uran
Which of the following cells when found upon microscopic examination of the urine would be most indicative of kidney disease:
Tubular epithelial cells
Name the crystals present on this slide.
Tyrosine
Which two of the following crystalline elements are found in acid urine:
Tyrosine and cystine
Traumatic tap
Urinalysis (UA)
All of the following statements are true regarding the reagent strip test procedure, EXCEPT?
Urine should be centrifuged prior to dipping the reagent strip.
Which of the following reagent strip tests is based on the Ehrlich-aldehyde reaction?
Urobilinogen
Which of the following tests included on a urine reagent strip would never be reported out as negative?
Urobilinogen
Which of the following urine chemical reagent strip tests is based on the Ehrlich-aldehyde reaction?
Urobilinogen
A patient whose diagnosis is hepatitis may have which of the following test positive on urine test strip?
Bilirubin
A urine specimen which was collected in a dark container, stored in the dark, has a pH of 7.5, and whose sample aliquot is wrapped in foil, is most likely being sent for:
Porphyrins
When a patient has a bile duct obstruction, the bilirubin test portion of the reagent strip is:
Positive because conjugated bilirubin is present and is excreted by the kidneys.
Which of the following is an example of a macroscopic urinalysis abnormality?
Positive protein
Which of the following macroscopic findings is MOST consistent with the microscopic finding of casts?
Positive protein
A cloudy CSF sample has a white count of over 1,000 WBC/µL. The large number of these cells seen in the cytocentrifuged smear in this illustration is suggestive of:
Bacterial infection
An average adult would excrete approximately what volume of urine per 24 hours:
1500 mL
A dilution commonly used for a routine sperm count is:
1:20
What should be added to the cytocentrifuge chamber when preparing slides on serous fluids to aid in adhesion of cells to the slide and preserve cellular morphology?
22% Albumin
A spinal fluid that is slightly hazy is briefly examined microscopically. The technologist performing the count decides to make a 1:10 dilution using 30 µL of sample. What volume of diluent should be used?
270 µL
Urine pH values can normally vary between:
4.5 to 8.0
Pleural fluid was sent to the laboratory for a WBC count. The specimen was NOT diluted.WBCs in 5 large squares were counted in each side of the hemacytometer.The number of WBCs counted were as follows:Top counting chamber: 35 cells total (in 5 large squares)Bottom counting chamber: 33 cells total (in 5 large squares)Based on the information provided above, calculate the total WBC count.
68 cells/mm3
A CSF glucose value is 62 mg/dL. What would you estimate the serum glucose?
93 mg/dL
The sediment from a freshly collected urine specimen is examined microscopically. In addition to bacteria, what other finding from the list below would further indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
> 100 white blood cells (WBCs)/ HPF
A 51-year-old woman with Type 2 Diabetes and high blood pressure has recently started noticing foaming in the toilet bowl following urination. She typically has her urine checked for abnormalities every 3 months. Recently, urinalysis indicates an abnormally large concentration of protein in her urine.Given the patient's history, which of the following proteins will likely be found in the urine upon analysis in the laboratory?
Albumin, which leaks through damaged kidney glomeruli, and appears first in the urine
Identify the crystal indicated by the arrow in this alkaline urine:
Ammonium biurate crystal
A patient who has a primarily vegetarian diet will most likely have:
An alkaline urine pH
Substances found in urinary sediment that are more easily distinguished by use of polarized microscope are:
Anisotropic cholesterol droplets
What is the identification of these crystals seen in a urine with an acid pH?
Calcium oxalate
Where does most cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originate?
Choroid plexus
Where does most cerebrospinal fluid originate?
Choroid plexus
Which of the following are characteristics of normal CSF?
Clear
The renal threshold is best described as:
Concentration at which a substance in the blood spills into urine
The crystals is seen in these images are:
Cystine crystals
Serous fluid effusions may result from all of the following EXCEPT:
Dehydration
Which of the following best defines specific gravity:
Density of a solution compared to density of water
Which of the following sites is used most often for CSF collection?
L3-L4
The cells shown in the image to the right are:
Transitional epithelial cells
Which of the following casts is characteristically associated with acute pyelonephritis?
White cell
When an automated or semi-automated method is used to read urine chemical reagent strips, quality control testing must be performed at least how often?
With each new lot of reagent strips and every day of patient testing.
A yellow coloration found in fresh cerebrospinal fluid supernatant is termed:
Xanthochromia
What term is used to describe the color in these tubes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Xanthochromia
In a patient with acute glomerulonephritis you would expect to find all of the following in the urine EXCEPT:
Yeast
The constituents that are indicated by the arrows in this image of a stained urine sediment are:
Yeast
Which of the following statements regarding the L/S ratio is TRUE?
A ratio of 2:1 or greater usually indicates adequate pulmonary surfactant to prevent respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
The urine macroscopic (urinalysis test strip) results were completely normal and within range. Upon viewing the microscopic, the technologist noticed these circular elements. What could be the identification of these elements?
Artifacts
Below are the urinalysis results of a female patient completed within two hours of collection. The slight turbidity observed correlates most likely with which of the following results?
Bacteria, and the WBCs
Detection of a fruity odor in a fresh urine sample may be indicative of all of the following EXCEPT:
Bacterial infection
The predominant cells seen on the CSF smear in this illustration are indicative of:
Bacterial meningitis
Which of the following ketones is NOT detected in the Acetest® tablet method?
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
A test for microalbuminuria is used most often to monitor patients with which of the following diseases or conditions?
Diabetes
The elements indicated by the arrows are more likely to be seen in patients with which condition?
Diabetes
Which of the following conditions is associated with a positive ketone test on the urine test strip?
Diabetes mellitus
When an automated or semi-automated method is used to read urine reagent strips, quality control testing must be performed at least:
Every day of patient testing and when a new bottle is opened.
Semi-automated and automated urine chemical reagent strip readers:
Remove subjectivity allowing for better reproducibility
Identify the urine sediment element shown by the arrow:
Renal tubular epithelial cast
All of the following characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid are considered abnormal EXCEPT:
Fluid is colorless
Conditions that produce elevated CSF protein levels include all of the following EXCEPT:
Fluid leak
All of the following are standard methods for measuring the specific gravity of urine, EXCEPT:
Freezing point depression
All of the following tests are part of the routine semen analysis, EXCEPT:
Fructose level
Which of the following conditions will cause a positive reagent strip blood result due to hematuria?
Glomerulonephritis
All of the following parameters are generally considered to be a part of a seminal fluid analysis, EXCEPT?
Glucose concentration
Which of the following may associated with acidic urinary pH?
High urine glucose
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with all of the following clinical findings, except:
Hyperproteinemia
Identify the majority of cells present in this urine slide.
Identify the majority of cells present in this urine slide.
Which of the following cells when found upon microscopic examination of the urine would be most indicative of kidney disease:
Renal tubular epithelial cells
Lymphocyte pleocytosis refers to a(n) _____________ in a CSF when compared to a normal sample.
Increased number of lymphocytes
Excessive carbohydrate loss that may occur due to vomiting, or rapid weight loss may result in the presence of which of following substances not normally contained in the urine?
Ketones
The image is a Wright-Giemsa stained smear (1000x) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The arrows point to cells that may indicate which of the following conditions?
Leukemia with CNS involvement
Normal adult CSF may have 0-5 white blood cells (WBCs)/µL. Which of the following cell types account for 60-100% of these WBCs?
Lymphocytes
A patient suffering from typical leukemic symptoms presents in the emergency room. Physicians order a spinal tap after noticing possible central nervous system involvement. What are the cells seen in the spinal fluid cytospin preparation?
Lymphocytes and Blasts
A technologist decides to make a 1:20 dilution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after briefly evaluating a portion of the sample microscopically. After making the dilution and charging the chambers, the number of cells that are observed in each of the large squares of the hemocytometer is >100. What should the technologist do to obtain the most accurate count?
Make a larger dilution.
Each of the cells below can be found in all types of body fluids EXCEPT:
Mesothelial cells
The indicator(s) used in the pH test region of the chemical reagent strips for urine is/are:
Methyl red and bromthymol blue
Which of the following conditions is most likely when an oligoclonal band is seen in CSF electrophoresis without a corresponding serum peak?
Multiple sclerosis
All of the following conditions produce glycosuria, EXCEPT?
Myocardial infarction
To determine if xanthochromia is present in a cerebrospinal fluid sample, the sample must be centrifuged within:
One hour
Identify the urine sediment elements shown by the arrow:
Oval fat bodies
The Sudan III stain is used to confirm the presence of:
Oval fat bodies
Parasites which can be found in urinary sediment include all of the following EXCEPT:
Plasmodium malariae
Effusion fluids are classified as transudates or exudates. According to Light's criteria, all of the following is applicable to an exudate EXCEPT?
Pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) <2/3 the normal upper limit for serum
Which is the best method for examination of synovial crystals?
Polarized light
Upon centrifugation, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample supernatant exhibited xanthochromia. The image is a Wright-Giemsa stained smear that was made from that CSF sample. What condition is probably related to these macroscopic and microscopic findings?
Previous subarachnoid hemorrhage
All of the following formed elements may be present in urine sediment and can be identified microscopically, EXCEPT:
Protein
When performing chemical examination of urine, a routine reagent strip test for protein is based on the principle of:
Protein-error-of-indicators
All of the following are primary functions of the kidney, EXCEPT?
Reabsorption of waste products
The element that is indicated by the arrow is a:
Red blood cell cast
Identify the urine sediments present in this image observed using brightfield microscopy.
Red blood cells
On a patient that has a large amount of glucose in their urine, what would be the expected specific gravity (SG) taken from a refractometer in comparison to the dipstick SG?
Refractometer SG would be higher than Dipstick SG.
All of the following statements are TRUE regarding storing and handling of urine reagent strips if you are using a manual method (visually read reagent strip), EXCEPT:
Remove cap of test strip bottle and leave it off until testing is completed.
A cloudy, yellow-green synovial fluid with 122,000 WBCs which are predominantly neutrophils, and a decreased glucose, would be classified as:
Septic
What is the identity of the cells that are indicated by the arrow in this image?
Squamous epithelial cells (SECs)
A WBC differential count on CSF should be performed using the following technique:
Stained smear of a cytocentrifuged specimen
All of the following are quantitative methods for the determination of albumin EXCEPT?
Sulfosalicyclic acid precipitation
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) can be used to confirm the result of which of the following tests included on a urine chemical reagent strip?
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) can be used to confirm the result of which of the following tests included on a urine chemical reagent strip?
The estimation of hyaluronic acid concentration by measurement of viscosity is useful in evaluating which type of fluid?
Synovial
Which of the following is true of glucose levels in the CSF of an otherwise healthy individual?
The CSF glucose should be about 60 to 70% of the plasma glucose level.
All of the following statements are true regarding urinalysis reagent strips EXCEPT?
The expiration date on the bottle does not matter, as long as the controls are acceptable.
A voided urine specimen is delivered from the women's clinic to the laboratory six hours after collection. The following results are reported: Color: yellow Protein: negative Bilirubin: negative Clarity: cloudy Glucose: negative Urobilinogen: 0.2 mg/dL Sp. Gravity: 1.020 Ketone: negative Nitrite: positive pH: 9.0 Blood: negative Leukocyte esterase: negative What might these results indicate?
The urine may have remained too long at room temperature and bacterial contaminants have affected the nitrite and pH results.
These tubes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) arrive in the laboratory for evaluation. The tubes were numbered in the order in which they were obtained, with #1 being the first tube collected and #3 being the last tube collected. What may be indicated by the macroscopic appearance of the CSF?
Traumatic tap
Identify the urine sediment elements indicated by the arrow in the illustration:
Triple phosphate crystals
Which of the following answer choices correctly state the use of urine reagent strips for chemical analysis?
Use of a well-mixed, uncentrifuged urine sample at room temperature is the technique for urine reagent strips.
