Uppers, Downers, All Arounders seventh edition

21. When drugs are taken orally, the effects are delayed for approximately how long?

- 20 to 30 minutes

4. List the different types of tolerance.

- Dispositional tolerance (liver) -Pharmacodynamic (tissue) tolerance (nervous system) - Behavioral (conditioned) tolerance: - Cross- tolerance: - Reverse tolerance: - Acute tolerance - Select tolerance - Inverse tolerance:

49. Stimulants force the release of which of the following neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it?

- Serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine

9. which of the following group have been involved in growing, manufacturing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs?

- The ruling group (SES), goverment, business, and crimal organizations

18. The most crucial neurotransmitters involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse is:

- dopamine

4. a practical way to classify psychoactive substances is the following: this book classifies drugs according to their effects:

- "uppers" for stimulants, - "downers" for depressants - "all arounders" for psychedelics

38. How long will the high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally last?

- 30 to 90 min.

5. which of the following is currently the most popular psychoactive substance worldwide?

- Alcohol

34. Pharmacodynamic tolerance includes which of the following?

- There is a decreased effect of the drug due to biological adaptation

15. Alcohol and other psychoactive drugs affect which parts of the brain?

- blood barrier - Alcohol affects first, the behavior causing it to become looser and less guarded. Hippocampus: This is the part of the brain that stores memory is effected next. -A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical substance that acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior.

41. What is the half-life of caffeine

- 37 hours

22. Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of alcohol and other drugs by women who is pregnant.

the placenta is not an effective barrier so if the mother is usinf drugs, the baby is using also.

24. Psychoactive drugs have which of the following effects on the nervous system?

- Act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions and change moods

40. Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as.

- Negative drug reinforcement

7. Psychiatric medications, including antidepressant, antipsychotics, and anti-anxiety drugs, are prescribed to:

-re-balance irregular brain chemistry that has caused mental problems

3. According to the authors of uppers, downers, and all arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as:

- Any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system

32 .Which of the following statements are true about alterations to the body's normal balance (homeostasis)?

- Homeostasis is thrown off when the human body is continually challenged by stressful events. - The use of psychoactive drugs disrupts homeostasis

11. which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C

- Men having sex with men account for 53% of all new aids patients, hepatitis C is prevalence among drug users who inject their drug at 85% to 90%

28. Which of the following are examples of environmental factors that can make a person more liable to abuse a psychoactive substance?

- Stress in the home, peer pressure to drink or use, lack of practice, malnutrition, and persuasive alcohol and tobacco marketing

50. Which of the following are physical reactions to stimulant use?

- A stimulant initially increases confidence and induce euphoria, but as use continues, talkativeness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, and eventually, paranoia, aggression, and violence increase. High - dose or prolonged methamphetamine/cocaine use can cause drug- induced paranoia and psychosis by altering the level of dopamine in the brain. - The stronger stimulants can damage blood vessels, raise blood pressure, heart rate, and the risk of stroke.

39. Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not as strong are called.

- Amphetamine Congeners (used for ADHD and diet pills)

43. Which of the following is a plant-based stimulant?

- Cocaine: - Caffeine:

46. Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) results in which of the following?

- Depletion of the body's energy resources - Cellular and organ damage - Paranoia

48. Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body in which of the following ways?

- First stimulant the central and peripheral nervous systems and then relaxes the body (crash)

6. Discuss how the recent expansion of amphetamine use can affect a community (e.g., crime, environmental pollution, and school violence).

- Home based meth labs create huge amounts of toxic waste that can kill all vegetation in their proximity and can spoil water supplies - Criminal activity surrounding suppliers of amphetamine has rocked previously quiet towns and neighborhoods. Addicts who are high on amphetamine are more likely to be involved in violent crimes than people on other drugs. - The relatively low prices and easy availability of amphetamines increases the risk of experimentation and addiction among young people - As legitimate over-the-counter cold medications are diverted for creating meth, access to these drugs becomes more problematic for legitimate users - Amphetamine overdose claims thousands of lives each year

35. On which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) have the most significant impact?

- Increase the chemical and electrical activity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. - The major effects of stimulants result from the way they manipulate the brain's natural energy chemicals. They cause addiction because they activate the brain's survival pathway (reward/ control pathways).

20. There are several routes of administering drugs, and some reach the brain faster than others. which of the following sequence correctly lists the routes of administration from fastest

- Inhaling, injecting, mucous membrane absorption, and oral ingestion.

12. the Drug enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies drugs into five levels or schedules based on their potential medical benefits and their abuse/ addictions potential. Schedule I includes drugs the DEA has classified as having high abuse/addiction potential and no accepted medical use. The DEA includes which of the following drugs in the schedule I category?

- LSD, marijuana

2. Which one accurately represents the order in which drugs were discovered and used

- Opium poppy: opium, morphine, codeine - Semisynthetic: Heroin, hydrocodone, Oxycontin - Synthetic: Fentanyl, methadone, Darvon, buprenorphine, Demerol -Opioid antagonists: naloxone (narcam)

3. Define the difference between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

- Pharmacokinetics: the study of what the body does to drugs - Pharmacodynamics: is the study of what a drug does to the body

45. Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will do which of the following?

- Prolong and intensify cocaine effects create violent tendencies. - Increases violence as well as cardiovascular dangers.

36. Which form and method of using cocaine can produce, the most intense immediate high?

- Smoking Cocaine (p. 3.11) - When absorbed through the lungs, it reaches the brain in only 5 to 8 seconds. This method leads to an extreme binge pattern of use.

30. The down regulation of a brain cell's receptors occurs when a person uses drugs and:

- Up regulation and down regulation (where excessive drug use will lower the number of available receptors causing a dampening of message transmission) is a crucial mechanism in creating addiction.

1. Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances?

- about 4000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.

16. When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a new "new normal" is created known as:

- allostasis

17. The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place, or thing that reminds him of their addiction (e.g., needle, slot machine, white powder) is called

- amygdale

31. Cross-tolerance is defined as:

- as a person develops tolerance to one drug, a tolerance to similar drugs occurs. This can also occur between non- similar drugs.

37. Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as a(n)

- cocaine is the only naturally occurring topical anesthetic with powerful vasoconstriction effects - It is used in aerosol form to numb the nasal passages when inserting breathing tubes in a patient, to numb the eye or throat during surgery, and to deaden the pain of chronic sores - once used to treat asthma, because cocaine receptors found on the bronchi and smooth muscles of the lungs become dilated with the use - today topical anesthetics (lidocaine, procaine, etc.) are used instead

33. Synaptic plasticity in response to psychoactive drugs can result in which of the following?

- is the ability of the synapse to change in strength and function when a synaptic pathway is overused or underused, often due to constant stress or the use of psychoactive drugs. The brain is changed and some of the changes can be reversed through recovery and other stay the same.

14. Performance-enchancing drugs function in which of the following ways

- most performance-enhancing drugs fall into two categories: anabolics and stimulants. stimulants boost heart rate and other blood functiuons while anabolic steroids stimulate the growth of muscles

13. when it comes to alcohol and other psychoactive drugs, Islamic cultures have traditionally.

- prohibits all drugs that are not medically prescribed. Islam's prohibition of drugs stems from two concerns: their intoxication effects, and their harm to the human body.

19. Using drugs to replace, supplement or counterbalance the effects of a person's drug of choice is known as:

- reduction technique

23. Which of the following are functions of the old brain

- responds to internal change and memories as well as to sensory inputs from extral influences from the environment

51. The compulsion to use cocaine is due to which of the following?

- several reasons for compulsive use include: - to recapture the extreme intensity of the initial rush - cocaine changes the brain's neurochemical balance (allostasis), which makes one more vulnerable to cravings - to avoid the crash after the intense high - to control the symptoms of mental illness, especially depression

25. Which of the following describes changes in the brain of a person who is addicted to alcohol or other drugs

- the reward/ control pathways is hijacked by changes in brain chemistry altered by substance abuse - the go circuit becomes overactive and drive compulsive substance use - The stop circuit does not function properly and gets overridden by the "go switch" in the brain. - Drug cravings hijack survival mechanisms in the old brain and override rational actions of the new brain.

26. Which of the following are examples of titrating the effects of a drug?

-Adjusting the dose of the drug to achieve the desired effect (increasing). The process of continuously regulate the amount of drug they are receiving. -A cigarette smoker regulates the blood-nicotine level depending on how often and how deeply they inhale tobacco smoke. -A cannabis (marijuana, hash) user regulates the effects of the drug by how frequently and how deeply they inhale cannabis smoke or vapors. -People who are addicted to caffeine regulate the amount of caffeine in their bloodstream by the frequency and amount of caffeinated beverages they consume. (e.g. coffee, tea, energy drinks)

43. Which of the following is not a plant-based stimulant?

1. cocaine - coca shrub 2. nicotine - tobacco plant 3. cathinone - the khat bush 4. ephedrine - the ephedra bush 5. arecoline - the betel nut 6. caffeine - the coffee plant

10. Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances?

- 10 about 4000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.

44. For how long does the high from amphetamine generally last

- 4 to 6 hours

42. Consuming alcohol when using cocaine results in which of the following?

- 42Prolong and intensify cocaine effects create violent tendencies.

8. which of the following statements is/ are true regarding 12 step programs?

- a spiritual program that teaches 12 steps to recovery (was founded in 1934 by two alcoholics Bill wilson, Dr. Bob Smith)

2. Identify one drug problem that we face today that our ancestors did not have to face and why?

-As of May 2011, medical marijuana is legal in 16 states. There is a conflict between the state and federal laws that is unresolved. Because of the legalization of marijuana, a new form of marijuana that is made into a High -potency product. Which has increased the compulsive liability and the need for treatment greater.

6. which statement is true

-alcohol, opium, substance abuse patterns, marijuana, peyote

27. Which of the following methods are used to absorb drugs through the mucosal membrane?

1. Rectal and vaginal suppositories 2. buccal (between the gums and cheek) 3. Sublingual (under the tongue) 4. Insufflation (snorting a drug into the nose)

47. When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, which of the following occurs?

1. The user becomes exhausted. 2. Emotional depression sets in.

29. Which of the following physical and chemical changes in the body are signs that indicate that addiction to alcohol or other drugs?

1. The user develops tolerance and needs more of the drug to feel an effect. 2. The user develops tissue dependence and needs to use the drug just to feel normal. 3. After not using the drug for a period of time, the person experiences withdrawal symptoms

1. Name one of the nineteenth and twentieth-century developments that led to different ways of refining and using cocaine?

A smokeable form of cocaine known as "freebase" gave way to smokable crystal called "crack".