalcemia
This happens when the ECF osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration
hypotonic hydration
What has the following symptoms: severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion
metabolic acidosis
What has the following symptoms: vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone
metabolic alkalosis
This type of system is when a strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)
phosphate buffer system
What uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base?
phosphate buffer system
This type of system is when strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (—NH2 group)
protein buffer system
What is the most common buffer system in cells?
protein buffer system
What has the following symptoms: any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem
respiratory acidosis
What has the following symptoms: hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury
respiratory alkalosis
