US Ch. 5: Equal Rights: Struggling Toward Fairness

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

10

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of Black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

27; 14

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of Black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely Black.

95

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

About one-third

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with ______ requirements.

Affirmative action

Which policy requires the federal government to implement measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

Affirmative action

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law is ______.

Almost always unconstitutional

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had ______ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

An inferior status

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

Be college educated Have a high median income

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

Catholics Women Asian Americans

Which of the following are ancestral countries for many Asian Americans?

China The Philippines India

The type of discrimination in which, despite legal protections, traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice is ______.

De facto discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

Discrimination in public accommodations

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

Establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

Which sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). Segregated neighborhoods still exist.

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

Inspired a hope for eventual equality Given moral strength to diverse movements Been foundational in legal decisions

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters. It banned discriminatory voter registration practices.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in ______.

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which of the following are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans?

More limited access to medical care Higher housing density Higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that ______ public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

Must be allowed to use

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

Poll taxes Whites-only primaries Literacy tests

Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

Preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions Preserving their culture and languages Obtaining economic self-sufficiency

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

Redlining

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

Strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

Suspect classifications

Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court. The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012.

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

The right of every person to equal protection under the law Equal access to the opportunities society provides Equal access to public facilities

Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States? (Choose every correct answer.)

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

To maintain segregation while claiming equality

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

True or false: The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned segregation in public accommodations such as restaurants and movie theaters, is based on Congress's power to regulate commerce.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians ______.

Were an inferior people

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting ______.

Certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways?

LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act. LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States.