Uppers, Downers, and all Arounders (Biomedical Pharmacology EX 2)

34. According to Uppers, Downers, All Arounders and the American Society of Addiction Medicine, alcoholism is

1. a chronic disease 2. influenced by genetic factors and heredity 3. Influenced by environmental factors

36. Alcohol addiction is defined and characterized by which of the following?

Answer (c ) • compulsion to use, • inability to stop use, • major life dysfunction with continued use

33. Chronic heavy drinking can contribute to which of the following diseases?

Pages 5.15 to 5.18 (d) all of the above • Cancer of the stomach and esophagus • Malnutrition • Hypertension • Cardiac arrhythmias

41. Every state defines the legal limit for driving while intoxicated (whether or not the driver can function) as a blood alcohol concentration of

• .08

Q3. Name the enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol. State the one that differs based on gender.

• ADH and ALDH are the enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of alcohol. Women have less of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes

55. Ketamine is most similar to which drug?

• PCP

26. High-dose alcohol affects the central nervous system by ______ its function. At higher blood alcohol levels, this leads to ______ heart rate and breathing.

• decreased, decreased

23. On average, the body can metabolize and eliminate 1 ounce of pure alcohol (the equivalent of about 1.5 standard drinks) in what time frame?

• is eliminated from the body every three hours.

59. PCP is particularly dangerous because of it has which of the following effects?

• it causes disassociation, rage and anger.

43. How long after ingestion do the effects of LSD begin to appear?

• 15-60 minutes.

48. What is the usual current strength of LSD street samples?

• 20-80 ug

42. The hallucinogenic effects of salvia divinorum last for

• 30 minutes.

44. Approximately how long do the effects of LSD last?

• 6-8 hours.

38. The life span of a chronic high-dose drinker is

• 9 to 22 years shorter than that of the general population

37. A key enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol is ______ and is located in the ______ and the ______.

• Alcohol dehydrogenase, stomach, liver

25. The effects of alcohol ______ negative emotions such as loneliness, depression, and anger.

• Deepens

28. Alcohol is categorized as which of the following?

• Depressant • Drug

40. Which of the following would slow the rate of alcohol absorption?

• Diluting the alcohol drink with water or ice or altering every other drink with soda or water

39. Which of the following would speed up the absorption rate of alcohol?

• Drinking on an empty stomach

47. Which types of psychedelics exert most of their effects through serotonin receptors?

• Indole.

22. Which of the following statements is true about cirrhosis?

• It is caused by the toxic effects of alcohol, free radicals, and acetaldehyde • Serious progressive liver disease that scars the liver; often caused by heavy chronic alcohol abuse

57. Which of the following are visual indications that a person may be on MDMA (ecstasy)?

• dilated pupils and twitching eyelids

Q6. Psychedelics affect people pretty much the same like other drugs. State whether this true or false AND briefly explain your answer.

• false, effects are highly influenced by past use, "mind-sets", settings, and many other factors

53. Which of the following designations characterizes all arounders

• hallucinogens • perception stabilizers.

52. The mental effects of LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, and other indole psychedelics result from

• interactions between the brain's serotonin receptors • subsequent the down regulation of serotonin receptors.

50. Which of the following statements are true about the effects of ketamine and PCP (angel dust)?

• mentally dissociate users. • effects last 1-6 hours. • bad trips are common.

45. Which chemicals are most responsible for the psychedelic effects of magic mushrooms?

• psilocin and psilocybin

35. The following symptoms are indicative of what alcohol-related condition(s)? Symptoms: rapid pulse, sweating, increased body temperature, hand tremors, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and nausea or vomiting

• Moderate alcohol withdrawal • Hangover

32. When large amounts of alcohol are consumed more rapidly than the body can process and metabolize it, which of the following may occur?

• Severe alcohol poisoning occurs causing depression of the central nervous system(CNS) leading to unconsciousness, respiratory and cardiac failure, then coma and death.

7. Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the body due to its effects on the central nervous system?

• They are a class of drug which slows down the brain functioning. They do this by depressing the central nervous system (CNS).

49. Which of the following most accurately describes the addiction profile for psychedelics such as psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, and peyote?

• They do not generally produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior and are not considered addictive.

51. Which of the following statements are characteristic of the phenylalkylamine psychedelics peyote (mescaline) and MDMA (ecstasy)?

• They take several hours to reach their peak. • They have stimulant properties similar to amphetamine.

Q2. Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life-threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics. State whether this true or false AND briefly explain your answer.

• True, heroin withdrawal is not as life-threatening, but it is uncomfortable( really bad flu simptmes), painful, and produces anxiety

60. The effects experienced after the use of indole psychedelics are caused by disruptions in which of the following neurotransmitters?

• serotonin • dopamine • norepinephrine

61. Sustiva ® (efavirenz) is a prescription medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that is also diverted and smoked for its.

• smoking the drug causes lightheadedness, dizziness, vivid dreams, hallucinations, depersonalization, relaxation, and helps them forget/ignore their problems.

54. The effect an all arounder has on the user depends on which of the following factors?

• the user's mindset • the physical settings • the amount or dose taken

Q1.Needing a dose of a drug just to feel "normal" is a sign of tolerance. State whether this true or false AND briefly explain your answer.

•True, when a heroin addicts stop uses their bodies can not produce enough dopamine which results in a diminished ability to feel "normal".

46. Misperceiving a rope as a threatening snake is an example of

• an illusion (mistaken perceptions of real stimuli)

21. When a person who has been drinking can only partially recall the events that occurred after they began drinking, this is known as a

• brownout

56. Prolonged use of MDMA (ecstasy) has what effect on sexual function?

• decreased orgasm in men and sexual arousal in women.

Q4. The variation in people's reactions to alcohol is due in part to hereditary factors that affect how efficiently the body metabolizes alcohol. State whether this true or false AND briefly explain your answer.

• true, The variability of ADH and ALDH due to hereditary factors that account for variation in reactions.

Q5. Synesthesia is defined as the crossing of senses, such as when the visual input becomes sound. State whether this true or false AND briefly explain your answer.

• true, the sensory pathways are overloaded which can confuse a user to be thinking music is on a visual pathway.

58. Candy flipping refers to

• using LSD and ecstasy together.