Urinary System

renal fascia

anchors kidneys to surrounding structures

Tubular secretion is important for all EXCEPT which of the following?

Ridding the body of excess glucose

Renal ptosis may lead to __________.

hydronephrosis due to urine backup

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?

Anuria

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common causes of incontinence in adults?

A side effect after general anesthesia

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, EXCEPT the __________.

Renal capsule

Which of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?

Slightly basic pH

In situations where there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.

True

uric acid

a nitrogen waste product from nucleic acid metabolism

angiotensin II

a powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

creatinine

a protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine

Micturition is __________.

a sacral reflex in infants

pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the glomerulus

capsular hydrostatic pressure

force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space

colloid osmotic pressure

the capillary pores of the glomerulus

fenestrae

the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

elevated levels are expected in a diabetic

glucose

All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells, EXCEPT __________.

inhibition by the macula densa cells

between the renal pyramids

interlobular artery

elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus

ketone bodies

The major calyces are the __________.

large branches of the renal pelvis

When the concentration of ADH increases, __________.

less urine is produced

juxtamedullary nephrons

long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla

sodium reabsorbed actively in this region

loop of Henle, ascending limb

the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis

loop of Henle, descending limb

The renal hilum lies on the __________ surface of the kidney.

medial

small, cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids

minor calyces

Afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus.

myogenic mechanism

The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.

net filtration pressure

the sum of all the pressures that act at the level of the glomerulus; responsible for the formation of filtrate

net filtration pressure

glucose

not normally found in the urine

The renal __________ is continuous with the ureter.

pelvis

specialized, branched epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus

podocytes

fibrous capsule

prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidney

aldosterone

promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule

often seen after excessive physical exertion (working out)

proteins

primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

proximal convoluted tubule

ADH

regulates water reabsorption at the collecting duct

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, collectively

renal corpuscle

light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule

renal cortex

composed of cone-shaped, dark-red masses

renal medulla

flat, funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter

renal pelvis

exiting the kidney

renal vein

A drop in systemic blood pressure triggers the release of an enzyme by the kidneys; the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory system.

renin-angiotensin system

Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

these are the first branches of the renal artery after it enters the hilum of the kidney

segmental artery

juxtaglomerular cells

specialized mechanoreceptors

vasa recta

surrounding the loop of henle

Neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms.

sympathetic branch

urea

waste that actually helps form the medullary gradient

macula densa cells

specialized chemoreceptors

Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by __________.

ADH

The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

False

between the cortex and medulla

arcuate artery

sodium and water reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region

distal convoluted tubule

renin

enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I

usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract

erythrocytes

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane?

extraglomerular mesangial cells

The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because __________.

the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded

A drop in flow rate through the nephron or a rise in the osmolality of filtrate triggers regulation by this mechanism.

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism